Green Man

Ancient symbols: The puzzle of the Three Hares

Three hares sharing three ears,

Yet every one of them has two!

Ancient German riddle

Dreihasenfenster (Window of Three Hares), Paderborn Cathedral – Author: Zefram – GFDL

An ancient symbol

The three hares is an ancient symbol that is found in many religious places, buildings and caves ranging from the British Isles, Germany, France and other parts of Europe to the Middle East and parts of China in the Far East.  In Britain the symbols are mostly architectural ornaments or found in church roofs and sometimes on ceilings of private homes.  In Europe they are found mostly in churches and synagogues.   It is also used as a motif in heraldry, jewelry, ornaments, tattoos and other works of art. It has been wrought in many different materials and can be thought of as a puzzle, a topological problem, or a visual challenge, and can be found in stone sculptures, wood carvings, paintings, drawings and metal work.

Threefold rotational symmetry

Essentially the motif consists of three hares, or rabbits, chasing each other the same way around a circle.  There is a threefold rotational symmetry with each of the three ears being shared by two hares.The ears form a triangle that appears  at the centre of the circle, where, instead of there being six ears visible, there are only three, even though individually the hares all show two.  Occasionally a Four Hares motif is found in some places which is a similar but shows four ears, instead of eight, even though all the hares have two ears, making a square in the center.

The Tinners Rabbit’s

In  the county of Devon and other parts of the  south west England the motif is sometimes known as the Tinner’s Rabbits. This refers to the trade of tin mining that was once an important industry in the area. The theory was that a tin miners trade association or union that used the Three Hares motif as its emblem was the patron to a number of churches.  This might explain its high proportion of representations in churches in the area.  However, the motif is also found in parts of England with no association with tin mining, though it could have represented some other association that patronized these churches, but the theory is not accepted by everyone and the truth remains elusive.

Sacred symbols

The symbol is similar to the triskelion the triquetra and the triple spiral, or triskele. The meaning of the motif is unknown today though it is believed to have a number of symbolic and mystical associations and was possibly something to do with fertility and the cycle of the moon in paganism.   Its presence in Christian churches is thought to symbolize the Trinity though this cannot be proved and the fact that it is found in so many different countries over such a wide distance it may in fact have more than one meaning or purpose depending on the culture where it is found.

South Tawton: roof boss, St Andrew’s church  Author: Martin Bodman – CC BY-SA 2.0

Buddhist connections

The Three Hares motif seems to have spread from the Far East westwards between 600 AD and 1500 AD.  The earliest known examples comes from the Sui Dynasty of China where it was found in sacred caves used for temples from the 6th to 7th century.  From there the motif was believed to have become connected to Buddhism and possibly spread along the Silk Road to the Middle East and eventually to Europe.

A researcher named Guan Youhui, now retired from the Dunhuang Academy, spent 50 years studying the patterns and symbols that are found in the Mogao Caves.  He believed the Three Hares motif represent “peace and tranquility” while others think they may represent “to be”.

The Three Hares can be found in “Lotus” motifs and Mongol metalwork from the 13th century.  It has been found on a copper coin from Iran dated 1281 and on other artifacts from diverse origins.

The spread of the motif

The spread of the Three Hares symbol between 600 and 1500 – Author: Morn at English Wikipedia – Source – CC BY-SA 3.0

TIt is a mystery to how the Three Hares motif is found over such a large range from China the Middle East, Europe and the British Isles.  Although the earliest examples are found in China it is unknown why it occurs in so many diverse countries.It is possible it  spread along the great trading route of the Silk Road to other regions of the world but it could also have developed independently in different places with different meanings attached to it.  In the first instance it may have incorporated in the design of silks and artifacts simply because it was a pleasing design or it had some special significance.  With the second instance the majority of the occurrence of the motif are found in churches and synagogues in Germany and England, implying some religious significance was attached to it.

Christian use of the Three Hares

The Three Hares motif is found in a number of churches in some European countries.  In  Lyons, France the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière   and in Germany, the Paderborn Cathedral display excellent examples of the use of the motif.The southwestern parts of England has the most examples and the Three Hares Trail can be followed to see them.  They are often placed on carved wooden knobs, or bosses in a prominent position in the ceilings or roof of medieval churches, giving weight to the idea that they had some special significance and not just the trade symbols of masons or carpenters. The Dartmoor area has a number of Three Hares motifs found in churches. A fine example of a carved wood boss can be seen on a roof boss in the church of St Pancreas, Widecombe-in-the-Moor, near Dartmoor, Devon.

In Christianity there are at least two possible reasons why it it placed in churches.  The first is that in ancient times the hare was believed to be a hermaphrodite that reproduced without sexual intercourse and in doing so retained its virginity.  As such it became associated with the Virgin Mary and its image used in illuminated manuscripts and paintings of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus.

The second reason is that the motif  could be representative of the  Holy Trinity.  The three ears from the three hares form a triangle in the centre of the motif possibly representing One in Three and Three in one.  Triangles and interlocking rings were quite often used to represent the Holy Trinity.

Intriguingly the Three Hares symbol is often found next to the so called Green Man symbol.  Like the Three Hares symbol little or possibly less is known about the Green Man.  It is speculated to be an Anglo-Saxon symbol though many people think it may be a far older originating Celtic times.   What it is doing in a Christian church is unknown.  Some speculate that the two together are meant to show the difference between the divine and the earthly nature of humans.

An ancient German riddle

Curiously the motif is found in many of the more well known wooden synagogues in the Ashknaz region of Germany dating from the 17th and 18th century along with the following riddle:-

Three hares sharing three ears,

Yet every one of them has two.

Coat of Arms of Hasloch – Public Domain

The meaning of the Three Hares motif

The hare is an animal that is involved in many myths and legends in many different cultures around the world.  The Three Hares motif can be found from Britain across Eurasia to China and was found in Buddhist, Christian, Jewish and Hindu cultures.   If there was a thread that linked them all together, or a common meaning attached to the motif, it is lost now but it is intriguing to find it in such diverse places.

Symbolism of the Three Hares

But there may be something that they may all have in common. The use of symbols or icons, or imagery helps make learning and remembering important information easier especially for people who cannot read or write.  The use of images is an invaluable aid for people in such circumstances as they convey meaning and information quickly and easily.  The paintings in the caves of Mogao Caves of China to the churches in the English countryside appear to be intended to convey some, but not necessarily the same message, or idea. The symbol of the Three Hares was at least one possible way that the information was conveyed.  What exactly the message was is not known but if one looks at the places and the cultures that they are found in it could be that ideas will naturally spring to mind.   Could it be that by looking at and thinking about the puzzle the beholder is being deliberately placed in a situation where they have to use their own knowledge and experience in combination with the location and culture the symbol is found in to make sense of it in the world that they find themselves in?

One last question

There is probably no right or wrong answer, but do you think The Three Hares symbol has a meaning; does it change with culture and location, or is it just an attractive image used for decoration?

© 06/05/2015 zteve t evans

References and Attributions

Copyright 6th May, 2015 zteve t evans

by

English Folklore: The Enduring Appeal of Robin Hood

Robin Hood – AI image

A Working-Class Hero

The legendary Robin Hood and his Merry Men are among the best-known and most well-recieved folk heroes of the British Isles their adventures winning worldwide fame and popularity in different froms of adaption. In addition to the swashbuckling action, there is the appeal of a hero with the highest ideals and integrity who robs the rich to give to the poor.

In earlier versions of the legend, his status was that of a yeoman who had fallen foul of the law through injustice. In this role as a working-class hero, he successfully cocks a snook at the law and authority, gaining much sympathy and support from the peasants and yeomanry who saw themselves as oppressed by an all-powerful royal hierarchy.

Sherwood Forest

Public Domain Image
Medieval Forest

In Robin’s time, Sherwood was one of the Royal Forests and subject to the Forest Laws. These were designed to protect game such as deer, boar, wolves, hares, and game birds for the king’s benefit ,and the penalty for breaking them was notoriously harsh. People living in or around a Royal Forest were subject to these laws, and they were believed to be the cause of much resentment. The forest and everything in it belonged to the king, who could permit its use alone. Permission would only be given to his barons and noblemen on license and at a price.

Ordinary people could not hunt, clear, or cultivate land within its bounds. Although not all their former rights were taken, they were much more restricted in what they could do. Punishments for breaking the law included being blinded in both eyes, and having their hands cut off. Not surprisingly, this would have caused massive resentment among the ordinary people who wanted to supplement their meagre livelihood from the free forest resources of meat, wood, and land. In Robin Hood, the people find a hero who is one of their own and successfully stands up against their oppressors. Robin breaks the law and gets away with it, making the authorities look foolish.

Robin of Loxley

In later versions, he becomes a lord who the notoriously unjust King John had dispossessed for his support of King Richard, who was away on the Crusades. This version also had the appeal of the righteous lord who, in loyally upholding the true monarch’s law in his absence, is wronged by the usurper King John.

The Merry Men

Robin_Hood_and_Little_John2C_by_Louis_Rhead_1912
Robin Hood and Little John by Louis Rhead – Public Domain

The Merry Men were his followers and fellow outlaws. Their number varies from 20 to 140 over time. Anyone who wanted to join had to fight Robin and beat him. Most of what we know about them comes from the ballads about Robin Hood. ‘Merry Men’ is a generic term used to describe followers of leaders such as outlaws or knights. ‘Merry Men’ were followers of anyone who commanded a following. Little John, Will Scarlet, Much the Miller’s Son, Alan-a-Dale, and Friar Tuck are the most well-known of Robin’s Merry Men. Maid Marion was his famous love interest.

Robin’s Enemies

His arch-rival was the Sheriff of Nottingham, aided and abetted by Sir Guy of Gisbourne. Under the cover of Sherwood Forest, he and his Merry Men rang rings around these two as they tried their hardest to capture them. The monarch of the time is considered King John, while his brother, King Richard, was absent at the Crusades. However, in the ballad ‘A Gest of Robyn Hode,’ the king is named ‘Edward,’ but the legend of Robin Hood seems to have grown over centuries, it is difficult to be exact. Whoever the king was, they would have been expecting and pressing the Sheriff of Nottingham to capture and punish Robin Hood.

The Royal Forests were vast and included not just woodland but also heath and scrub lands, often with human settlements within or around their boundaries. Conversely, preserving these wild areas for the game provided perfect cover for outlaws to hide while living off the land by poaching the king’s deer and game. Robbing the rich and giving it to the poor is one thing, but stealing the king’s deer would be unforgivable, especially if King John who was notorious for his tyranny and cruelty. The Sheriff would have been under enormous royal pressure to capture Robin.

Medieval Hunting Park

Finding any objective evidence relating to the origins of the Robin Hood legends is difficult. He is briefly mentioned in ‘Piers Plowman’ written in 1377 by William Langland. Most Robin Hood legends are mentioned in ballads from the 15th – 16th century. The oldest are ‘A Gest of Robyn Hode,’ ‘Robin Hood and the Monk,’ and ‘Robin Hood and the Potter.’ Another source is the Percy Folio, a collection of English ballads compiled by Thomas Percy in the 17th century. Many of these ballads are believed to date back to the 12th century. Many other later ballads mention Robin Hood in part or as the central figure.

Robin’s Home Base

Where Robin Hood was based is a matter of contention. Sherwood Forest is the most cited place, but other areas also claim to be his territory. Barnsdale in Yorkshire also has strong associations with him, and many places in England have places names and public houses that bear his name, as do Scotland and Wales. It may be that he could have travelled to other districts as a fugitive to escape the clutches of the Sheriff of Nottingham, and the places he stayed in were named after him.

Was Robin Hood A Person?

The Roll of the Justices in Eyre, Berkshire, records that in 1261, a gang of outlaws, including William, the son of Robert le Fever, was seized without a warrant. This cross references with another official document of 1262 records in the King’s Remembrancer’s Memoranda Roll of Easter that pardons the prior of Sandleford for seizing the chattels of a fugitive named William Robehod without a warrant. William, the son of Robert le Fevere and William Robehod, is widely thought to be the same person, though not necessarily the legendary Robin Hood, although many believe it is possible. Some scholars think ‘Robin Hood’ may have been a generic nickname for medieval outlaws.

Robin Goodfellow

There is also the theory that Robin Hood was part of a much older tradition. Some theories associate him with mythological figures such as Robin Goodfellow. Later, his character appeared as the May King alongside Maid Marion in May Day festivities. The May King was a male youth chosen for his physical perfection in folklore. He would be given the right to impregnate the females of his choice in the community. His reign lasted from one year to seven years, after which he was ritually sacrificed in the belief that this would bring fertility to the people and their crops.

Robin Hood and the Green Man

Green Man from Southwell Minster

Some people also associate him with the mysterious ‘Green Man.’ The ‘Green Man’ is a term first used by Lady Raglan to describe an emblem carved in stone on the walls of her local church. Since then, many other Green Men can still be seen carved in the wood and stone of other old churches and ancient buildings. No one is certain of its meaning, but it is often found in churches on or around the edges of forests and woodlands. It is usually a face or head with leaves or branches sprouting from the mouth and entwining the head. Many people think it was a pagan symbol representing a spirit of nature. It is also thought to go back to Celtic times and may represent the god Cernunnos. There are several representations of the Green Man in the Chapter House of Southwell Minster, built around 1100 and well within Robin’s Nottinghamshire territory.

The Enduring Appeal of Robin Hood

Without reliable evidence, Robin Hood will remain as elusive as he was in medieval times. Nevertheless, his appeal and popularity are enduring, and his legend continues to evolve into modern times. Maybe, we all need someone to stand against authority, steal from the rich and give to the poor. Paradoxically, despite his outlawry, he still maintains a reputation for purity of intent and honesty. He is seen as bold and courageous and a beacon of hope to the oppressed. Somehow, lawbreaking seems more forgivable if there is a noble and just cause behind it, conducted by someone with a pure and honest disposition.

© 30/7/2013 zteve t evans

References, Attributions and Further Reading

Copyright July 30th 2013 zteve t evans