Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` #8924

polarathene · 2023-08-07T00:48:40Z

This is the equivalent of moby/moby#45534 (see for additional insights and review discussion), and replaces an earlier PR attempt: #7566 (original author is not responding to feedback)

Closes: #7566

Remove LimitNOFILE from containerd.service to rely on the systemd v240 implicit default of 1024:524288. On supported platforms with systemd prior to v240, packagers are expected to patch the service with an explicit LimitNOFILE=1024:524288.

1024 soft limit is an implicit default, avoiding unexpected breakage. Software that needs a higher limit should request to raise the soft limit for its process.
524288 hard limit is an implicit default since systemd v240 and is adequate for most processes (half of the historical limit from fs.nr_open of 1048576), while 4096 is the implicit default from the kernel (often too low).
The hard limit may not exceed fs.nr_open (which a value of infinity will resolve to). On most systems with systemd v240 or newer, this will resolve to an excessive size of 2^30 (over 1 billion).
When set to infinity (usually as the soft limit) software may experience significantly increased resource usage, resulting in a performance regression or runtime failures that are difficult to troubleshoot.

k8s-ci-robot · 2023-08-07T00:48:49Z

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dmcgowan · 2023-08-07T22:48:16Z

Instead of just removing the line, should their be a comment for cases it might still be need or used?

polarathene · 2023-08-07T23:48:36Z

should their be a comment for cases it might still be need or used?

For the equivalent PR at moby, it was requested to drop the line completely without leaving any additional context. I brought up some points where it could be beneficial to keep some context around.

If maintainers of containerd have a different opinion, let me know and I'll adjust the commit 👍

Additional Information for `LimitNOFILE` / `RLIMIT_NOFILE` / `ulimit -n`

LimitNOFILE has a sane default of 1024:524288 since systemd v240. systemd maintainers looked into what the majority of software required and settled on an appropriate hard limit, while the soft limit is kept for legacy/compatibility reasons (often the soft limit being too high caused various software to misbehave).
Supported platforms with systemd earlier than v240 should still use an explicit LimitNOFILE=1024:524288. Not doing so is likely to fallback to kernel hard limit default of 4096.
Some distros like Debian with systemd v240+ opt-out via a patch from systemd increasing fs.nr_open beyond the default 1048576 which reduces the concern of using infinity (but you really shouldn't have the soft limit set to infinity).

Setting a higher limit: It's incredibly unlikely that anyone needs to adjust the hard limit explicitly beyond 524288 except for systems where the need is obvious, and the sysadmin would have the expertise to already know of this setting and all the others that can be required to overcome various bottlenecks at scale. I looked into this extensively and I'm rather confident with all the supporting information I gathered to support that statement 😅

Setting a lower limit: Likewise, there really shouldn't be a need to lower the hard limit or adjust the soft limit (containerd will raise this implicitly to the hard limit as a feature of Go since Aug 2022, child processes will lower the soft limit back). In the event there is, it's behaving differently than you'd experience without running the process in a container, so knowledge of what adjustments are required should be covered by that software's own documentation.

metux · 2023-08-08T12:08:49Z

Since such files are likely to be modified by distros (and only apply to those using systemd at all), I wonder whether we should carry this file at all. IMHO it really belongs into the distro domain

polarathene · 2023-08-08T13:24:30Z

I wonder whether we should carry this file at all. IMHO it really belongs into the distro domain

The majority of linux distros use systemd, the project should ship a standardized config to avoid problems like the current one this PR is resolving from being repeated across each individual package maintainer.

I've seen that stance and problems with other software like the vmware/open-vm-tools project. It'd just cause more problems if you decide to drop the config entirely.

I'm not aware of any distros that are modifying this config, do you have any in mind? You will find various third-party advice online to modify the config directly or apply an override to workaround this exact problem, but often the solution is incorrect and not understood well, it just minimized the issue for them.

metux · 2023-08-18T13:36:27Z

The majority of linux distros use systemd,

DistroWatch currently lists 322 non-systemd distros. Including those specifically made as container host (eg. Rancher).

I've seen that stance and problems with other software like the vmware/open-vm-tools project.
It'd just cause more problems if you decide to drop the config entirely.

There's lots of other hackish or broken stuff in there (even guessing host arch wrong, etc), but besides,
which problems exactly ? There's much distro specific stuff in here - that's why eg. deb's shipping its entirely own version.

Certainly, it would be better if we had a way to generate these files from some more high level data source, where
upstream can define the common things and distros easily inject their specifics - but haven't seen such thing yet.
(personally, I won't spend any second on that, since I'm never using systemd anyways)

I'm not aware of any distros that are modifying this config, do you have any in mind?

Practically all have to, at least for the broken ExecStart line:
/usr/local is completely wrong for distro packages - that's reserved for locally installed (means: manually compiled by the operator - outside the package manager's realm).

And the explicit modprobe'ing is
a) only relevant if one's using it at all
b) only working it the kernel has it at all (sub-case of a) and running w/ full host privileges
c) obsolete since kmod handles it itself (and only useful on systems that somehow managed to break kmod)

cpuguy83 · 2023-08-18T16:13:26Z

Instead of just removing the line, should their be a comment for cases it might still be need or used?

@dmcgowan

I don't think so. In cases where it is needed it can be trivially patched in, either by patching the actual file when building a package or via systemd drop-in at runtime.
In most places this line does nothing useful, in some places (growing number) the line is actively harmful.

@metux Its still useful to users not running from distro packages.

polarathene · 2023-08-18T23:11:02Z

DistroWatch currently lists 322 non-systemd distros. Including those specifically made as container host (eg. Rancher).

186 with systemd vs 66 non-systemd active linux distros (queried via DistroWatch advanced search):

There is some overlap, such as both listing MX Linux.
Popularity ranked, the first non-systemd distro after MX Linux is antiX (rank 15). Within the top 10 there are a few familiar names like Alpine (26), Devuan (42) and Slackware (44), even Puppy (rank 17, I used near 20 years ago).
Contrast to systemd distros popularity rank, Mint (2), EndeavourOS (3) Debian (4), Manjaro (5), Ubuntu (6), Pop!_OS (7), Fedora (8), OpenSUSE (9). This is just the top 10, plenty more recognizable names to many Linux users than there would be the non-systemd.

Regardless of how you came across your 322 metric, I'd assume the number with systemd is larger (if we don't limit to Linux and Active filters, the result is 596 distros), and having over 50% does count as the majority. Although when I made that statement, it was with more pragmatic intentions of well-known distros, especially those you'd generally encounter as a Docker host.

Certainly, it would be better if we had a way to generate these files from some more high level data source, where
upstream can define the common things and distros easily inject their specifics - but haven't seen such thing yet.

It's fine as a reference. Usually changes can be applied by the packager with a variety of options, including natively with systemd drop-ins.

which problems exactly?

Sorry, by modifying the config I was specifically referring to the context of the PR LimitNOFILE, not so much anything else in containerd.service. I'll share the open-vm-tools problem I experienced as an issue when this kind of config is not maintained by the project when it's a good case of when it should be (or at the very least provide reference to official documentation / advice). I'll then wrap up with why it's relevant in the context of this PR for containerd for those same concerns.

In VMware open-vm-tools project, they have packagers manage the init scripts and the quality varies even among popular distros. You'll find the open-vm-tools repo full of bug reports with many actually being related to this as some packagers aren't doing what's required or have race conditions. Some of that has been introduced over time (such as KDE adopting systemd to manage xdg autostart), but those problems existed without getting resolved by the distros packagers for 1-2 years IIRC.

It's far better to have a central reference, especially when changes occur that require that init script to be modified. Each downstream distro packager needs to become aware of the change and resolve it (potentially from the user report providing a solution that may have already been handled by another packager prior), many times you'll get a report though and none of downstream has time to investigate and resolve it.

In this case I investigated the problem for open-vm-tools, after many users were chiming in for over a year about the issue. I provided solutions but did not see any distro packager adopt them (or if they were made aware, I can't say I'd be interested in notifying them all). That'd probably go much more smoothly though if there was a common upstream config provided by open-vm-tools, and we'd probably get a more consistent UX as a result across the distros. Upstream (open-vm-tools) wasn't interested in dealing with it themselves since they didn't manage those configs and deferred to downstream to figure out and collaborate amongst themselves.

Thankfully, I was able to get in touch with systemd devs and identify an improvement there that resolved the issue. Downside being that VM guests would need to run that version of systemd or newer to benefit vs updating the open-vm-tools package which might have been more broadly available.

In the context of this PR, LimitNOFILE=infinity is harmful. It was misunderstood when contributed and third-party advice since then to work around often exhibits the same lack of understanding, only resolving it by minimizing the issue. It's niche knowledge, especially to most who encounter the issue, thus they don't have time to know any better. Maintaining the config in the project however, allows people like myself to put in that time and contribute a fix that benefits many more, that would otherwise not reach as wide of an audience. This is a bug that's existed for years, yet I doubt deferring entirely to downstream packagers would have been any better, a while back it was necessary to have an explicit LimitNOFILE due to the implicit default being 4096 which can be too low quite easily.

neersighted · 2023-08-21T13:56:00Z

Note to maintainers:

For this to be fully correct, the Go runtime should be 1.19+ as that is the version that introduced Go raising it's own soft-limit. We should note this in the changelog, or even add dummy file to keep containerd compiling with older Go versions (if it does still compile with 1.18 on the release branches) to prevent subtle misbehavior caused by no longer explicitly raising the soft-limit.

metux · 2023-08-21T14:35:29Z

Note to maintainers:

For this to be fully correct, the Go runtime should be 1.19+ as that is the version that introduced Go raising it's own soft-limit. We should note this in the changelog, or even add dummy file to keep containerd compiling with older Go versions (if it does still compile with 1.18 on the release branches) to prevent subtle misbehavior caused by no longer explicitly raising the soft-limit.

Since go.mod explicitly demands 1.20, I doubt that we ever need to care about pre-1.19 anymore :p

neersighted · 2023-08-21T14:51:40Z

That was merely a suggestion with older toolchain versions; it's definitely possible that e.g. a hyperscaler might try to compile with an older Go in order to support the long-term support branch of their container OS.

mikebrow · 2023-08-31T16:16:20Z

Instead of just removing the line, should their be a comment for cases it might still be need or used?

@dmcgowan

I don't think so. In cases where it is needed it can be trivially patched in, either by patching the actual file when building a package or via systemd drop-in at runtime. In most places this line does nothing useful, in some places (growing number) the line is actively harmful.

if the line is actively harmful.. maybe make a statement explaining the harm of uncommenting it..

polarathene · 2023-08-31T21:59:31Z

maybe make a statement explaining the harm of uncommenting it

Covered in the commit message (same content as the PR description), notably the last line about excessive soft limit.

Originally in the equivalent PR for moby I had opted to keep the line with the expected implicit default used explicitly. It included a comment for context:

# Ensure a high enough limit for the daemon, while keeping a sane soft limit for child processes.
# The daemon will implicitly raise the soft limit to the hard limit (since Go 1.19),
# while restoring the soft limit to the original value for child processes.
LimitNOFILE=1024:524288

It communicates the intent rather than the harm from excessive values, which for maintainers would have at least had git blame for that context. However they chose to avoid a transition to removing it in future and preferred to drop the config line straight away.

EDIT: I already touched on this earlier in this PR discussion 😅

For maintainers at least, I've ensured a solid "paper trail" for traceability, with plenty of information to justify why it should be changed away from infinity. I don't expect it to be introduced again, but I have expressed concern about user awareness of the change (since some override it with bad advice online as a "works for me" workaround).

estesp · 2023-09-14T15:13:15Z

Note that this PR needs the commit repushed with the canonical form of <90 char or less subject> followed by blank line, followed by any length descriptive message, followed by blank line and then the "Signed-off-by: "; without this the full CI checks are not running due to:

FAIL - commit subject exceeds 90 characters

dmcgowan · 2023-09-14T15:14:13Z

Looks good to me, can you update the commit according to "- FAIL - commit subject exceeds 90 characters". Looks like an empty line would do the trick after the subject line.

Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` to rely on the systemd v240 implicit default of `1024:524288`. On supported platforms with systemd prior to v240, packagers will patch the service with an explicit `LimitNOFILE=1024:524288`. - `1024` soft limit is an implicit default, avoiding unexpected breakage. Software that needs a higher limit should request to raise the soft limit for its process. - `524288` hard limit is an implicit default since systemd v240 and is adequate for most processes (_half of the historical limit from `fs.nr_open` of `1048576`_), while 4096 is the implicit default from the kernel (often too low). - The hard limit may not exceed `fs.nr_open` (_which a value of `infinity` will resolve to_). On most systems with systemd v240 or newer, this will resolve to an excessive size of 2^30 (over 1 billion). - When set to `infinity` (usually as the soft limit) software may experience significantly increased resource usage, resulting in a performance regression or runtime failures that are difficult to troubleshoot. Signed-off-by: Brennan Kinney <5098581+polarathene@users.noreply.github.com>

polarathene · 2023-09-27T22:14:41Z

Hi, just a friendly ping to confirm everything is all sorted for this PR?

Are there any remaining concerns blocking merge?
Is it queued for an upcoming release?

thaJeztah · 2023-10-03T14:46:15Z

Instead of just removing the line, should their be a comment for cases it might still be need or used?

@neersighted any preferences on that? I recall we used to have some commented-out options with a comment explaining why (and having a commented-out line was convenient during packaging, as we could just use sed to un-comment the line on distros that still needed it)

otherwise LGTM

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Korinsky * Konstantin Khlebnikov * Mauri de Souza Meneguzzo * Pan Yibo * Paul Meyer * Qasim Sarfraz * Qiutong Song * Reinhard Tartler * Robbie Buxton * Robert-André Mauchin * Ruihua Wen * Sameer * Shengjing Zhu * Shiming Zhang * Shukui Yang * Talon * Tariq Ibrahim * Tianon Gravi * Tim Hockin * TinaMor * Tobias Klauser * Tomáš Virtus * Tõnis Tiigi * Wang Xinwen * William Chen * Xinyang Ge * Yibo Zhuang * Yury Gargay * Zechun Chen * Zhang Tianyang * Zoe * baijia * bo.jiang * bzsuni * charles-chenzz * chschumacher1994 * guangli.bao * guangwu * jinda.ljd * krglosse * pigletfly * rokkiter * wangxiang * zhangpeng * zhaojizhuang * 吴小白 * 张钰 * 沈陵 * 谭九鼎 * **dario.cat/mergo** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers** 1f10f66a31bf -> ced1acdcaa24 * **github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build** 5330a85ea652 -> 8075edf89bb0 * **github.com/Microsoft/go-winio** v0.6.0 -> v0.6.2 * **github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim** v0.10.0-rc.7 -> v0.12.6 * **github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4** v4.2.0 -> v4.3.0 * **github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2** v2.2.0 -> v2.3.0 * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/checkpointctl** v1.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/go-criu/v7** v7.2.0 **_new_** * **github.com/cilium/ebpf** v0.9.1 -> v0.11.0 * **github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3** v3.0.1 -> v3.0.3 * **github.com/containerd/console** v1.0.3 -> v1.0.4 * **github.com/containerd/containerd/api** v1.8.0-rc.3 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/continuity** v0.3.0 -> v0.4.3 * **github.com/containerd/errdefs** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/go-cni** v1.1.9 -> v1.1.10 * **github.com/containerd/go-runc** v1.0.0 -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/containerd/imgcrypt** v1.1.7 -> v1.2.0-rc1 * **github.com/containerd/log** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/nri** v0.3.0 -> v0.6.1 * **github.com/containerd/otelttrpc** ea5083fda723 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/platforms** v0.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/plugin** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/ttrpc** v1.2.1 -> v1.2.5 * **github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2** v2.1.0 -> v2.2.0 * **github.com/containernetworking/cni** v1.1.2 -> v1.2.3 * **github.com/containernetworking/plugins** v1.2.0 -> v1.5.1 * **github.com/containers/ocicrypt** v1.1.6 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2** v2.0.2 -> v2.0.4 * **github.com/davecgh/go-spew** v1.1.1 -> d8f796af33cc * **github.com/distribution/reference** v0.6.0 **_new_** * **github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3** v3.10.1 -> v3.11.0 * **github.com/felixge/httpsnoop** v1.0.4 **_new_** * **github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify** v1.6.0 -> v1.7.0 * **github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2** v2.7.0 **_new_** * **github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4** v4.0.2 **_new_** * **github.com/go-logr/logr** v1.2.3 -> v1.4.2 * **github.com/golang/protobuf** v1.5.2 -> v1.5.4 * **github.com/google/go-cmp** v0.5.9 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/google/uuid** v1.3.0 -> v1.6.0 * **github.com/gorilla/websocket** v1.5.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/providers/prometheus** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2** v2.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2** v2.7.0 -> v2.22.0 * **github.com/intel/goresctrl** v0.3.0 -> v0.7.0 * **github.com/klauspost/compress** v1.16.0 -> v1.17.10 * **github.com/mdlayher/socket** v0.4.1 **_new_** * **github.com/mdlayher/vsock** v1.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/spdystream** v0.2.0 -> v0.4.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo** v0.6.2 -> v0.7.2 * **github.com/moby/sys/sequential** v0.5.0 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/signal** v0.7.0 -> v0.7.1 * **github.com/moby/sys/symlink** v0.2.0 -> v0.3.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/user** v0.3.0 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/sys/userns** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/munnerz/goautoneg** a7dc8b61c822 **_new_** * **github.com/mxk/go-flowrate** cca7078d478f **_new_** * **github.com/opencontainers/image-spec** 3a7f492d3f1b -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec** v1.1.0-rc.1 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-tools** 946c877fa809 -> 2e043c6bd626 * **github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2** v2.2.3 **_new_** * **github.com/pmezard/go-difflib** v1.0.0 -> 5d4384ee4fb2 * **github.com/prometheus/client_golang** v1.14.0 -> v1.20.4 * **github.com/prometheus/client_model** v0.3.0 -> v0.6.1 * **github.com/prometheus/common** v0.37.0 -> v0.55.0 * **github.com/prometheus/procfs** v0.8.0 -> v0.15.1 * **github.com/sirupsen/logrus** v1.9.0 -> v1.9.3 * **github.com/stretchr/testify** v1.8.2 -> v1.9.0 * **github.com/urfave/cli/v2** v2.27.4 **_new_** * **github.com/vishvananda/netlink** v1.2.1-beta.2 -> v1.3.0 * **github.com/vishvananda/netns** 2eb08e3e575f -> v0.0.4 * **github.com/x448/float16** v0.8.4 **_new_** * **github.com/xrash/smetrics** 686a1a2994c1 **_new_** * **go.etcd.io/bbolt** v1.3.7 -> v1.3.11 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc** v0.40.0 -> v0.55.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp** v0.55.0 **_new_** * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric** v0.37.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp** v0.19.0 -> v1.3.1 * **golang.org/x/crypto** v0.1.0 -> v0.27.0 * **golang.org/x/exp** aacd6d4b4611 **_new_** * **golang.org/x/mod** v0.7.0 -> v0.21.0 * **golang.org/x/net** v0.7.0 -> v0.29.0 * **golang.org/x/oauth2** v0.4.0 -> v0.22.0 * **golang.org/x/sync** v0.1.0 -> v0.8.0 * **golang.org/x/sys** v0.6.0 -> v0.25.0 * **golang.org/x/term** v0.5.0 -> v0.24.0 * **golang.org/x/text** v0.7.0 -> v0.18.0 * **golang.org/x/time** 90d013bbcef8 -> v0.3.0 * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api** 8af14fe29dc1 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc** 8af14fe29dc1 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/grpc** v1.53.0 -> v1.67.0 * **google.golang.org/protobuf** v1.28.1 -> v1.34.2 * **k8s.io/api** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/apimachinery** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/apiserver** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/client-go** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/component-base** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/cri-api** v0.26.2 -> v0.32.0-alpha.0 * **k8s.io/klog/v2** v2.90.1 -> v2.130.1 * **k8s.io/kubelet** v0.31.1 **_new_** * **k8s.io/utils** a5ecb0141aa5 -> 18e509b52bc8 * **sigs.k8s.io/json** f223a00ba0e2 -> bc3834ca7abd * **sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4** v4.2.3 -> v4.4.1 * **sigs.k8s.io/yaml** v1.3.0 -> v1.4.0 * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface** v0.8.0 **_new_** * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/specs-go** v0.8.0 **_new_** Previous release can be found at [v1.7.0](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v1.7.0) * `containerd-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: ✅Recommended. Dynamically linked with glibc 2.31 (Ubuntu 20.04). * `containerd-static-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: Statically linked. Expected to be used on non-glibc Linux distributions. Not position-independent. In addition to containerd, typically you will have to install [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases) and [CNI plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases) from their official sites too. See also the [Getting Started](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md) documentation.

…h upstream containerd/main update fork-external/main branch to upstream containerd/main at commit f90f80d Related work items: containerd#8736, containerd#8861, containerd#8924, containerd#8934, containerd#9027, containerd#9076, containerd#9104, containerd#9118, containerd#9141, containerd#9155, containerd#9177, containerd#9183, containerd#9184, containerd#9186, containerd#9187, containerd#9191, containerd#9200, containerd#9205, containerd#9211, containerd#9214, containerd#9215, containerd#9221, containerd#9223, containerd#9228, containerd#9231, containerd#9234, containerd#9242, containerd#9246, containerd#9247, containerd#9251, containerd#9253, containerd#9254, containerd#9255, containerd#9268

containerd 2.0.0-rc.5 Welcome to the v2.0.0-rc.5 release of containerd! *This is a pre-release of containerd* The first major release of containerd 2.x focuses on the continued stability of containerd's core feature set with an easy upgrade from containerd 1.x. This release includes the stabilization of new features added in the last 1.x release as well as the removal of features which were deprecated in 1.x. The goal is to support the vast community of containerd users well into the future along with their ever increasing deployment footprints and variety of use cases. * Add Update API for sandbox controller ([containerd#9903](containerd#9903)) * Configure otel from env instead of config.toml ([containerd#8970](containerd#8970)) * Enable NRI by default ([containerd#9744](containerd#9744)) * Add PluginInfo to introspection API ([containerd#9442](containerd#9442)) * Remove overlayfs volatile option on temp mounts ([containerd#9555](containerd#9555)) * Expose usage of deprecated features ([containerd#9258](containerd#9258)) * Use Intel ISA-L's igzip if available ([containerd#9200](containerd#9200)) * Introduce top level config migration ([containerd#9223](containerd#9223)) * Add image delete target ([containerd#8989](containerd#8989)) * Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` ([containerd#8924](containerd#8924)) * Add support for image expiration during garbage collection ([containerd#9022](containerd#9022)) * Reduce the contention between ref lock and boltdb lock in content store ([containerd#8792](containerd#8792)) * Remove "containerd.io/restart.logpath" label ([containerd#8264](containerd#8264)) * Remove `aufs` snapshotter ([containerd#8263](containerd#8263)) * Fix deadlock during NRI plugin registration ([containerd/nri#79](containerd/nri#79)) * Fix deadlock when writing to pipe blocks ([containerd/ttrpc#168](containerd/ttrpc#168)) * Generate attestation for artifacts during release ([containerd#10543](containerd#10543)) * Use 'UserSpecifiedImage' from CRI to set the image-name annotation ([containerd#10747](containerd#10747)) * Add support to set loopback to up ([containerd#10238](containerd#10238)) * Add support for multiple subscribers to CRI container events ([containerd#9661](containerd#9661)) * Enable CDI by default ([containerd#9621](containerd#9621)) * Remove non-sandboxed CRI implementation ([containerd#9228](containerd#9228)) * Add support for userns in stateless and stateful pods with idmap mounts (KEP-127, k8s >= 1.27) ([containerd#8287](containerd#8287)) * Use sandboxed CRI by default ([containerd#8994](containerd#8994)) * Implement RuntimeConfig CRI call ([containerd#8722](containerd#8722)) * Add support for user namespaces (KEP-127) ([containerd#8803](containerd#8803)) * Remove CRI v1alpha2 ([containerd#8276](containerd#8276)) * Add api Go module and move all protos under api ([containerd#10151](containerd#10151)) * Move packages based on contributing guide ([containerd#9365](containerd#9365)) * Generalize plugin library ([containerd#9214](containerd#9214)) * Use github.com/containerd/log ([containerd#9086](containerd#9086)) * Support to syncfs after pull by using diff plugin ([containerd#10284](containerd#10284)) * Skip "unknown" in image platform listing ([containerd#10257](containerd#10257)) * Update unpacker to fetch all provided content ([containerd#10202](containerd#10202)) * Enable Transfer service API to support plain HTTP ([containerd#10024](containerd#10024)) * Enable Transfer service to use registry configuration directory ([containerd#9908](containerd#9908)) * Disable the support for Schema 1 images ([containerd#9765](containerd#9765)) * Update Transfer service to add OCI descriptors to Progress structure ([containerd#9630](containerd#9630)) * Update import and export to allow references to missing content ([containerd#9554](containerd#9554)) * Add option to perform syncfs after pull ([containerd#9401](containerd#9401)) * Add image verifier transfer service plugin system based on a binary directory ([containerd#8493](containerd#8493)) * Implement RuntimeStatus.features.supplemental_groups_policy from KEP-3619 ([containerd#10410](containerd#10410)) * Add pprof to runc-shim ([containerd#10242](containerd#10242)) * Provide runtime options in plugin info ([containerd#10251](containerd#10251)) * Store bootstrap parameters in sandbox metadata ([containerd#9736](containerd#9736)) * Update apparmor to allow confined runc to kill containers ([containerd#10123](containerd#10123)) * Support vsock connection to task api ([containerd#9738](containerd#9738)) * Update RuntimeDefault seccomp profile to disallow io_uring related syscalls ([containerd#9320](containerd#9320)) * Switch runc shim to task service v3 and fix restore ([containerd#9233](containerd#9233)) * Add sandboxer configuration and move sandbox controllers to plugins ([containerd#8268](containerd#8268)) * Add annotations to CreateSandbox request ([containerd#8960](containerd#8960)) * Add SandboxMetrics ([containerd#8680](containerd#8680)) * Publish sandbox events ([containerd#8602](containerd#8602)) * Remove the CriuPath field from runc's options ([containerd#8279](containerd#8279)) * Remove `io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux` and `io.containerd.runc.v1` ([containerd#8262](containerd#8262)) * [medium] RAPL accessible to a container [GHSA-7ww5-4wqc-m92c](GHSA-7ww5-4wqc-m92c) * Remove `disable_cgroup` from CRI config ([containerd#10594](containerd#10594)) * Disable the support for Schema 1 images ([containerd#9765](containerd#9765)) * Update RuntimeDefault seccomp profile to disallow io_uring related syscalls ([containerd#9320](containerd#9320)) * Move client to subpackage ([containerd#9316](containerd#9316)) * Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` ([containerd#8924](containerd#8924)) * Remove CRI v1alpha2 ([containerd#8276](containerd#8276)) * Remove `io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux` and `io.containerd.runc.v1` ([containerd#8262](containerd#8262)) * Remove "containerd.io/restart.logpath" label ([containerd#8264](containerd#8264)) * Remove `aufs` snapshotter ([containerd#8263](containerd#8263)) * Update warnings for deprecated CRI config fields ([containerd#10509](containerd#10509)) * Add type alias for event Envelope ([containerd#10279](containerd#10279)) * Postpone removal of deprecated CRI config properties ([containerd#9966](containerd#9966)) * Deprecate go-plugin configuration option ([containerd#9238](containerd#9238)) * CNI conf_template in CRI is no longer deprecated ([containerd#8637](containerd#8637)) Please try out the release binaries and report any issues at https://github.com/containerd/containerd/issues. * Derek McGowan * Akihiro Suda * Maksym Pavlenko * Wei Fu * Phil Estes * Sebastiaan van Stijn * Samuel Karp * Stefan Berger * Kazuyoshi Kato * Rodrigo Campos * Danny Canter * Abel Feng * Akhil Mohan * Kirtana Ashok * Gabriel Adrian Samfira * Austin Vazquez * Iceber Gu * Krisztian Litkey * Kohei Tokunaga * Mike Brown * Jin Dong * Bjorn Neergaard * Justin Chadwell * rongfu.leng * James Sturtevant * Davanum Srinivas * Paul "TBBle" Hampson * Henry Wang * Brian Goff * Enrico Weigelt * Laura Brehm * Marat Radchenko * Paweł Gronowski * Shingo Omura * Hsing-Yu (David) Chen * Ilya Hanov * Cardy.Tang * Swagat Bora * Aditi Sharma * Amit Barve * Bryant Biggs * Evan Lezar * James Jenkins * Jordan Liggitt * Kay Yan * Markus Lehtonen * Nashwan Azhari * Shuaiyi Zhang * Vinayak Goyal * helen * Alexandru Matei * Anthony Nandaa * Avi Deitcher * Charity Kathure * Cory Snider * Ed Bartosh * Etienne Champetier * Kevin Parsons * Michael Zappa * Milas Bowman * ningmingxiao * yanggang * zounengren * Aditya Ramani * Adrian Reber * Amir M. Ghazanfari * Artem Khramov * Brad Davidson * Chen Yiyang * Christian Muehlhaeuser * Djordje Lukic * Edgar Lee * Eric Lin * Ethan Lowman * Jiang Liu * June Rhodes * Kern Walster * Lucas Rattz * Mahamed Ali * Maksim An * Michael Crosby * Peteris Rudzusiks * Sam Edwards * Samruddhi Khandale * Sascha Grunert * Steve Griffith * Tony Fang * VERNOU Cédric * Vishal Reddy Gurrala * hang.jiang * harshitasao * jerryzhuang * lengrongfu * roman-kiselenko * zhanluxianshen * Aaron Lehmann * Adrien Delorme * Alex Couture-Beil * Alex Ellis * Alex Rodriguez * Angelos Kolaitis * Antonio Huete Jimenez * Arash Haghighat * Ben Foster * Bin Tang * Bin Xin * BinBin He * Brennan Kinney * Changqing Li * ChengenH * ChengyuZhu6 * Christian Stewart * Colin O'Dell * Craig Ingram * Daisy Rong * David Porter * Derek Nola * Eng Zer Jun * Erikson Tung * Fabiano Fidêncio * Fahed Dorgaa * Gary McDonald * Iain Macdonald * James Lakin * Jan Dubois * Jaroslav Jindrak * Javier Maestro * Jian Wang * Jiongchi Yu * Julien Balestra * Kir Kolyshkin * Kirill A. Korinsky * Konstantin Khlebnikov * Mauri de Souza Meneguzzo * Pan Yibo * Paul Meyer * Qasim Sarfraz * Qiutong Song * Reinhard Tartler * Robbie Buxton * Robert-André Mauchin * Ruihua Wen * Sameer * Shengjing Zhu * Shiming Zhang * Shukui Yang * Talon * Tariq Ibrahim * Tianon Gravi * Tim Hockin * TinaMor * Tobias Klauser * Tomáš Virtus * Tõnis Tiigi * Wang Xinwen * William Chen * Xinyang Ge * Yibo Zhuang * Yury Gargay * Zechun Chen * Zhang Tianyang * Zoe * baijia * bo.jiang * bzsuni * charles-chenzz * chschumacher1994 * guangli.bao * guangwu * jinda.ljd * krglosse * pigletfly * rokkiter * wangxiang * zhangpeng * zhaojizhuang * 吴小白 * 张钰 * 沈陵 * 谭九鼎 * **dario.cat/mergo** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers** 1f10f66a31bf -> ced1acdcaa24 * **github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build** 5330a85ea652 -> 8075edf89bb0 * **github.com/Microsoft/go-winio** v0.6.0 -> v0.6.2 * **github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim** v0.10.0-rc.7 -> v0.12.6 * **github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4** v4.2.0 -> v4.3.0 * **github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2** v2.2.0 -> v2.3.0 * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/checkpointctl** v1.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/go-criu/v7** v7.2.0 **_new_** * **github.com/cilium/ebpf** v0.9.1 -> v0.11.0 * **github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3** v3.0.1 -> v3.0.3 * **github.com/containerd/console** v1.0.3 -> v1.0.4 * **github.com/containerd/containerd/api** v1.8.0-rc.3 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/continuity** v0.3.0 -> v0.4.3 * **github.com/containerd/errdefs** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/go-cni** v1.1.9 -> v1.1.10 * **github.com/containerd/go-runc** v1.0.0 -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/containerd/imgcrypt** v1.1.7 -> v1.2.0-rc1 * **github.com/containerd/log** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/nri** v0.3.0 -> v0.6.1 * **github.com/containerd/otelttrpc** ea5083fda723 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/platforms** v0.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/plugin** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/ttrpc** v1.2.1 -> v1.2.5 * **github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2** v2.1.0 -> v2.2.0 * **github.com/containernetworking/cni** v1.1.2 -> v1.2.3 * **github.com/containernetworking/plugins** v1.2.0 -> v1.5.1 * **github.com/containers/ocicrypt** v1.1.6 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2** v2.0.2 -> v2.0.4 * **github.com/davecgh/go-spew** v1.1.1 -> d8f796af33cc * **github.com/distribution/reference** v0.6.0 **_new_** * **github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3** v3.10.1 -> v3.11.0 * **github.com/felixge/httpsnoop** v1.0.4 **_new_** * **github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify** v1.6.0 -> v1.7.0 * **github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2** v2.7.0 **_new_** * **github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4** v4.0.2 **_new_** * **github.com/go-logr/logr** v1.2.3 -> v1.4.2 * **github.com/golang/protobuf** v1.5.2 -> v1.5.4 * **github.com/google/go-cmp** v0.5.9 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/google/uuid** v1.3.0 -> v1.6.0 * **github.com/gorilla/websocket** v1.5.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/providers/prometheus** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2** v2.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2** v2.7.0 -> v2.22.0 * **github.com/intel/goresctrl** v0.3.0 -> v0.7.0 * **github.com/klauspost/compress** v1.16.0 -> v1.17.10 * **github.com/mdlayher/socket** v0.4.1 **_new_** * **github.com/mdlayher/vsock** v1.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/spdystream** v0.2.0 -> v0.4.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo** v0.6.2 -> v0.7.2 * **github.com/moby/sys/sequential** v0.5.0 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/signal** v0.7.0 -> v0.7.1 * **github.com/moby/sys/symlink** v0.2.0 -> v0.3.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/user** v0.3.0 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/sys/userns** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/munnerz/goautoneg** a7dc8b61c822 **_new_** * **github.com/mxk/go-flowrate** cca7078d478f **_new_** * **github.com/opencontainers/image-spec** 3a7f492d3f1b -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec** v1.1.0-rc.1 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-tools** 946c877fa809 -> 2e043c6bd626 * **github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2** v2.2.3 **_new_** * **github.com/pmezard/go-difflib** v1.0.0 -> 5d4384ee4fb2 * **github.com/prometheus/client_golang** v1.14.0 -> v1.20.4 * **github.com/prometheus/client_model** v0.3.0 -> v0.6.1 * **github.com/prometheus/common** v0.37.0 -> v0.55.0 * **github.com/prometheus/procfs** v0.8.0 -> v0.15.1 * **github.com/sirupsen/logrus** v1.9.0 -> v1.9.3 * **github.com/stretchr/testify** v1.8.2 -> v1.9.0 * **github.com/urfave/cli/v2** v2.27.4 **_new_** * **github.com/vishvananda/netlink** v1.2.1-beta.2 -> v1.3.0 * **github.com/vishvananda/netns** 2eb08e3e575f -> v0.0.4 * **github.com/x448/float16** v0.8.4 **_new_** * **github.com/xrash/smetrics** 686a1a2994c1 **_new_** * **go.etcd.io/bbolt** v1.3.7 -> v1.3.11 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc** v0.40.0 -> v0.55.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp** v0.55.0 **_new_** * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric** v0.37.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace** v1.14.0 -> v1.30.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp** v0.19.0 -> v1.3.1 * **golang.org/x/crypto** v0.1.0 -> v0.27.0 * **golang.org/x/exp** aacd6d4b4611 **_new_** * **golang.org/x/mod** v0.7.0 -> v0.21.0 * **golang.org/x/net** v0.7.0 -> v0.29.0 * **golang.org/x/oauth2** v0.4.0 -> v0.22.0 * **golang.org/x/sync** v0.1.0 -> v0.8.0 * **golang.org/x/sys** v0.6.0 -> v0.25.0 * **golang.org/x/term** v0.5.0 -> v0.24.0 * **golang.org/x/text** v0.7.0 -> v0.18.0 * **golang.org/x/time** 90d013bbcef8 -> v0.3.0 * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api** 8af14fe29dc1 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc** 8af14fe29dc1 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/grpc** v1.53.0 -> v1.67.0 * **google.golang.org/protobuf** v1.28.1 -> v1.34.2 * **k8s.io/api** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/apimachinery** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/apiserver** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/client-go** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/component-base** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.1 * **k8s.io/cri-api** v0.26.2 -> v0.32.0-alpha.0 * **k8s.io/klog/v2** v2.90.1 -> v2.130.1 * **k8s.io/kubelet** v0.31.1 **_new_** * **k8s.io/utils** a5ecb0141aa5 -> 18e509b52bc8 * **sigs.k8s.io/json** f223a00ba0e2 -> bc3834ca7abd * **sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4** v4.2.3 -> v4.4.1 * **sigs.k8s.io/yaml** v1.3.0 -> v1.4.0 * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface** v0.8.0 **_new_** * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/specs-go** v0.8.0 **_new_** Previous release can be found at [v1.7.0](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v1.7.0) * `containerd-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: ✅Recommended. Dynamically linked with glibc 2.31 (Ubuntu 20.04). * `containerd-static-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: Statically linked. Expected to be used on non-glibc Linux distributions. Not position-independent. In addition to containerd, typically you will have to install [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases) and [CNI plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases) from their official sites too. See also the [Getting Started](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md) documentation.

containerd 2.0.0 Welcome to the v2.0.0 release of containerd! The first major release of containerd 2.x focuses on the continued stability of containerd's core feature set with an easy upgrade from containerd 1.x. This release includes the stabilization of new features added in the last 1.x release as well as the removal of features which were deprecated in 1.x. The goal is to support the vast community of containerd users well into the future along with their ever increasing deployment footprints and variety of use cases. See [containerd 2.0](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/containerd-2.0.md) documentation for details on what is new and has changed in this release. * Allow sections of Plugins to be merged, and not overwritten as entire sections. ([#9982](containerd/containerd#9982)) * Add Update API for sandbox controller ([#9903](containerd/containerd#9903)) * Configure otel from env instead of config.toml ([#8970](containerd/containerd#8970)) * Enable NRI by default ([#9744](containerd/containerd#9744)) * Add PluginInfo to introspection API ([#9442](containerd/containerd#9442)) * Remove overlayfs volatile option on temp mounts ([#9555](containerd/containerd#9555)) * Expose usage of deprecated features ([#9258](containerd/containerd#9258)) * Use Intel ISA-L's igzip if available ([#9200](containerd/containerd#9200)) * Introduce top level config migration ([#9223](containerd/containerd#9223)) * Add image delete target ([#8989](containerd/containerd#8989)) * Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` ([#8924](containerd/containerd#8924)) * Add support for image expiration during garbage collection ([#9022](containerd/containerd#9022)) * Reduce the contention between ref lock and boltdb lock in content store ([#8792](containerd/containerd#8792)) * Remove "containerd.io/restart.logpath" label ([#8264](containerd/containerd#8264)) * Remove `aufs` snapshotter ([#8263](containerd/containerd#8263)) * Fix deadlock during NRI plugin registration ([containerd/nri#79](containerd/nri#79)) * Support arm64/v9 and minor variants ([containerd/platforms#8](containerd/platforms#8)) * Fix deadlock when writing to pipe blocks ([containerd/ttrpc#168](containerd/ttrpc#168)) * Generate attestation for artifacts during release ([#10543](containerd/containerd#10543)) * Remove `cri-containerd-*.tar.gz` release bundles ([#9096](containerd/containerd#9096)) * Use 'UserSpecifiedImage' from CRI to set the image-name annotation ([#10747](containerd/containerd#10747)) * Fine-grained SupplementalGroups control ([#9737](containerd/containerd#9737)) * Add support to set loopback to up ([#10238](containerd/containerd#10238)) * KEP-3857: Recursive Read-only (RRO) mounts ([#9787](containerd/containerd#9787)) * Add support for multiple subscribers to CRI container events ([#9661](containerd/containerd#9661)) * Enable CDI by default ([#9621](containerd/containerd#9621)) * Remove non-sandboxed CRI implementation ([#9228](containerd/containerd#9228)) * Add support for userns in stateless and stateful pods with idmap mounts (KEP-127, k8s >= 1.27) ([#8287](containerd/containerd#8287)) * Use sandboxed CRI by default ([#8994](containerd/containerd#8994)) * Implement RuntimeConfig CRI call ([#8722](containerd/containerd#8722)) * Add support for user namespaces (KEP-127) ([#8803](containerd/containerd#8803)) * Remove CRI v1alpha2 ([#8276](containerd/containerd#8276)) * Add api Go module and move all protos under api ([#10151](containerd/containerd#10151)) * Move packages based on contributing guide ([#9365](containerd/containerd#9365)) * Generalize plugin library ([#9214](containerd/containerd#9214)) * Use github.com/containerd/log ([#9086](containerd/containerd#9086)) * Support to syncfs after pull by using diff plugin ([#10284](containerd/containerd#10284)) * Skip "unknown" in image platform listing ([#10257](containerd/containerd#10257)) * Update unpacker to fetch all provided content ([#10202](containerd/containerd#10202)) * Enable Transfer service API to support plain HTTP ([#10024](containerd/containerd#10024)) * Enable Transfer service to use registry configuration directory ([#9908](containerd/containerd#9908)) * Disable the support for Schema 1 images ([#9765](containerd/containerd#9765)) * Update Transfer service to add OCI descriptors to Progress structure ([#9630](containerd/containerd#9630)) * Update import and export to allow references to missing content ([#9554](containerd/containerd#9554)) * Add option to perform syncfs after pull ([#9401](containerd/containerd#9401)) * Add image verifier transfer service plugin system based on a binary directory ([#8493](containerd/containerd#8493)) * Implement RuntimeStatus.features.supplemental_groups_policy from KEP-3619 ([#10410](containerd/containerd#10410)) * Add pprof to runc-shim ([#10242](containerd/containerd#10242)) * Provide runtime options in plugin info ([#10251](containerd/containerd#10251)) * Store bootstrap parameters in sandbox metadata ([#9736](containerd/containerd#9736)) * Update apparmor to allow confined runc to kill containers ([#10123](containerd/containerd#10123)) * Support vsock connection to task api ([#9738](containerd/containerd#9738)) * Update RuntimeDefault seccomp profile to disallow io_uring related syscalls ([#9320](containerd/containerd#9320)) * Switch runc shim to task service v3 and fix restore ([#9233](containerd/containerd#9233)) * Add sandboxer configuration and move sandbox controllers to plugins ([#8268](containerd/containerd#8268)) * Add annotations to CreateSandbox request ([#8960](containerd/containerd#8960)) * Add SandboxMetrics ([#8680](containerd/containerd#8680)) * Publish sandbox events ([#8602](containerd/containerd#8602)) * Remove the CriuPath field from runc's options ([#8279](containerd/containerd#8279)) * Remove `io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux` and `io.containerd.runc.v1` ([#8262](containerd/containerd#8262)) * [medium] RAPL accessible to a container [GHSA-7ww5-4wqc-m92c](GHSA-7ww5-4wqc-m92c) * Remove `disable_cgroup` from CRI config ([#10594](containerd/containerd#10594)) * Disable the support for Schema 1 images ([#9765](containerd/containerd#9765)) * Update RuntimeDefault seccomp profile to disallow io_uring related syscalls ([#9320](containerd/containerd#9320)) * Move client to subpackage ([#9316](containerd/containerd#9316)) * Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` ([#8924](containerd/containerd#8924)) * Remove CRI v1alpha2 ([#8276](containerd/containerd#8276)) * Remove `io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux` and `io.containerd.runc.v1` ([#8262](containerd/containerd#8262)) * Remove "containerd.io/restart.logpath" label ([#8264](containerd/containerd#8264)) * Remove `aufs` snapshotter ([#8263](containerd/containerd#8263)) * Update warnings for deprecated CRI config fields ([#10509](containerd/containerd#10509)) * Add type alias for event Envelope ([#10279](containerd/containerd#10279)) * Postpone removal of deprecated CRI config properties ([#9966](containerd/containerd#9966)) * Deprecate go-plugin configuration option ([#9238](containerd/containerd#9238)) * CNI conf_template in CRI is no longer deprecated ([#8637](containerd/containerd#8637)) Please try out the release binaries and report any issues at https://github.com/containerd/containerd/issues. * Derek McGowan * Akihiro Suda * Maksym Pavlenko * Wei Fu * Phil Estes * Sebastiaan van Stijn * Samuel Karp * Krisztian Litkey * Kazuyoshi Kato * Austin Vazquez * Rodrigo Campos * Danny Canter * Abel Feng * Mike Brown * Kirtana Ashok * Akhil Mohan * Iceber Gu * Gabriel Adrian Samfira * Jin Dong * Kohei Tokunaga * Bjorn Neergaard * Brian Goff * Justin Chadwell * rongfu.leng * James Sturtevant * Davanum Srinivas * Paul "TBBle" Hampson * Henry Wang * Enrico Weigelt * Laura Brehm * Marat Radchenko * Paweł Gronowski * Shingo Omura * Hsing-Yu (David) Chen * Ilya Hanov * Cardy.Tang * Swagat Bora * Aditi Sharma * Amit Barve * Bryant Biggs * Evan Lezar * James Jenkins * Jordan Liggitt * Kay Yan * Markus Lehtonen * Nashwan Azhari * Shuaiyi Zhang * Vinayak Goyal * helen * Alexandru Matei * Anthony Nandaa * Avi Deitcher * Charity Kathure * Cory Snider * Ed Bartosh * Etienne Champetier * Kevin Parsons * Michael Zappa * Milas Bowman * lengrongfu * ningmingxiao * yanggang * zounengren * Aditya Ramani * Adrian Reber * Amir M. Ghazanfari * Antonio Ojea * Artem Khramov * Brad Davidson * Chen Yiyang * Chongyi Zheng * Christian Muehlhaeuser * Djordje Lukic * Edgar Lee * Eric Lin * Ethan Lowman * Jiang Liu * June Rhodes * Kern Walster * Lei Jitang * Lucas Rattz * Mahamed Ali * Maksim An * Michael Crosby * Peteris Rudzusiks * Ray Burgemeestre * Sam Edwards * Samruddhi Khandale * Sascha Grunert * Steve Griffith * Tony Fang * Tõnis Tiigi * VERNOU Cédric * Vishal Reddy Gurrala * Xiaojin Zhang * Yang Yang * hang.jiang * harshitasao * jerryzhuang * roman-kiselenko * zhanluxianshen * Aaron Lehmann * AbdelrahmanElawady * Adrien Delorme * Alex Couture-Beil * Alex Ellis * Alex Rodriguez * Angelos Kolaitis * Antonio Huete Jimenez * Antti Kervinen * Arash Haghighat * Arkin Modi * Ben Foster * Benjamin Peterson * Bin Tang * Bin Xin * BinBin He * Brennan Kinney * Changqing Li * ChengenH * ChengyuZhu6 * Christian Stewart * Colin O'Dell * Craig Ingram * Daisy Rong * David Porter * David Son * Derek Nola * Eng Zer Jun * Erikson Tung * Fabiano Fidêncio * Fahed Dorgaa * Gabriela Cervantes * Gary McDonald * Iain Macdonald * James Lakin * Jan Dubois * Jaroslav Jindrak * Javier Maestro * Jian Wang * Jiongchi Yu * Julien Balestra * Kir Kolyshkin * Kirill A. Korinsky * Konstantin Khlebnikov * Lei Liu * Matteo Pulcini * Mauri de Souza Meneguzzo * Mike Baynton * Niklas Gehlen * Pan Yibo * Paul Meyer * Qasim Sarfraz * Qiutong Song * Reinhard Tartler * Robbie Buxton * Robert-André Mauchin * Ruihua Wen * Saket Jajoo * Sameer * Shengjing Zhu * Shiming Zhang * Shukui Yang * StepSecurity Bot * Talon * Tariq Ibrahim * Tianon Gravi * Tim Hockin * TinaMor * Tobias Klauser * Tomáš Virtus * Wang Xinwen * William Chen * Xinyang Ge * Yibo Zhuang * Yuhang Wei * Yury Gargay * Zechun Chen * Zhang Tianyang * Zoe * baijia * bo.jiang * bzsuni * charles-chenzz * chschumacher1994 * cormick * guangli.bao * guangwu * jinda.ljd * jingtao.liang * krglosse * pigletfly * rokkiter * wangxiang * zhangpeng * zhaojizhuang * 吴小白 * 张钰 * 沈陵 * 谭九鼎 * **dario.cat/mergo** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers** 1f10f66a31bf -> e8a1dd7889d6 * **github.com/AdamKorcz/go-118-fuzz-build** 5330a85ea652 -> 2b5cbb29f3e2 * **github.com/Microsoft/go-winio** v0.6.0 -> v0.6.2 * **github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim** v0.10.0-rc.7 -> v0.12.9 * **github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4** v4.2.0 -> v4.3.0 * **github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2** v2.2.0 -> v2.3.0 * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/checkpointctl** v1.3.0 **_new_** * **github.com/checkpoint-restore/go-criu/v7** v7.2.0 **_new_** * **github.com/cilium/ebpf** v0.9.1 -> v0.11.0 * **github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3** v3.0.1 -> v3.0.3 * **github.com/containerd/console** v1.0.3 -> v1.0.4 * **github.com/containerd/containerd/api** v1.8.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/continuity** v0.3.0 -> v0.4.4 * **github.com/containerd/errdefs** v1.0.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg** v0.3.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/go-cni** v1.1.9 -> v1.1.10 * **github.com/containerd/go-runc** v1.0.0 -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/containerd/imgcrypt/v2** v2.0.0-rc.1 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/log** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/nri** v0.3.0 -> v0.8.0 * **github.com/containerd/otelttrpc** ea5083fda723 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/platforms** v1.0.0-rc.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/plugin** v1.0.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containerd/ttrpc** v1.2.1 -> v1.2.6 * **github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2** v2.1.0 -> v2.2.2 * **github.com/containerd/zfs/v2** v2.0.0-rc.0 **_new_** * **github.com/containernetworking/cni** v1.1.2 -> v1.2.3 * **github.com/containernetworking/plugins** v1.2.0 -> v1.5.1 * **github.com/containers/ocicrypt** v1.1.6 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2** v2.0.2 -> v2.0.5 * **github.com/davecgh/go-spew** v1.1.1 -> d8f796af33cc * **github.com/distribution/reference** v0.6.0 **_new_** * **github.com/emicklei/go-restful/v3** v3.10.1 -> v3.11.0 * **github.com/felixge/httpsnoop** v1.0.4 **_new_** * **github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify** v1.6.0 -> v1.7.0 * **github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2** v2.7.0 **_new_** * **github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4** v4.0.4 **_new_** * **github.com/go-logr/logr** v1.2.3 -> v1.4.2 * **github.com/golang/protobuf** v1.5.2 -> v1.5.4 * **github.com/google/go-cmp** v0.5.9 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/google/uuid** v1.3.0 -> v1.6.0 * **github.com/gorilla/websocket** v1.5.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/providers/prometheus** v1.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2** v2.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2** v2.7.0 -> v2.22.0 * **github.com/intel/goresctrl** v0.3.0 -> v0.8.0 * **github.com/klauspost/compress** v1.16.0 -> v1.17.11 * **github.com/mdlayher/socket** v0.4.1 **_new_** * **github.com/mdlayher/vsock** v1.2.1 **_new_** * **github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs/v3** v3.0.1 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/spdystream** v0.2.0 -> v0.4.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo** v0.6.2 -> v0.7.2 * **github.com/moby/sys/sequential** v0.5.0 -> v0.6.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/signal** v0.7.0 -> v0.7.1 * **github.com/moby/sys/symlink** v0.2.0 -> v0.3.0 * **github.com/moby/sys/user** v0.3.0 **_new_** * **github.com/moby/sys/userns** v0.1.0 **_new_** * **github.com/munnerz/goautoneg** a7dc8b61c822 **_new_** * **github.com/mxk/go-flowrate** cca7078d478f **_new_** * **github.com/opencontainers/image-spec** 3a7f492d3f1b -> v1.1.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec** v1.1.0-rc.1 -> v1.2.0 * **github.com/opencontainers/runtime-tools** 946c877fa809 -> 2e043c6bd626 * **github.com/opencontainers/selinux** v1.11.0 -> v1.11.1 * **github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2** v2.2.3 **_new_** * **github.com/pmezard/go-difflib** v1.0.0 -> 5d4384ee4fb2 * **github.com/prometheus/client_golang** v1.14.0 -> v1.20.5 * **github.com/prometheus/client_model** v0.3.0 -> v0.6.1 * **github.com/prometheus/common** v0.37.0 -> v0.55.0 * **github.com/prometheus/procfs** v0.8.0 -> v0.15.1 * **github.com/sirupsen/logrus** v1.9.0 -> v1.9.3 * **github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri** 78d3cae3a980 -> 78284954bff6 * **github.com/stretchr/testify** v1.8.2 -> v1.9.0 * **github.com/urfave/cli/v2** v2.27.5 **_new_** * **github.com/vishvananda/netlink** v1.2.1-beta.2 -> v1.3.0 * **github.com/vishvananda/netns** 2eb08e3e575f -> v0.0.4 * **github.com/x448/float16** v0.8.4 **_new_** * **github.com/xrash/smetrics** 686a1a2994c1 **_new_** * **go.etcd.io/bbolt** v1.3.7 -> v1.3.11 * **go.mozilla.org/pkcs7** 432b2356ecb1 -> v0.9.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc** v0.40.0 -> v0.56.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp** v0.56.0 **_new_** * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric** v0.37.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace** v1.14.0 -> v1.31.0 * **go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp** v0.19.0 -> v1.3.1 * **golang.org/x/crypto** v0.1.0 -> v0.28.0 * **golang.org/x/exp** aacd6d4b4611 **_new_** * **golang.org/x/mod** v0.7.0 -> v0.21.0 * **golang.org/x/net** v0.7.0 -> v0.30.0 * **golang.org/x/oauth2** v0.4.0 -> v0.22.0 * **golang.org/x/sync** v0.1.0 -> v0.8.0 * **golang.org/x/sys** v0.6.0 -> v0.26.0 * **golang.org/x/term** v0.5.0 -> v0.25.0 * **golang.org/x/text** v0.7.0 -> v0.19.0 * **golang.org/x/time** 90d013bbcef8 -> v0.3.0 * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api** 5fefd90f89a9 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc** 324edc3d5d38 **_new_** * **google.golang.org/grpc** v1.53.0 -> v1.67.1 * **google.golang.org/protobuf** v1.28.1 -> v1.35.1 * **k8s.io/api** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/apimachinery** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/apiserver** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/client-go** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/component-base** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/cri-api** v0.26.2 -> v0.31.2 * **k8s.io/klog/v2** v2.90.1 -> v2.130.1 * **k8s.io/kubelet** v0.31.2 **_new_** * **k8s.io/utils** a5ecb0141aa5 -> 18e509b52bc8 * **sigs.k8s.io/json** f223a00ba0e2 -> bc3834ca7abd * **sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff/v4** v4.2.3 -> v4.4.1 * **sigs.k8s.io/yaml** v1.3.0 -> v1.4.0 * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface** v0.8.0 **_new_** * **tags.cncf.io/container-device-interface/specs-go** v0.8.0 **_new_** Previous release can be found at [v1.7.0](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v1.7.0) * `containerd-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: ✅Recommended. Dynamically linked with glibc 2.31 (Ubuntu 20.04). * `containerd-static-<VERSION>-<OS>-<ARCH>.tar.gz`: Statically linked. Expected to be used on non-glibc Linux distributions. Not position-independent. In addition to containerd, typically you will have to install [runc](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases) and [CNI plugins](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases) from their official sites too. See also the [Getting Started](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md) documentation.

…NOFILE - See moby/moby#38814 and containerd/containerd#8924

Major release v1 -> v2. Dropped patch as it is no longer necessary: containerd/containerd#8924 containerd-shim and containerd-shim-runc-v1 were removed. https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v2.0.2 Signed-off-by: Christian Stewart <christian@aperture.us>

Major release v1 -> v2. Dropped patch as it is no longer necessary: containerd/containerd#8924 containerd-shim and containerd-shim-runc-v1 were removed. https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v2.0.2 Signed-off-by: Christian Stewart <christian@aperture.us> Signed-off-by: Peter Korsgaard <peter@korsgaard.com>

Major release v1 -> v2. Dropped patch as it is no longer necessary: containerd/containerd#8924 containerd-shim and containerd-shim-runc-v1 were removed. https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/tag/v2.0.2 Signed-off-by: Christian Stewart <christian@aperture.us>

Custom daemonset to re-add the nofile-infinity config removed in containerd 2.0 by containerd/containerd#8924

This change aligns with containerd PR #8924 which removed this problematic configuration in containerd 2.0. The LimitNOFILE=infinity setting can cause performance issues and resource exhaustion. Systemd v240+ provides implicit defaults of 1024:524288 which are adequate for most use cases. Reference: containerd/containerd#8924

k8s-ci-robot added the needs-ok-to-test label Aug 7, 2023

polarathene mentioned this pull request Aug 7, 2023

fix: Normalize RLIMIT_NOFILE (LimitNOFILE) to sensible defaults moby/moby#45534

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polarathene force-pushed the fix/use-implicit-nofile-limit branch from 364bf95 to cdafec5 Compare September 14, 2023 21:03

polarathene force-pushed the fix/use-implicit-nofile-limit branch from cdafec5 to 3ca39ef Compare September 14, 2023 21:05

polarathene mentioned this pull request Sep 14, 2023

Commit subject length incorrectly detected as > 90 chars vbatts/git-validation#61

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rayburgemeestre mentioned this pull request Sep 20, 2023

Revert commit that changed LimitNOFILE to infinity to avoid regressions #7566

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estesp removed the needs-ok-to-test label Sep 21, 2023

polarathene mentioned this pull request Sep 27, 2023

rsyslogd fails with error message 'rsyslog startup failure, child did not respond within startup timeout' rsyslog/rsyslog#5158

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estesp approved these changes Oct 3, 2023

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dmcgowan approved these changes Oct 3, 2023

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dmcgowan merged commit 59134b5 into containerd:main Oct 3, 2023

dmcgowan mentioned this pull request Oct 23, 2024

Prepare release notes for v2.0.0-rc.6 #10887

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dmcgowan mentioned this pull request Nov 4, 2024

Prepare release notes for v2.0.0 #10939

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tormath1 mentioned this pull request Nov 8, 2024

sysext: add containerd recipe flatcar/sysext-bakery#97

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mzaian mentioned this pull request Jan 1, 2025

[containerd] Support containerd v2.0.x kubernetes-sigs/kubespray#11845

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rpardini added a commit to k8s-avengers/fatso-images that referenced this pull request Jan 22, 2025

el/docker-ce-full: use containerd image store & workarounds for Limit…

1a7ef51

…NOFILE - See moby/moby#38814 and containerd/containerd#8924

yankay mentioned this pull request Jan 23, 2025

Enhance the Containerd 2.0 LimitNOFILE Configure kubernetes-sigs/kubespray#11918

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gary-archer mentioned this pull request Feb 18, 2025

Memory issue on Linux curityio/cloud-native-oauth-security-examples#13

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zlonghofer mentioned this pull request Mar 9, 2025

Remove 100% memory consumption warning apache/airflow#47551

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polarathene mentioned this pull request May 15, 2025

OOM - Segmentation fault (not ulimit, not cgroups, not max-space, not exhausted RAM) nodejs/node#54692

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richlander mentioned this pull request May 27, 2025

Azure Linux Helix hosts should match containerd Limit configuration dotnet/dnceng#5728

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cdmello-g added a commit to cdmello-g/k8s-node-tools that referenced this pull request Jun 19, 2025

Create containerd-nofile-infinity.yaml

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Custom daemonset to re-add the nofile-infinity config removed in containerd 2.0 by containerd/containerd#8924

cdmello-g mentioned this pull request Jun 19, 2025

Create containerd-nofile-infinity.yaml GoogleCloudPlatform/k8s-node-tools#57

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This was referenced Jul 10, 2025

OS 16.0 - Frigate Add On fails to start - too many files open home-assistant/operating-system#4110

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runtime: soft RLIMIT_NOFILE of a subprocess differs between arm64 and amd64 in Go <1.24 golang/go#74608

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This was referenced Aug 8, 2025

Bug report - Bottlerocket package bottlerocket-os/bottlerocket-core-kit#617

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fix: Remove LimitNOFILE=infinity from containerd.service bottlerocket-os/bottlerocket-core-kit#618

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mjnagel mentioned this pull request Aug 22, 2025

feat: add default ulimit nofile for k3d defenseunicorns/uds-k3d#253

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This was referenced Sep 10, 2025

Add a basic test of nofile's value tianon/debian-moby#26

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Update to runc 1.2.7 tianon/debian-moby#25

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Patch out LimitNOFILE tianon/debian-moby#27

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Remove LimitNOFILE from containerd.service #8924

Remove LimitNOFILE from containerd.service #8924

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Additional Information for LimitNOFILE / RLIMIT_NOFILE / ulimit -n

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Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` #8924

Remove `LimitNOFILE` from `containerd.service` #8924

polarathene commented Aug 7, 2023 •

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Additional Information for `LimitNOFILE` / `RLIMIT_NOFILE` / `ulimit -n`

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