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Important: I know nothing about how to design a PCB or any of the jargon related to PCB designing I am following a tutorial titled Switching Loop Layout by Prof. Alex Hanson for Texas Instruments ...
I’m designing a 100% flexible PCB (no rigid FR-4 regions in the construction). The board is a wearable strap and we want a 4-layer flex stack. My PCB supplier (Würth “SLIM.flex 4F”) sent me an Alt...
I am trying to simulate a leaky integrator in LTspice using an AD8603 op‑amp. My long‑term goal is to model slow‑changing outputs from MOX gas sensors, but the gas sensor itself is not important fo...
I need to interface a radiation sensor (BG51 by Teviso Sensor Technologies) with TTL output with a CC1352P microcontroller. May I know how to approach this.
There are GFCI (RCD) units for DC. How do they sense the small DC current difference? I understand how GFCI for AC works. It uses a differential current sensing transformer with two opposing pri...
In cleaning up my office, I found a strip of SOT-23 parts that got separated from their identifications. The only markings are "R12": I suspect it is a voltage regulator or reference, but it co...
The ATmega16U2 datasheet suggests putting an external lowpass filter from Vcc (the digital supply) to AVcc (the analog supply). However, the datasheet doesn't specify what type of lowpass filter...
I’m using an Infineon TLE4973 current sensor. It has a DCDI pin, which the datasheet describes as a single‑wire, open‑drain, UART‑based interface (master–slave). It specifies logic thresholds (LOW ...
I'm trying to clarify my understanding of the relationship between ADC resolution and ENOB (Effective Number of Bits), particularly when it comes to practical calculations. From what I understand,...
Measuring the resistance of water from my tap I got 500kOhm. Adding considerable amount of salt brought it down to 20kOhm: The question I have is why water is such a danger for short circuits if t...
Looking at Flex-Rigid PCB technology vs Flex PCB with added stiffeners under sections with components I struggle to see the advantage of Flex-Rigid for low layer counts, as it seems more complex to...
I am using the STM32WBA5MMG module in my design. The reference design is the MB2131 STM32WBA5M M.2 expansion board from ST (schematic), and the external debug connector sheet contains the note: ...
I have an ADC board. This board will communicate with a STM32 develoment board via SPI interface. I am using jumper cables for connecting the ADC SPI lines to ST32 evaluation board. Below is my AD...
I have two analog multiplexers on the same net (WORK_ELEC): TMUX1108 (8:1) TMUX1104 (4:1) For 4:1 MUX Enabled is going through an Inverter . They must be mutually exclusive (never enabled at th...
I built a small breakout board of for an ATmega328p microcontroller. It included an AMS1117 5 V regulator and a CP2102 USB-UART bridge for programming and serial communication. On the board I use a...
This a continuation of my previous question. As Olin suggested, I decided to simulate only Buck-Boost solution for powering my 16 bit ADC. Olin suggested me to add filtering at the output of the Bu...
In many hobby and even commercial designs, people use generic wire-wound inductors or common-mode chokes that do not have a specified insulation or hipot voltage rating. Drum-core inductors are som...
Basic Explanation of my System: The proposed design is a battery-powered wearable device that integrates advanced sensing and power management features. The system operates primarily from a single...
In the AM2224-1000 datasheet for the '1000' model the following parameters are given: Nominal voltage per phase: 1.4V Back-EMF amplitude: 3.8V/k step/s There is also torque/speed gra...
I’m working on a 48 V (60 V max) BLDC logic board, and I’m using an LM5069 hot-swap controller for the logic board. I need to control the UVLO/EN pin so the user can turn the system ON using a mom...
I’m designing a power control front-end for a 48 V (60 V max) system using the LM5069 hot-swap controller. My goal is to implement a press-to-turn-on / MCU-latch-ON / MCU-kill-power sequence using ...
I have a CAN circuit with two TCAN3414DR transceivers on the same PCB, each connected to a different MCU but sharing the same physical CAN bus. This bus then goes via harness to a BMS and a Slave c...
I have currently started doing an SPI protocol verification project in UVM where I create only the testbench with no DUT as it is a Verification IP(VIP). Now I came across this topic called BFM(bus...
Requirement: I have to charge a bulky DC link capacitor (3000 µF, 400V) of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter which will be powered using an electronic PV emulator for my research thesis. I am trying to...
I need some help with grounding approach and the TVS diode connections. Chassis-GND PCB-GND Bonding I am currently tying PCB GND to Chassis_GND using a 100 Ω resistor + 0.1 µF capacitor + ferrite...
Basic Explanation of my System: The proposed design is a battery-powered wearable device that integrates advanced sensing and power management features. The system operates primarily from a single...
this video with 39k, man rinses sonicare with rubbing alcohol. how's this safe? https://youtu.be/c5ObhA_mF-A?si=DuHdhvCwTjeQkpwo&t=142
Trying to update my understanding of basic semiconductors. It has been a very long time since I seriously looked at semiconductors. The most basic semiconductor application is a diode. From Wikip...
Consider a device with a microSD card. The microcontroller writes to the SD card periodically. The operators have an ability to remove the microSD card at any time (they will be removing it every...
I’m designing a 48 V input protection / hot-swap stage using the LM5069 and would really appreciate a sanity check on my schematic and component choices. Application specs Input source: 48 V ...
I am using a 12-bit ADC with its reference voltage powered by a switching regulator that introduces approximately 33 mV Peak to Peak ripple on the reference line and ripple frequency is 1.7 Khz. W...
ADE7933 contains an isolated DC-DC converter (Page 82). The control uses ~1MHz PWM signal with unknown rise time, but assuming something like 10ns, most of the energy would be contained in the 35MH...
I have designed a two-stage power supply and control power circuit. The design allows the entire system to be powered and controlled using a single external push switch (when pressed, it is shorted...
I need to interface the NTC thermistor with the SAM D5x/E5x microcontroller. During my research, I came across two common circuit configurations for NTC connections: one where the NTC is connected...
I own a significant amount of male (non-PD) [1] USB-A 2.0, Lightning, and (30-pin) Dock adapters, all of which adapt to female USB-C 2/3[.2]. I never considered these to be non-conformant. However,...
Old fashioned p-n junction devices suffered from a voltage drop (0.6V for Si, 0.2V for Ge, if I remember correctly). FETs and CMOS were the latest highlight back then, and highly prone to be destr...
I have a circuit which reads from an electrochemical sensor IC. The block diagram of the circuit is given below. It contains two voltage regulators for powering the AVDD and DVDD of the ADC. F...
I am using this MPU SOM Module and this NAND Flash device for storing the boot image. I will also use a 4-bit SD card interface with the MPU for data logging. I’m reviewing the MPU datasheet (link...
May I know how to convert mAs to mAh? I have a chip operating at 3.3 V. Its standby current is 0.00085 mA. In one day, the chip is active for only 4.24 s. To calculate the standby energy consum...
The PCB in question is the controller in a monitor (Samsung model U32H850UMN). I noticed arc-shaped cutouts around all mounting holes. The mounting screws are approximately M3 self-tapping for sh...
I’m working on a throttle interface circuit for a BLDC motor controller using an STM32 MCU, and I would like some suggestions for two things — 12 V sensing and hall sensor input protection. The th...
I’m using an N-channel MOSFET (SSM3K15AFU,LF) to drive a 5V RGB LED (Common Anode) that’s mounted off-board and connected via a 12-inch cable. The LED has an internal resistor and draws about 20 mA...
I’d like to discuss how to report errors from C functions up the call chain. Consider firmware which communicates to handful of external peripherals (say over I2C and SPI), then validates the data...
I’m running into a CAN bus termination issue in one of my designs and wanted to get some opinions on the best way to handle it. Setup I have a master controller made up of two PCBs connected in a...
I recently read the accepted answer here, by Olin Lathrop: Decoupling caps, PCB layout It talks about preventing an IC from acting as a center fed patch antenna by keeping the high frequency curre...
The circuit shown below is used on one of my PCBs to switch the VBAT supply for the RTC, ensuring timekeeping continues whenever the main supply (VCC) is unavailable. Circuit Operation Under ...
Capacitors are expected to obey ${\displaystyle C={\frac {Q}{V}}}$ very closely, so computations in RCL-networks can be done assuming impedance to be $j\omega C$. On the other hand, batteries (rec...
There is a plan to do PDN decoupling simulation for the KSZ9897RTXI power rails. It has various power supply like 1.8V, 2.5V& 1.2V. While doing the simulation, what is the maximum frequency ran...
PLL lmx2491 have OSCin pin to apply reference clock on it. It said it is differential. One famous differential is LVDS. It does not tell anything about it's compatible logic standards. It said: ...
This is VBAT switching circuit installed in one of my PCB for Timekeeping when VCC is not present. The switching circuit is working as expected - when VCC is present, the current flows from D3 t...
