Peer-Reviewed Scientific Publications

Budczies, J. et al. Remodeling of central metabolism in invasive breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue – a GC-TOFMS based metabolomics study. BMC Genomics 13, 334 (2012).

Ediriweera, M.K. et al. Odd-chain fatty acids as novel histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors. Biochimie 186:147-156 (2021).

Hori, A. et al. Serum sphingomyelin species profile is altered in hematologic malignancies. Clin Chim Acta 514, 29-33 (2021).

Jee, S.H. et al. Clinical relevance of glycerophospholipid, sphingomyelin and glutathione metabolism in the pathogenesis of pharyngolaryngeal cancer in smokers: the Korean Cancer Prevention Study – II. Metabolomics 12, 164 (2016).

Jiang et al. Association Between Dietary Intake of Saturated Fatty Acid Subgroups and Breast Cancer Risk. Food Function 19, 2282–2294 (2024).

Kruchinina, M., Gromov, A., Prudnikova, Y., Shashkov, M., Sokolova, A., Kruchinin, V. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids as the potential biomarkers for detection of early-stage and progression of colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 29, Suppl 5 (2018).

Li, F., Boateng, I.D., Yang, X., Li, Y. Extraction, purification, and elucidation of six ginkgo homologs from Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta and evaluation of their anticancer activities. Molecules 27, 7777 (2022).

Li, Y. et al. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity study of a gemcitabine prodrug conjugated with a HDAC6 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Letters 72:128881 (2022).

Lu, Y. et al. Comprehensive investigation on associations between dietary intake and blood levels of fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk. Nutrients 15:730 (2023).

Matejcic, M. et al. Circulating plasma phospholipid fatty acids and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European cohort. Int J Cancer 143, 2437–2448 (2018).

Qi, S. et al. High-resolution metabolomic biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Sci Rep 11, 11805 (2021).

Teng et al. C15:0 and C17:0 Partially Mediate the Association of Milk & Dairy Products with Bladder Cancer Risk. Journal of Dairy Science 107, 2586-2605 (2024).

To, N.B., Nguyen, Y.T., Moon, J.Y., Ediriweera, M.K., Cho, S.K. To, N.B., Nguyen, Y.T., Moon, J.Y., Ediriweera, M.K., Cho, S.K. Pentadecanoic acid, an odd-chain fatty acid, suppresses the stemness of MCF-7/SC human breast cancer stem-like cells through JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Nutrients 12, 1663 (2020).

To, N.B., Truong, V.N.P., Ediriweera, M.K., Cho, S.K. Effects of combined pentadecanoic acid and tamoxifen treatment on tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7/SC breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 23, 11340 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Zhang et al. Redox-Responsive Paclitaxel-Pentadecanoic Acid Conjugate Encapsulated Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 635, 122761 (2023).

Zhao et al. Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Metabolites 14, 462 (2024).

Galdiero, E. et al. Pentadecanoic acid against Candida albicans-Klebsiella pneunmoniae biofilm: towards the development of an anti-biofilm coating to prevent polymicrobial infections. Research Microbiol 172:103880 (2021).

Ricciardelli, A., Casillo, A., Corsaro, M.M., Tutino, M.L., Parrilli, E., Van Der Mei, H.C. Pentadecanal and pentadecanoic acid coatings reduce biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on PDMS. Pathogens Disease 78, ftaa012 (2020).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broder and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Villamor, E., Villar, L.A., Lozano, A., Herrera, V.M. & Herran, O.F. Serum fatty acids and progression from dengue fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever / dengue shock syndrome. Br J Nutr 120:787-796 (2018).

Arghavani et al. Impact of dairy intake on circulating fatty acids and associations with blood pressure: A randomized crossover trial. Nutr Metab, Cardiovasc Dis In Press (2025).

Chooi et al. Effect of An Asian-Adapted Mediterranean Diet and Pentadecanoic Acid on Fatty Liver Disease: The TANGO Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 119, 788-799 (2024).

Kaneko et al. Effect of continuous ingestion of pentadecyl-containing aurantiiochytrium oil on skin condition: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Med Cons New-Remed 60, 459-470 (2023).

Mascarenhas et al. Malabsorption blood test: Assessing fat absorption in patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency. J Clin Pharmacol 55, 854-865 (2015)

Robinson et al. C15:0 Supplementation in Young Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 154, 2763-2771 (2024).

Salamanca-Sanabria et al. Potential effects of Asian-adapted Mediterranean diet in depression and anxiety among women with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a secondary analysis. Frontiers Nutrition 12 (2025).

Stallings et al.  Diagnosing malabsorption with systemic lipid profiling: pharmacokinetics of pentadecanoic acid and triheptadecanoic acid following oral administration in healthy subjects and subjects with cystic fibrosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 51, 263-273 (2013).

Aabis, M. et al. Pentadecanoic acid attenuates thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis pathways in rat. Nauyn Schmied Arch Pharmacol doi: 10.1007/s00210-025-04143-6 (2025)

Ciesielski, V. et al. Dietary pentadecanoic acid supplementation at weaning in essential fatty acid-deficient rats shed light on the new family of odd-chain n-8 PUFAs. J Nutritional Biochemistry 137:109814 (2025)

Ciesielski, V. et al. New insights on pentadecanoic acid with special focus on its controversial essentiality: a mini-review. Biochimie 227:123-129 (2024)

Dornan, K. et al. Odd chain fatty acids and odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) are essential for diet. J Am Chem Soc 98:813-824 (2021)

Ruan, M. et al. Free long-chain fatty acids trigger early postembryonic development in starved Caenorhabditis elegans by suppressing mTORC1. PLOS Biol 22:e3002841 (2024)

Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., Dennis, E.A. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 10:8161 (2020).

Venn-Watson et al. Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients 15, 4607 (2023).

Venn-Watson et al. The Cellular Stability Hypothesis: Evidence of Ferroptosis and Accelerated Aging-Associated Diseases as Newly Identified Nutritional Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0) Deficiency Syndrome. Metabolites 14, 355 (2024).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broder and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S., Reiner, J., Jensen, E.D. Pentadecanoylcarnitine is a newly discovered endocannabinoid with pleiotropic activities relevant to supporting physical and mental health. Scientific Reports 12:13717 (2022).

Chooi et al. Effect of An Asian-Adapted Mediterranean Diet and Pentadecanoic Acid on Fatty Liver Disease: The TANGO Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 119, 788-799 (2024).

Singh et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Dietary Pentadecanoic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in SAMP1/YitFc Mice. Nutrients 16, no. 17 (2024): 3031.

Wei et al. Parabacteroides distasonis Uses Dietary Inulin to Suppress NASH via Its Metabolite Pentadecanoic Acid. Nature Microbiology 8, 1534–1548 (2023).

Wu et al. Galactooligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens for pentadecanoic acid biosynthesis. Nature Communications 15:9291 (2024).

Arghavani et al. Impact of dairy intake on circulating fatty acids and associations with blood pressure: A randomized crossover trial. Nutr Metab, Cardiovasc Dis In Press (2025).

Biong, A.S., Veierod, M.B., Ringstad, J., Thelle, D.S., Pedersen, J.I. Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 60, 236-244 (2006).

Chen et al. Associations between serum pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) levels and hypertension: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. Lipids Health Dis 24, 219 (2025)

Chooi et al. Effect of An Asian-Adapted Mediterranean Diet and Pentadecanoic Acid on Fatty Liver Disease: The TANGO Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 119, 788-799 (2024).

Djousse, L. et al. Serum individual nonesterified fatty acids and risk of heart failure in older adults. Cardiology 146:351-358 (2021).

Huang et al. Associations of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with blood pressure in children. Clin Nutr 46, 30-36 (2025).

Kaikkonen, J.E. et al. Associations of serum fatty acid proportions with obesity, insulin resistance, blood pressure and fatty liver: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J Nutr 151, 970-978 (2021).

Khaw, K.T., Friesen, M.D., Riboli, E., Luben, R. & Wareham, N. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentration and incident coronary heart disease in men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective study. PLOS Med 9, e1001255 (2012).

Li et al. Saturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Frontiers in Nutrition 9, 963471 (2022).

Liang, J., Zhou, Q., Amakye, W.K., Su, Y., Zhang, Z. Biomarkers of dairy fat intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 58, 1122-1130 (2018).

Pranger et al. Potential Biomarkers for Fat from Dairy and Fish and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Cross-Sectional Data from the LifeLines BioBank and Cohort Study. Nutrients 11, 1099 (2019).

Sjogren et al. Milk-Derived Fatty Acids Are Associated with a More Favorable LDL Particle Size Distribution in Healthy Men. Journal of Nutrition 143, no. 7 (2004): 1729–1735.

Trieu, K. et al. Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 18:e1003763 (2021).

Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., Dennis, E.A. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 10:8161 (2020).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Warensjo, E. et al. Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first myocardial infarction. A prospective case-control study. Br J Nutr 91, 635-642 (2004).

Xiao, C. et al.  Plasma biomarkers of dairy intake and gut microbiome, and their association with incident carotid plaque: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 23, 468 (2025).

Zheng, J.S. et al. Association between plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and metabolic markers of lipid, hepatic, inflammation and glycaemic pathways in eight European countries: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Interact study. BMC Med 15, 203 (2017).

Balestrieri, B. et al. Macrophage-mediated immune responses: from fatty acids to oxylipins. Molecules 27:152 (2022).

Cheng et al. Identification of Anti-Fibrotic and Pro-Apoptotic Bioactive Compounds from Ganoderma formosanum and Their Possible Mechanisms in Modulating TGF-β1-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 327, 118008 (2024).

Kurotani, K. et al. Even- and odd-chain saturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids are differentially associated with adipokines. PLOS ONE 12, e0178192 (2017).

Li et al. Saturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Frontiers in Nutrition 9, 963471 (2022).

Matthan, N.R. et al. Spillover effects of a family-based childhood weight-management intervention on parental nutrient biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk factors. Curr Dev Nutrition 6:nzab152 (2022).

Singh et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Dietary Pentadecanoic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in SAMP1/YitFc Mice. Nutrients 16, no. 17 (2024): 3031.

Stravik, M., Barman, M., Hesselmar, B., Sandin, A., Wold, A.E., Sandberg, A.S. Maternal intake of cow’s milk during lactation is associated with lower prevalence of food allergy in offspring. Nutrients 12:3680 (2020).

To, N.B., Nguyen, Y.T., Moon, J.Y., Ediriweera, M.K., Cho, S.K. Pentadecanoic acid, an odd-chain fatty acid, suppresses the stemness of MCF-7/SC human breast cancer stem-like cells through JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Nutrients 12, 1663 (2020).

Thomas, P. et al. Long-chain saturated fatty acid species are not toxic to human pancreatic B-cells and may offer protection against pro-inflammatory cytokine induced B-cell death. Nutr Metab 18:9 (2021).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., Dennis, E.A. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 10:8161 (2020).

Venn-Watson, S., Reiner, J., Jensen, E.D. Pentadecanoylcarnitine is a newly discovered endocannabinoid with pleiotropic activities relevant to supporting physical and mental health.Scientific Reports 12:13717 (2022).

Wu, C.L. et al. Serum and synovial fluid lipidomic profiles predict obesity-associated osteoarthritis, synovitis, and wound repair. Scientific Rep 7:44315 (2017).

Wu et al. Galactooligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens for pentadecanoic acid biosynthesis. Nature Communications 15:9291 (2024).

Aabis, M. et al. Pentadecanoic acid attenuates thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis pathways in rat. Nauyn Schmied Arch Pharmacol doi: 10.1007/s00210-025-04143-6 (2025).

Bishop et al. Hepatadecanoic Acid is Not a Key Mediator in the Prevention of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Nutrients 15, 2052 (2023).

Chooi et al. Effect of An Asian-Adapted Mediterranean Diet and Pentadecanoic Acid on Fatty Liver Disease: The TANGO Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 119, 788-799 (2024).

Jiao, J.etal. Circulating fatty acids associated with advanced fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in south Texas hispanics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 30, 1643-1651 (2021).

Kratz, M. et al. Dairy fat intake is associated with glucose tolerance, hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity, and liver fat but not β-cell function in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99:1385-1396 (2014).

Robinson et al. C15:0 Supplementation in Young Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 154, 2763-2771 (2024).

Sawh, M.C., Wallace, M., Shapiro, E, Goyal, N. et al. Dairy fat intake, plasma pentadecanoic acid, and plasma iso-heptadecanoic acid are inversely associated with liver fat in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 72:e90-e96 (2021).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broader and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., Dennis, E.A. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 10:8161 (2020).

Wei et al. Parabacteroides distasonis Uses Dietary Inulin to Suppress NASH via Its Metabolite Pentadecanoic Acid. Nature Microbiology 8, 1534–1548 (2023).

Yoo, W. et al. Fatty acids in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: focus on pentadecanoic acid. PLOS ONE 12:e0189965 (2017).

Zhao et al. Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Metabolites 14, 462 (2024).

Zheng, J.S. et al. Association between plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and metabolic markers of lipid, hepatic, inflammation and glycaemic pathways in eight European countries: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Interact study. BMC Med 15, 203 (2017).

Liu et al. The Lipidomic Correlates of Epigenetic Aging Across the Adult Lifespan: A Population-Based Study. Aging Cell 22, e13934 (2023).

Manca, C., Carta, G, Murru, E., Abolghasemi A, et al. Circulating fatty acids and endocannabiniodome-related mediator profiles associated to human longevity. GeroSci https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00342-0 (2021).

Trieu, K. et al. Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 18:e1003763 (2021).

Venn-Watson et al. Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0), an Essential Fatty Acid, Shares Clinically Relevant Cell-Based Activities with Leading Longevity-Enhancing Compounds. Nutrients 15, 4607 (2023).

Venn-Watson et al. The Cellular Stability Hypothesis: Evidence of Ferroptosis and Accelerated Aging-Associated Diseases as Newly Identified Nutritional Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0) Deficiency Syndrome. Metabolites 14, 355 (2024).

Zhuang, P., Cheng, L., Wang, J. & Zhang Y. Saturated fatty acid intake is associated with total mortality in a nationwide cohort study. J Nutrition 149:68-77 (2019).

Cheng et al. Identification of Anti-Fibrotic and Pro-Apoptotic Bioactive Compounds from Ganoderma formosanum and Their Possible Mechanisms in Modulating TGF-β1-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 327, 118008 (2024).

Jimenez-Cepeda, A. et al. Dietary intake of fatty acids and its relationship with FEV1/FVC in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr 29:92-96 (2019).

Kim et al. Pentadecanoic acid attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting Smad2/3 signaling. A J Resp Crit Care Med 211:A3514 (2025)

Qi, S. et al. High-resolution metabolomic biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Sci Rep 11, 11805 (2021).

Aglago, E. K. et al. Association between serum phospholipid fatty acid levels and adiposity in Mexican women. J Lipid Res 58, 1462–1470 (2017).

Ampong, I. et al. Odd chain fatty acid metabolism in mice after a high fat diet. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 143:106135 (2022).

Bishop et al. Hepatadecanoic Acid is Not a Key Mediator in the Prevention of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Nutrients 15, 2052 (2023).

Chen et al. Biomarkers of Fatty Acids and Risks of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61, 2705–2718 (2021).

Derenji de Mello, V., et al. Serum levels of plasmalogens and fatty acid metabolites associate with retinal microangiopathy in participants from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Nutrients 13:4452 (2021).

Forouhi, N.G., Koulman, A., Sharp, S.J., Imamura, F., Kroger, J., Schulze, M.B., et al. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diab Endocrinol 14, 70146–9 (2014).

Fu, W.C. et al. Pentadecanoic acid promotes basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Food Nutr Res 65:10.29219/fnr.v65.4527 (2021).

Huang, L. et al. Circulating saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11:998 (2019).

Imamura, F. et al. Fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLOS Med 15, e1002670 (2018).

Krachler, B. et al. Fatty acid profile of the erythrocyte membrane preceding development of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:503-510 (2008).

Kurotani, K. et al. Even- and odd-chain saturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids are differentially associated with adipokines. PLOS ONE 12, e0178192 (2017).

Li et al. Saturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Frontiers in Nutrition 9, 963471 (2022).

Liu et al. Physical Activity and Individual Plasma Phospholipid SFAs in Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study in a Multiracial/Multiethnic Cohort in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 116, 1729–1737 (2022).

Mitri et al. Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Metabolic Effects in Type 2 Diabetes, an Ancillary Study from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 13, 1145 (2021).

Pranger et al. Potential Biomarkers for Fat from Dairy and Fish and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Cross-Sectional Data from the LifeLines BioBank and Cohort Study. Nutrients 11, 1099 (2019).

Santaren, I.D. et al. Serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a short-term marker of dairy food intake, is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and its underlying disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 100, 1532-1540 (2014).

Shen et al. The Associations Between Plasma Fatty Acid and Cognitive Function Mediated by Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 15, 1423-1436 (2022).

Smedman, A.E.M., Gustafsson, I.B., Berglund, L.G.T., Vessby, B.O.H. Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker of intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 22-29 (1999).

Thomas, P. et al. Long-chain saturated fatty acid species are not toxic to human pancreatic B-cells and may offer protection against pro-inflammatory cytokine induced B-cell death. Nutr Metab 18:9 (2021).

Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., Dennis, E.A. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 10:8161 (2020).

Yehia et al. Longitudinal associations of dairy derived serum fatty acids with early type 2 diabetes mellitus risk phenotypes: Findings from the prospective metabolism and islet cell evaluation (PROMISE) cohort. Circulation 151, Number Suppl_1 (2025).

Yuzbashian, et al. Cow’s Milk Bioactive Molecules in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis in Human and Animal Studies. Foods 13, 2837 (2024).

Zheng, J.S. et al. Association between plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and metabolic markers of lipid, hepatic, inflammation and glycaemic pathways in eight European countries: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Interact study. BMC Med 15, 203 (2017).

Zheu, Y. et al. A prospective study and longitudinal study of plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acid profile in relation to cardiometabolic markers and the risk of gestational diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 107, 1017-1026 (2018).

Zhu et al. A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acid Profile in Relation to Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 107, 1017–1026 (2018).

Brydges, C.R. et al. Metabolomic and inflammatory signatures of symptoms dimensions in major depression. Brain Behav Immun 102, 42-52 (2022).

Fonteh, A.N. Human cerebrospinal fluid fatty acid levels differ between supernatant fluid and brain-derived nanoparticle fractions, and are altered in Alzheimer’s Disease. PLOS ONE 10.1371 (2014).

Salamanca-Sanabria et al. Potential effects of Asian-adapted Mediterranean diet in depression and anxiety among women with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a secondary analysis. Frontiers Nutrition 12 (2025).

Shen et al. The Associations Between Plasma Fatty Acid and Cognitive Function Mediated by Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 15, 1423-1436 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Jensen, E.D. Aging-associated amyloid-beta plaques and neuroinflammation in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and novel cognitive health-supporting roles of pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). Int J Mol Sci 26:3746 (2025).

Venn-Watson, S., Reiner, J., Jensen, E.D. Pentadecanoylcarnitine is a newly discovered endocannabinoid with pleiotropic activities relevant to supporting physical and mental health. Scientific Reports 12:13717 (2022).

Venn-Watson, S.K., Butterworth, C.N. Broder and safer clinically-relevant activities of pentadecanoic acid compared to omega-3: Evaluation of an emerging essential fatty acid across twelve primary human cell-based disease systems. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268778 (2022).

Derenji de Mello, V., et al. Serum levels of plasmalogens and fatty acid metabolites associated with retinal microangiopathy in participants from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Nutrients 13:4452 (2021).

Dagnelie et al. Nutrients and Contaminants in Human Milk from Mothers on Omnivorous Diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 355–366 (1992).

Duan et al. Odd-chain fatty acid-enriched fats improve growth and intestinal morphology and function in milk replacer-fed piglets. J Nutr 155: 1298-1310 (2025).

George, A.D. et al. The fatty acid species and quantity consumed by the breastfed infant are important for growth and development. Nutrients 13:4183 (2021).

George et al. The Importance of Human Milk Fatty Acids in Infant Growth and Development: Concentration vs. Relative Abundance vs. Intake. Proceedings 84, 9 (2023).

Li et al. Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in the US. Nutrients 15, 3287 (2023).

Li et al. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Differences in Metabolite Levels in Congenital Heart Disease of Varying Severity. Research Square Preprint (2023).

Martysiak-Zurowska. Content of Odd-Numbered Carbon Fatty Acids in the Milk of Lactating Women and in Infant Formula and Follow-up Formula. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria 7, 75–82 (2008).

Niinisto S, Takkinen HM, Erlund I, Ahonen S,Toppari J, Ilonen J et al. Fatty acid status in infancy is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity. Diabetol 2017, 60:1223-1233.

Simone-Wust et al. Organic Food Consumption During Pregnancy and Its Association with Health-Related Characteristics: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Public Health Nutrition 20, 2145–2156 (2017).

Stravik, M., Barman, M., Hesselmar, B., Sandin, A., Wold, A.E., Sandberg, A.S. Maternal intake of cow’s milk during lactation is associated with lower prevalence of food allergy in offspring. Nutrients 12:3680 (2020).

Yang et al. Association of Fatty Acid Composition in Human Milk with Breast Milk Jaundice in Neonates. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 22, 1256–1260 (2020).

Yuan, W.L. Associations of maternal consumption of dairy products during pregnancy with perinatal fatty acids profile in the EDEN cohort study. Nutrients 14:10.3390 (2022).

Yuan, W.L. Associations between perinatal biomarkers of maternal dairy fat intake and child cognitive development: results from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Eur J Clin Nutrition 79:320-328 (2025).

Zarezadeh, R. et al. Fatty acids of follicular fluid phospholipids and triglycerides display distinct association with IVF outcomes. Repro BioMed 42:301-309 (2021).

Zhao, Z. et al. Decreased fatty acids induced granulosa cell apoptosis in patients with diminished ovarian reserve. J Assist Reprod Genet https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-022-02462-8 (2022).

Zhu, Y. et al. A prospective and longitudinal study of plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acid profile in relation to cardiometabolic markers and the risk of gestational diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 107:1017-1026 (2018).