The upper portion of the valve has the various parts that seal the valve. This section ensures that the fluid flow is contained within the body. The bonnet and the seals allow for the stem of the valve to pass through, rotate and move. The valve stem bearings, are what allows the valve stem … Continue reading Valve – Bonnet & Seals
The valve is a key component of any flow control and regulation system. It gives the operator the ability to not just start and stop flow but adjust the rate through a particular system or portion of a system. The handle has the obvious function of lending manual control over the valve. The simple act … Continue reading Valve – A Simple Overview
The compact wellhead serves the same purpose as the convnetional wellhead, that is to serve as the suspension point for the casing strings in the well. The difference is that the compact assembly is just that, compact. It facilitates the suspension and setting of the casing strings over a shorter height. This saves space a … Continue reading Compact Wellhead
The production tree represents the top of the topside production equipment. The tree is typically comprised of a series of valves, junctions and tubing so as to be able to control both the pressure and flow into and out of the well and subsequently the reservoir. Typically the tree attaches to the top of the … Continue reading Production Tree
The cellar represents the dugout that is a few feet subsurface, this facilitates the setting of the conductor casing, and the mounting of the wellhead. Now the subsurface placement of the wellhead facilitates the mounting of the production and valve tree at near surface level thus facilitating easy access and operation. The cellar allows for … Continue reading Cellar and Wellhead
The casing spool represents the upper resting place of a casing string. The spool forms part of the wellhead assembly, specifically it facilitates the casing string resting there, its load being distributed to and supported by the ground. The casing hanger sits within the casing spool's bowl, with it resting on the load shoulder. Casing … Continue reading Casing & Tubing Spool
Primary seating and sealing is accomplished by the hanger in the bowl. This hanger grips the casing string and transfers the weight via the casing head shoulder to the first string casing and on to the ground. The casing hanger sits here when the casing is landed, now this does not necessarily mean that the … Continue reading Casing Head & Baseplate (Pt. 2 of 2)
The casing head represents the base of the wellhead assembly, it begins the transition of the wellbore from sub-surface casing to surface/topside infrastructure. The casing head is often attached to the first casing via threaded or slip on and welded connection. The head will be critical in supporting the weight of the wellhead and production … Continue reading Casing Head & Baseplate (Pt. 1 of 2)
Proppant Selection After the pumping process has been completed and the fracture created, it must now be held open. This requires the proppant, it will physically hold or prop the fracture open thus promoting the flow. The most important characteristic of the proppant is its ability to withstand compressive forces, thus its compressive strength is … Continue reading Fracking (Pt. 4)
The design process: Select a fracturing fluid Select a proppant Determine the maximum allowable pressure Select a fracture propagation model Select treatment size Perform production forecast Perform NPV analysis Once in the field the following must be known: Specifications of the fracturing fluid and the type of proppant Fluid volume and proppant weight requirements Fluid … Continue reading Fracking (Pt. 3)
The process is typically divided into 2 stages, the pad and the slurry. In the first stage the slurry is injected into the well to break down the formation and thus create the pad. At this stage the fluid injection rate is greater than the rate at which the fluid can escape the formation. The … Continue reading Fracking (Pt. 2)
This is the process whereby the fissures and existing cracks within a geological formation are expanded and enlarged by the application of pressure. The process seeks to increase the permeability of fluid bearing rocks so as to increase the flow of the fluids through it. The process is employed within the oil and gas sector … Continue reading Fracking (Pt. 1)
Scope It covers the inspection of tube using flux leakage detection. Inspection Apparatus The Electro-Magnetic Induction (EMI) unit is to have a DC coil and designed to allow active longitudinal inspection upset to upset. The reference shall be a through hole of 1/16 inch + 1/64 inch in diameter. Alternatively a pipe of comparable OD … Continue reading Electromagnetic Inspection (Flux Only)
Scope This section covers the measurement of drill pipe with ultrasonic tools. Apparatus Pulse echo type ultrasonic instrument. The transducer shall have separate transmission and receiving elements. Both elements are to be inspected and calibrated accordingly. Linearity Calibration. The device shall be calibrated every 12 months. All gauges are to be calibrated by NIST. They … Continue reading Ultra-Sonic Inspection
Scope It covers the visual examination, of the internal and external surfaces of drill pipe, to determine, the general condition. Apparatus Paint marker Depth gauge Light capable of illuminating the full length of the internal surface Preparation All pipe should be numbered sequentially Surface shall be clean and the metal surface clean. NO surface particle … Continue reading Visual Inspection
SCOPE This document recommends standards procedures for conducting an inspection program on drill stem components. Inspection and disassembly of equipment such as jars, and hole openers are not covered. PURPOSE To reduce inspection errors. The program defines: What method to use on which component A step by step procedure for each method What defines acceptable … Continue reading Drill Pipe Inspection
Relies of the use of thermal energy to aid in the displacement of oil reserves. It does this by increasing the reservoir temperature and thus lowering the oil viscosity, which in turn helps to displace the oil to a well. Hot Water Floods The injection of hot water into the reservoir, the hot water helps … Continue reading Thermal Recovery
Wettability The tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of a second fluid. If two immiscible fluids/phases are placed in contact with each other and a solid phase one of the two is more attracted to the solid phase. The more strongly attracted is the wetting … Continue reading IOR Concepts
Definition This is the process of enhancing oil production by the injection of a fluid into the reservoir, specifically EOR is done using engineered fluids that utilize methods beyond natural energy and augmented natural energy. EOR is the result of the injection of gases or liquid chemicals and/or the use of thermal energy. The injected … Continue reading IOR Definitions
Log Type Log Name Curve Characteristics Interpretation Lithology Logs Gamma Ray & Spontaneous Potential (SP) Deflection to the right Shale Deflection to the left Sand Resistivity Logs Deep Resistivity High Hydrocarbons Tight Streaks Low porosity Low Shale Wet Sand Separation between the resistivities Formation and drilling fluids are different Formation is permeable Porosity Logs Density … Continue reading Short Cut Interpretation