Lighting II: Home

Come back to your research question -- is this source applicable?

Come back to your research question -- is this source appropriate?

How does the source use evidence? How do you know?

SIFT is a helpful acronym for initially evaluating source credibility. SIFT (from Mike Caulfield) stands for:

• STOP. Pause and ask yourself if you recognize the information source and if you know anything about the website or the claim's reputation.
   

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• INVESTIGATE the source.
  Take a minute to identify where this information comes from and to consider the creator's expertise and agenda. Is this source worth your time? Look at what others have said about the source to help with you these questions. Use a fact checking web site to help you identify the source.  You can also use Wikipedia or Google the source to do a quick check of who is creating the information and/or funding it.

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• FIND trusted coverage.
  Sometimes it's less important to know about the source and more important to assess their claim. Look for credible sources; compare information across sources and determine whether there appears to be a consensus. Do you need to find the original source to get all of the information?
   

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• TRACE claims, quotes, and media back to the original context.
  Sometimes online information has been removed from its original context (for example, a news story is reported on in another online publication or an image is shared on Twitter). See if you can find the orginal article or tweet or image--and understand how it was originally presented.

Modified from Mike Caulfield's SIFT (Four Moves), which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Later, when you determine that the site is worth your time, you can analyze the source's content more carefully.

Citation styles provide rules for formatting your citations or references. The style you should use is usually determined by the discipline or course in which you are working. Ask your instructor what style is required or recommended.

Citing Sources: Information to Record

Although every citation style is different, there are some standard elements to record:

• Title (of book or article and journal)
• Author
• Publication Date
• Publisher or source
• Start and end pages (for articles and book chapters)

For electronic sources such as Web pages, you should record this additional information:

• The date you accessed the site
• The digital object identifier (DOI) if there is one
• The URL (Web address) if there is no DOI

Tools for Citing Sources

See our Citing Sources Guide, which will walk you through citing multiple sources in different styles.

Or, try Purdue Owl for a detailed guide to using different citation styles.

You can also use a Citation Manager, or, a tool for creating and organizing citations, such as: