Criminal law — Common purpose — Active association and prior agreement — Single-witness proof; Disassociation — burden and evidential requirements for active withdrawal; Civil/criminal pleadings — inconsistency between trial defence and later disassociation claim; Civil procedure — Condonation for non-compliance with SCA Rules — interests of justice, delay, explanation, and prospects of success

Taxation of costs – SCA rule 17(3) – scope limited to items objected to at taxation or disallowed mero motu; Non‑attendance at taxation precludes review under rule 17(3); Procedural unfairness in taxation may warrant setting aside under common law but not by rule 17(3); Precedents: Macbeth Attorneys; Makhabele

Expropriation — Compensation — Du Toit two‑stage approach: determine s 12(1) market compensation then assess just and equitable under s 25(3); s 25(3) is an objective legal standard not a "true discretion"; valuation — weight of market value, potential (highest and best) use, actual pre‑ and post‑expropriation sales; remittal for further expert evidence; costs — punitive trial costs upheld, costs of suit set aside

Unjust enrichment – condictio sine causa specialis – whether judicial review setting aside administrative agreements renders prior payments sine causa; Oudekraal principle that invalidation does not necessarily undo subsequent acts; exception for failure to disclose cause of action where pleadings show factual causa and delivery of goods

Subpoena duces tecum – cancellation under s 36(5) Superior Courts Act – Public Audit Act s 18(3) confidentiality of audit information – abuse of process – PAIA misuse – mootness doctrine in first‑instance proceedings

Companies Act s83(4) – deregistration causes company to cease to exist; Security for costs – cannot be ordered against deregistered companies; Civil procedure – Rule 28 amendment procedure and irregular steps; De bonis propriis costs – inappropriate where relief introduced by irregular amendment

Medical negligence – obstetric care – prolonged latent labour, inadequate fetal monitoring, misinterpretation of CTG, inappropriate augmentation, failure to perform timely C‑section – intrapartum hypoxic‑ischaemic brain injury; expert joint minutes binding; inadmissibility of expert report not properly admitted; punitive attorney‑and‑client costs

Civil contempt — requisites: order, service, non-compliance, wilfulness — Rule 7(1) challenge to deponent’s authority — answering affidavit treated pro non scripto if authority not proved — burden shifts on respondent to rebut wilfulness — remedial coercive relief and personal costs de bonis propriis for grossly negligent representative

Procurement law — Section 217 Constitution — fraudulent B-BBEE certificate, expired Letter of Good Standing, non-compliance with financial-capacity criteria — award and contract reviewable and set aside — disgorgement of profits as appropriate remedy

Labour law/administrative action – precautionary suspension – Compliance with collective agreement clause 16 (reasonable cause to believe) – Substantial compliance insufficient where wording lacking – Urgent review and High Court concurrent jurisdiction – Breach of contract; suspension set aside; reinstatement and costs