kvserver: add setting to use expiration-based leases by erikgrinaker · Pull Request #94457 · cockroachdb/cockroach

erikgrinaker · 2022-12-30T19:41:59Z

kvserver: rename Replica.requiresExpiringLease() to Expiration

Expiration leases is the common term for these.

Epic: none
Release note: None

kvserver: add setting to use expiration-based leases

This patch adds the experimental cluster setting kv.expiration_leases_only.enabled, which uses expiration-based leases for all ranges. The setting is marked as experimental because, while we believe the system will function correctly, it has performance implications that need to be mapped out and optimized.

Expiration-based leases are compelling because they are much more robust than epoch-based leases, and better handle failure modes such as partial/asymmetric network partitions, disk stalls, deadlocks, etc. They require a Raft roundtrip to extend a lease, which ensures that the lease must be functional, while epoch leases only require an RPC request to the liveness leaseholder regardless of whether the lease actually works.

Except for the meta and liveness ranges, expiration leases are only extended when a request is processed in the last half of the lease interval (i.e. in the last 3 seconds of the 6 second lease). Otherwise, we allow the lease to expire. This reduces the cost of idle ranges in large clusters, since we avoid the periodic lease extension writes for every range, and can let the ranges quiesce as usual. However, it incurs a synchronous lease acquisition on the next request to the range.

Because expiration leases incur one Raft write per range per lease extension, as well as a lease acquisition for idle ranges, they currently come with significant performance overhead. In TPC-E experiments at 100.000 customers with various transaction types, p50 latencies increased 5-70%, p99 latencies increased 20-80%, and pMax latencies increased 0-1000%. A kv95 workload on 10.000 ranges with active leases showed a throughput reduction of about 10%, most likely due to the ~3.000 lease extension writes per second.

When the setting is changed, leases are asynchronously switched to the appropriate type (either expiration-based or epoch-based) via the replicate queue. This can take up to the ScanInterval to complete, 10 minutes by default (more on nodes with large numbers or ranges).

Resolves #93903.

Epic: none
Release note: None

cockroach-teamcity · 2022-12-30T19:42:07Z

This change is

andrewbaptist

This is really neat!

I'm not sure about the cost of the TODO comment. Does this get called on every request to a range?

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @erikgrinaker and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 1433 at r1 (raw file):

		r.requiresExpiringLeaseRLocked()

	if isExpirationLease != shouldUseExpirationLease {

Is this logic correct - if the current lease is an expiration and the setting is unset (using epoch) - this will return true. But I think that is incorrect. I might just be misreading this.

erikgrinaker

I'm not sure about the cost of the TODO comment. Does this get called on every request to a range?

Yes, it's called on every request. I was running some rough benchmarks with an earlier prototype that called this during request processing and Raft ticks, and it showed up prominently on CPU profiles (about 5%). I'm going to run more benchmarks before merging the final version, so this is mostly a reminder to myself to see if it still shows up in profiles.

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 1433 at r1 (raw file):

Previously, andrewbaptist (Andrew Baptist) wrote…

Is this logic correct - if the current lease is an expiration and the setting is unset (using epoch) - this will return true. But I think that is incorrect. I might just be misreading this.

That's correct, this will cause the lease to be asynchronously renewed as an epoch lease when the setting is turned off. Otherwise, the lease will remain an expiration lease until the leaseholder fails to extend it, which may takes a very long time. The intent is for the setting change to take effect across all ranges within a reasonable time (a minute or so).

erikgrinaker

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 1433 at r1 (raw file):

Previously, erikgrinaker (Erik Grinaker) wrote…

That's correct, this will cause the lease to be asynchronously renewed as an epoch lease when the setting is turned off. Otherwise, the lease will remain an expiration lease until the leaseholder fails to extend it, which may takes a very long time. The intent is for the setting change to take effect across all ranges within a reasonable time (a minute or so).

The other option (and maybe this is what you meant) is to allow the expiration lease to expire when the setting is turned off, and reacquire it as an epoch lease afterwards. However, this will affect request latencies, so we instead renew it asynchronously as soon as possible while the previous lease is still valid.

andrewbaptist

Reviewed 4 of 4 files at r1, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 1433 at r1 (raw file):

Previously, erikgrinaker (Erik Grinaker) wrote…

The other option (and maybe this is what you meant) is to allow the expiration lease to expire when the setting is turned off, and reacquire it as an epoch lease afterwards. However, this will affect request latencies, so we instead renew it asynchronously as soon as possible while the previous lease is still valid.

OK - I understand now, I originally thought that if this returned true it would renew as an expiration lease, but the caller of this checks what to do and handles this correctly. Thanks for the clarification.

erikgrinaker · 2022-12-31T14:03:05Z

Seems like replicas aren't properly quiescing here. On an idle 3-node 8-core cluster with 100.000 ranges, we're only quiescing 1/3 of replicas, even though there are only about 500 valid expiration leases. This in turn causes the nodes to run at ~80% CPU when idle, just to tick and heartbeat the replicas.

I initially expected this to be because we can't quiesce ranges with invalid leases, and we didn't get around to quiescing them before the leases expired, but logspy showed that the majority of replicas failed to quiesce because there was outstanding replication quota. There were occasional lease requests, but otherwise no other proposals on these ranges, so it's still unclear why there's outstanding quota, but I'll look into it.

This is all to say that further work is required here regardless of which approach we choose: if we allow idle ranges to quiesce then we need to make sure they properly do so, and if we instead eagerly renew the leases then we need to optimize ticking/stepping of unquiesced ranges.

erikgrinaker · 2022-12-31T14:11:21Z

I think the outstanding proposal quota thing is likely a red herring, caused by this condition which will claim pending proposal quota on followers (where proposalQuota is nil):

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft.go

Lines 522 to 525 in 14ce324

    
           if r.mu.proposalQuota == nil { 
        
           	return true 
        
           } 
        
           return !r.mu.proposalQuota.Full()

It seems like this condition should return false instead. We have another condition which will check that the replica is a leader:

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft_quiesce.go

Lines 321 to 326 in 14ce324

    
           if status.SoftState.RaftState != raft.StateLeader { 
        
           	if log.V(4) { 
        
           		log.Infof(ctx, "not quiescing: not leader") 
        
           	} 
        
           	return nil, nil, false 
        
           }

However, given that we can't quiesce on followers, this shouldn't really affect quiescence either way.

Submitted #94558 to address this.

erikgrinaker · 2022-12-31T14:58:57Z

The problem was indeed that we didn't allow quiescing ranges with invalid leases. I added in a condition to allow quiescing with expired expiration-based leases, and we now properly quiesce idle ranges such that the CPU usage on an idle cluster with 100.000 ranges is about the same with the setting enabled and disabled (8% vs 6%).

erikgrinaker · 2023-01-01T16:16:14Z

I ran some quick 3-node 8-CPU kv95 benchmarks with 192 concurrency to look at large-scale changes in behavior/performance. At 10.000 ranges, enabling the setting had a significant impact on performance (~20% throughput reduction). This appeared to mostly be due to the additional writes needed for lease extensions, with a doubling of IOPS (2k to 4k per node) and write bandwidth (8 MB/s to 16MB/s). At 1.000 ranges, however, the workload impact was negligible due to the lower lease extension load. So the additional cost appears to mostly be due to the lease extension writes when we allow idle ranges to quiesce. With a read-only workload, I could run 10.000 ranges without a significant impact to the workload, likely because we had more IO headroom.

We'll need to run some more rigorous benchmarks, but I think this shows that the approach here (without eager lease extension and allowing quiescence) is viable. This is compelling because it avoids having to optimize idle unquiesced ranges and come up with a more sophisticated scheme that can eagerly renew thousands of leases per second. Interested to get your thoughts on this before taking this further.

94558: kvserver: don't consider followers to have pending proposal quota r=erikgrinaker a=erikgrinaker `Replica.hasPendingProposalQuotaRLocked()` considered a replica with `proposalQuota == nil` to have pending proposal quota, which in turn prevented quiescence. This condition is only possible on followers, which won't be able to quiesce anyway since we explicitly check for leadership. This can be misleading in vmodule logs, which claim "not quiescing: replication quota outstanding" on all followers. This patch instead considers followers to have no pending proposal quota, thus vmodule logs will emit the more accurate "not quiescing: not leader". This may lead to higher CPU usage on followers, because we now fall through to a `raftStatusRLocked` check which is more expensive. This should be optimized separately. Touches #94457. Epic: none Release note: None Co-authored-by: Erik Grinaker <grinaker@cockroachlabs.com>

erikgrinaker · 2023-01-05T11:46:46Z

@tbg points out that this will result in high latencies for table scans across idle ranges, e.g. count(*), because we're acquiring the leases sequentially. A quick test with 50k empty ranges took 4 seconds with active epoch leases, and 43 seconds with expired extension leases.

andrewbaptist

Just one comment related to the use of the requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked vs shouldUseExpirationLeaseRLocked in two places.

Reviewed 7 of 10 files at r14.
Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (and 1 stale) (waiting on @erikgrinaker and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 779 at r15 (raw file):

// epoch-based leases, but may temporarily use expiration based leases during
// lease transfers.
func (r *Replica) requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked() bool {

This is a little hard to follow the cases where code should use requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked vs shouldUseExpirationLeaseRLocked. The only "real" difference seems to be in leasePostApplyLocked. For simpler usage, it might be better to have this method be renamed to requireActiveLeaseRenewal and change the next method to useExpirationLeaseRLocked. The two other places where this method are used seem incorrect (maybeCampaignOnWakeLocked and shouldCampaignOnRedirect). It seems like we want expiration leases to campaign in both of these cases.

Expiration leases is the common term for these. Epic: none Release note: None

erikgrinaker

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (and 1 stale) (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 779 at r15 (raw file):

Previously, andrewbaptist (Andrew Baptist) wrote…

This is a little hard to follow the cases where code should use requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked vs shouldUseExpirationLeaseRLocked. The only "real" difference seems to be in leasePostApplyLocked. For simpler usage, it might be better to have this method be renamed to requireActiveLeaseRenewal and change the next method to useExpirationLeaseRLocked. The two other places where this method are used seem incorrect (maybeCampaignOnWakeLocked and shouldCampaignOnRedirect). It seems like we want expiration leases to campaign in both of these cases.

The campaign cases also need requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked, it's used to avoid a circular dependency on liveness here:

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft.go

Lines 2000 to 2004 in 81a9f1d

    
           // Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive 
        
           // check for ranges that always use expiration based leases. 
        
           if requiresExpiringLease { 
        
           	return false 
        
           }

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft.go

Lines 2079 to 2089 in 81a9f1d

    
           // Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive check 
        
           // for ranges that always use expiration based leases. These ranges don't need 
        
           // to campaign based on liveness state because there can never be a case where 
        
           // a node can retain Raft leadership but still be unable to acquire the lease. 
        
           // This is possible on ranges that use epoch-based leases because the Raft 
        
           // leader may be partitioned from the liveness range. 
        
           // See TestRequestsOnFollowerWithNonLiveLeaseholder for an example of a test 
        
           // that demonstrates this case. 
        
           if requiresExpiringLease { 
        
           	return false 
        
           }

requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked specifies that a range can't, under any circumstances, use an epoch lease because it causes a circular dependency on liveness and stuff breaks. It requires an expiration lease. I feel like that's clearer than requireActiveLeaseRenewal -- in particular because all leases require active renewal, but epoch leases do so via node heartbeats.

erikgrinaker

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (and 1 stale) (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 779 at r15 (raw file):

Previously, erikgrinaker (Erik Grinaker) wrote…

The campaign cases also need requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked, it's used to avoid a circular dependency on liveness here:

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft.go

Lines 2000 to 2004 in a64df6f

// Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive

// check for ranges that always use expiration based leases.

if requiresExpirationLease {

return false

}

cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_raft.go

Lines 2079 to 2089 in 81a9f1d

// Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive check

// for ranges that always use expiration based leases. These ranges don't need

// to campaign based on liveness state because there can never be a case where

// a node can retain Raft leadership but still be unable to acquire the lease.

// This is possible on ranges that use epoch-based leases because the Raft

// leader may be partitioned from the liveness range.

// See TestRequestsOnFollowerWithNonLiveLeaseholder for an example of a test

// that demonstrates this case.

if requiresExpiringLease {

return false

}

requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked specifies that a range can't, under any circumstances, use an epoch lease because it causes a circular dependency on liveness and stuff breaks. It requires an expiration lease. I feel like that's clearer than requireActiveLeaseRenewal -- in particular because all leases require active renewal, but epoch leases do so via node heartbeats.

Btw, the leasePostApplyLocked case for requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked actually goes away once we implement the lease scheduler. See e.g. 0593c45#diff-488a090afc4b6eaf56cd6d13b347bac67cb3313ce11c49df9ee8cd95fd73b3e8L385.

erikgrinaker

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (and 1 stale) (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 779 at r15 (raw file):

Previously, erikgrinaker (Erik Grinaker) wrote…

Btw, the leasePostApplyLocked case for requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked actually goes away once we implement the lease scheduler. See e.g. 0593c45#diff-488a090afc4b6eaf56cd6d13b347bac67cb3313ce11c49df9ee8cd95fd73b3e8L385.

Nevermind, I reread the campaign logic and you're right -- we should always bail out if the range should be using an expiration lease, since this logic is only relevant for epoch leases. I'll update the PR. Thanks for catching this.

I think I have a mild preference for just using the existing naming for now, and we'll remove requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked entirely when we implement the lease scheduler.

andrewbaptist · 2023-03-16T16:22:51Z

Agreed - the names are fine for now, maybe just add a TODO comment to rename/clean-up later. Thanks!

This patch adds the experimental cluster setting `kv.expiration_leases_only.enabled`, which uses expiration-based leases for all ranges. The setting is marked as experimental because, while we believe the system will function correctly, it has performance implications that need to be mapped out and optimized. Expiration-based leases are compelling because they are much more robust than epoch-based leases, and better handle failure modes such as partial/asymmetric network partitions, disk stalls, deadlocks, etc. They require a Raft roundtrip to extend a lease, which ensures that the lease must be functional, while epoch leases only require an RPC request to the liveness leaseholder regardless of whether the lease actually works. Except for the meta and liveness ranges, expiration leases are only extended when a request is processed in the last half of the lease interval (i.e. in the last 3 seconds of the 6 second lease). Otherwise, we allow the lease to expire. This reduces the cost of idle ranges in large clusters, since we avoid the periodic lease extension writes for every range, and can let the ranges quiesce as usual. However, it incurs a synchronous lease acquisition on the next request to the range. Because expiration leases incur one Raft write per range per lease extension, as well as a lease acquisition for idle ranges, they currently come with significant performance overhead. In TPC-E experiments at 100.000 customers with various transaction types, p50 latencies increased 5-70%, p99 latencies increased 20-80%, and pMax latencies increased 0-1000%. A kv95 workload on 10.000 ranges with active leases showed a throughput reduction of about 10%, most likely due to the ~3.000 lease extension writes per second. When the setting is changed, leases are asynchronously switched to the appropriate type (either expiration-based or epoch-based) via the replicate queue. This can take up to the `ScanInterval` to complete, 10 minutes by default (more on nodes with large numbers or ranges). Epic: none Release note: None

erikgrinaker

Reviewable status: complete! 0 of 0 LGTMs obtained (and 1 stale) (waiting on @andrewbaptist and @nvanbenschoten)

pkg/kv/kvserver/replica_range_lease.go line 779 at r15 (raw file):

Previously, erikgrinaker (Erik Grinaker) wrote…

Nevermind, I reread the campaign logic and you're right -- we should always bail out if the range should be using an expiration lease, since this logic is only relevant for epoch leases. I'll update the PR. Thanks for catching this.

I think I have a mild preference for just using the existing naming for now, and we'll remove requiresExpirationLeaseRLocked entirely when we implement the lease scheduler.

I realized that we do want to check requiresExpirationLease in shouldCampaignOnWake, because it allows us to more quickly detect a dead leader and call an election when unquiescing a range that uses an expiration-based lease. But I changed shouldCampaignOnLeaseRequestRedirect to use shouldUseExpirationLease, because the logic only applies to epoch leases. I've updated the code and comments, PTAL.

andrewbaptist

Reviewable status: complete! 1 of 0 LGTMs obtained (waiting on @nvanbenschoten)

andrewbaptist · 2023-03-17T01:05:55Z

Thanks for the quick turnaround on the changes! I'm glad we are getting this in.

erikgrinaker · 2023-03-17T08:48:31Z

TFTR!

bors r+

craig · 2023-03-17T09:17:05Z

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erikgrinaker · 2023-03-17T09:29:59Z

bors retry

craig · 2023-03-17T10:27:29Z

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erikgrinaker · 2023-03-17T10:29:50Z

bors retry

craig · 2023-03-17T11:00:32Z

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erikgrinaker requested review from andrewbaptist and nvb December 30, 2022 19:41

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kvserver: don't consider followers to have pending proposal quota #94558

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This was referenced Mar 12, 2023

kvserver: eagerly renew leases #98455

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kvserver: metamorphically enable kv.expiration_leases_only.enabled #98516

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kvserver: rename Replica.requireExpiringLease() to Expiration

a64df6f

Expiration leases is the common term for these. Epic: none Release note: None

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craig bot merged commit 0a4b383 into cockroachdb:master Mar 17, 2023

erikgrinaker deleted the expiration-lease-setting branch March 21, 2023 08:47

	// Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive
	// check for ranges that always use expiration based leases.
	if requiresExpiringLease {
	return false
	}

	// Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive check
	// for ranges that always use expiration based leases. These ranges don't need
	// to campaign based on liveness state because there can never be a case where
	// a node can retain Raft leadership but still be unable to acquire the lease.
	// This is possible on ranges that use epoch-based leases because the Raft
	// leader may be partitioned from the liveness range.
	// See TestRequestsOnFollowerWithNonLiveLeaseholder for an example of a test
	// that demonstrates this case.
	if requiresExpiringLease {
	return false
	}

	// Avoid a circular dependency on liveness and skip the is leader alive
	// check for ranges that always use expiration based leases.
	if requiresExpirationLease {
	return false
	}

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