From Operational Value Streams to Prod•gnosis
Connecting Allen Ward and Bob Marshall’s Product Development Philosophies
A thoughtful exploration of two complementary approaches to transforming product development
Introduction
In the world of product development theory, two complementary approaches stand out for their innovative thinking about how organisations might tackle the creation of new products: Dr Allen Ward’s approach, born of many years researching the Toyota approach, and my own approach, which I’ve named Prod•gnosis
While Dr. Ward’s work on operational value streams emerged from his extensive study of Toyota’s product development system, Prod•gnosis builds upon and extends his ideas into a comprehensive framework focused on organisational transformation for better product development, reduced costs, and more appealing products.
This post explores the connections between these two approaches and how, together, they offer a powerful lens for fundamentally rethinking product development.
The Foundation: Allen Ward’s Operational Value Streams
Allen Ward’s core insight, which has become a cornerstone of lean product development e.g. TPDS, is elegantly simple yet profound:
“The aim of development is, in fact, the creation of profitable operational value streams.”
An operational value stream (OVS) represents the set of steps that deliver a product or service directly to the customer (and others). This includes activities like manufacturing a product, fulfilling an order, providing a loan, or delivering a professional service.
Ward’s work, drawing from his decade of direct research at Toyota, showed that effective product development isn’t just about designing isolated products. Rather, it’s about designing the entire system through which those products will be manufactured, shipped, sold, and serviced. This holistic approach explains much of Toyota’s success in bringing new products to market quickly and profitably.
Ward emphasised that creating profitable operational value streams requires:
- A “whole product” approach that involves every area of the business
- Knowledge creation as the central activity of product development
- The use of tools like trade-off curves for decision-making and teaching
- Systematic waste elimination throughout the development process
Prod•gnosis: Building on Ward’s Foundation
I’m delighted to acknowledge my intellectual debt to Dr. Ward. In my writings on Prod•gnosis, I directly reference Dr. Ward’s influence, adopting his view of “business as a collection of operational value streams.”
I define Prod•gnosis (a portmanteau of “Product”, and “Gnosis” meaning knowledge) as a specific approach to product development that places the creation of operational value streams at its centre. However, Prod•gnosis extends Dr. Ward’s thinking in several notable ways:
The Product Development Value Stream (PDVS)
Prod•gnosis introduces the concept of a dedicated “Product Development Value Stream” (PDVS) as a distinct organisational capability responsible for creating and instantiating operational value streams. I previously wrote:
“I suggest the most effective place for software development is in the ‘Product Development Value Stream’ (PDVS for short) – that part of the organisation which is responsible for creating each and every operational value stream.”
This represents a significant organisational shift from traditional department-based structures.
Challenging IT’s Role in Product Development
Prod•gnosis particularly questions the conventional role of IT departments in product development. Prod•gnosis argues that software development does not belong in IT departments but instead is much more effective when situated within the Product Development Value Stream:
“If we accept that the IT department is poorly suited to play the central role in a Prod•gnosis-oriented organisation, and that it is ill-suited to house or oversee software development (for a number of reasons), then where should software development ‘sit’ in an organisation?”
The answer is clear: within the PDVS, where it can directly contribute to creating operational value streams.
Incremental Implementation
Prod•gnosis proposes a “Lean Startup-like approach” to implementing operational value streams:
“I’m thinking more in terms of a Lean Startup-like approach – instantiating version 0.1 of the operational value stream as early as possible, conducting experiments with its operation in delivering an MVP (even before making its 1.0 product line available to buying customers), and through e.g. kaizen by either the product development or – the few, early – operational value stream folks (or both in collaboration), incrementally modifying, augmenting and elaborating it until the point of the 1.0 launch, and beyond.”
This represents a pragmatic approach to putting Dr. Ward’s principles into practice.
Key Points of Alignment
Despite their different emphases, Ward and Prod•gnosis’ approaches share significant philosophical alignment:
1. Value Stream-Centric View
Both view business fundamentally as a series of operational value streams, with product development focused on creating and improving these streams rather than just designing isolated products.
2. Whole Product Approach
Both emphasise the importance of involving all aspects of a business in product development. Prod•gnosis references Toyota’s “Big Rooms” (Obeya), which Ward studied extensively, as an example of effective cross-functional collaboration.
3. Systems Thinking
Both reject piecemeal improvements and advocate for fundamental shifts in organisational perspective. As Ward wrote and Prod•gnosis quotes: “Change will occur when the majority of people in the organisation have learned to see things in a new way.”
And see also: Organisational Psychotherapy as a means to help organisations see things in a new way.
4. Flow Focus
Both emphasise the importance of flow in product development, with Prod•gnosis particularly focused on aspects like flow rate, lead time, cycle time, and process cycle efficiency – both of the PVDS and the OVSs.
Practical Applications of the Combined Approach
Organisations seeking to apply these ideas might consider:
- Creating a dedicated Product Development Value Stream responsible for designing and implementing operational value streams (a.k.a. new products)
- Removing software development from IT departments and placing it within the PDVS
- Adopting a “whole product” approach that brings together all business functions in the service of product development
- Implementing early versions of operational value streams viw the PVDS, and then iteratively improving them
- Measuring and optimising flow through the product development process
Getting There: Transitioning to Prod•gnosis
Moving from conventional product development approaches to a Prod•gnosis model represents a significant organisational transformation. As Prod•gnosis acknowledges,
“getting there from here is the real challenge”
The transition requires more than just structural or process changes—it demands a fundamental shift in collective mindset.
The Challenge of Organisational Transformation
The Lean literature is replete with stories of organisations failing to move from vertical silos to horizontal value streams. Prod•gnosis presents additional challenges by proposing to remove software development from IT departments and create an entirely new organisational capability (the PDVS).
As Ward wisely noted and Prod•gnosis quotes:
“Change will occur when the majority of people in the organisation have learned to see things in a new way.”
This insight highlights that sustainable transformation depends on shifting collective beliefs rather than merely implementing new processes.
Organisational Psychotherapy as a Path Forward
In Organisational Psychotherapy I propose as a methodical approach to shifting collective assumptions and beliefs. As an Organisational Psychotherapist, I apply psychotherapy techniques not just to individuals but to entire organisations.
OP recognises that organisations, like individuals, operate based on deep-seated assumptions and beliefs—i.e. “memeplexes” These collective mental models determine how an organisation functions and often unconsciously resist change. And see my book “Hearts over Diamonds” (Marshall, 2018) for more in-depth discusion of memeplexes.
Organisational Psychotherapy works by:
- Helping organisations become aware of their current collective beliefs (surfacing)
- Examining how these beliefs serve or hinder effectiveness (reflecting)
- Supporting the organisation in exploring new, more productive mental models
- Facilitating the adoption of these new models
For organisations seeking to move toward Prod•gnosis, this might involve addressing fundamental beliefs about:
- The nature and purpose of product development
- The relationship between software development and IT
- The definition of “whole product”
- The organisation’s relationship with customers and all the Folks That Matter™
- How value flows through the organisation
As Prod•gnosis emphasises, this isn’t a quick fix. The transformation to Prod•gnosis represents a significant evolution in how organisations think about and structure product development. The journey requires patience, persistence, and a willingness to examine and change foundational assumptions about how product development might work significantly better.
Conclusion
The synthesis of Allen Ward’s operational value stream concept and Prod•gnosis offers a powerful framework for rethinking product development. By viewing product development as the creation of complete operational value streams and establishing organisational structures that support this perspective, organisations can potentially achieve the kind of rapid, profitable product development that Toyota has demonstrated.
As more organisations struggle with digital transformation and the ever-increasing importance of software in product development, these two complementary approaches may provide a valuable roadmap for fundamentally rethinking how products are developed and brought to market.
What are your thoughts on the operational value stream approach to product development? Have you seen examples of it in practice? I’d love for you to share your experiences in the comments below.
Further Reading
For those interested in exploring these concepts further, the following resources might provide some useful insights:
Ward, A. C. (2007). Lean product and process development. Cambridge, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute.
Sobek, D. K., & Ward, A. C. (2014). Lean product and process development (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute.
Lean Enterprise Institute. (2021). Lean product and process development: Introduction. https://www.lean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/lean-product-and-process-development-introduction.pdf
Marshall, B. (2012, August 4). Prod•gnosis in a nutshell. Think Different. https://flowchainsensei.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/prodgnosis-in-a-nutshell/
Marshall, B. (2013, February 12). Product development flow. Think Different. https://flowchainsensei.wordpress.com/2013/02/12/product-development-flow/
Kennedy, M. N. (2003). Product development for the lean enterprise: Why Toyota’s system is four times more productive and how you can implement it. Richmond, VA: Oaklea Press.
Reinertsen, D. G. (2009). The principles of product development flow: Second generation lean product development. Redondo Beach, CA: Celeritas Publishing.
Marshall, R.W. (2018). Hearts over diamonds: Serving business and society through organisational psychotherapy. Falling Blossoms