The 8th day of Chinese New Year is supreme to the Hokkiens, not the Cantonese, Teochews, Hockchews, Hakkas nor any other dialect groups that existed within the Southeast Asian Chinese community, more so in Penang. For it is on this day, the Hokkiens purportedly emerged from the sugar cane plantations they sought refuge from the atrocities committed by the Japanese during World War 2. The sugar plantations is hence their life saver, and thus, on both sides of the altar table stood sugar canes representing the two main pillars of thanksgiving to the Jade Emperor for keeping the Hokkiens safe, a unique add-on, besides all the other condiments spread out on the altar table, signifying abundance as thanksgiving throughout the new year. Besides this, fireworks lit up the night sky in frenzy, chasing away bad luck and evil spirits that looms around the homes and shops of these worshippers. And believe it or not, it will always rain before the clock strikes midnight on the 8th day before the prayers begin.
So who is this Jade Emperor (Thian Gong/Heavenly God) or Thni Kong to the Hokkiens and why is he revered to more than the Lord Buddha so much so that in every Chinese temple, joss-stick carrying Hokkiens will turn to face the sky and worship Thni Kong first, before entering the temple or turning to face the altar table, which the Lord Buddha, the Goddess of Mercy (Guanyin) and the rest of the Taoist deities are placed?
As according to Taoist folklore and culture, Thni Kong is considered the supreme ‘deity’ and ruler of heaven. Thni Kong governs the cosmos, and oversees a vast hierarchy of deities who reports to him on human affairs for example, the Kitchen God (Chau Chu Kong), who reports annually to him on each family’s well being. Thni Kong is also considered the supreme administrator of the Heavenly Court (Tian Ting), governing heaven, earth, and the underworld. In essence, Thni Kong’s significance stems from his role as the sovereign ruler of the visible and invisible world, a concept that resonates deeply with communities more concern with order, justice, and prosperity in this life. For communities who focuses on worldly affairs, seeking prosperity, health, justice, and social harmony, Thni Kong is the ultimate authority. He is the one who makes the final call on one’s fate. Hence, this makes him the focal point for prayers related to practical, everyday life and his impending popularity to the Hokkiens.
On the other hand, the Lord Buddha is the enlightened teacher and founder of Buddhism, a path to escape suffering and the cycle of rebirth. Lord Buddha offers a different kind of salvation, focusing on the next life, making him less directly involved in the daily bureaucratic affairs of the world. In folk cosmology, Buddha’s realm is often seen as a separate, independent system- the Western Paradise focusing on spiritual liberation.
In Southeast Asia, Hokkiens worship a curious tripartite mix of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. They would consider the Lord Buddha as supreme, but rites and rituals are more often than not bent towards Taoism, with moral teachings resonating Confucius values.
- Kris Lee 2026.