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Erectile Dysfunction(ED) - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Corresponding Author(s) : Dipendra Kandel, MD
The American Journal of Patient Health Info,
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Abstract
- Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
- While ED is more common in older men, it is not an inevitable part of aging. Younger men can experience ED, often due to psychological factors or lifestyle choices.
- ED can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and obesity, along with psychological conditions such as anxiety, stress, and depression.
- Lack of sexual attraction to your partner can be one of the causes of your erectile dysfunction.
- Exercise caution with advertised treatments for ED that are not FDA-approved.
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- Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ. Erectile Dysfunction. American Family Physician [Internet]. 2016 Nov 15;94(10):820–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929275/
- Lue TF. Erectile Dysfunction. Wood AJJ, editor. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Jun 15;342(24):1802–13.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422407.
- Mazzilli F. Erectile Dysfunction: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment: An Update. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;11(21):6429. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/21/642
- Yafi FA, Jenkins L, Albersen M, Corona G, Isidori AM, Goldfarb S, et al. Erectile dysfunction. Nature Reviews Disease Primers [Internet]. 2016 Feb 4;2(1). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027992/
- Sevim M, Alkis O, Kartal İG, Telli S, Aras B. A factor not to be ignored in post-COVID-19 erectile dysfunction; psychological effect, a prospective study. Andrologia [Internet]. 2022 Apr 21 [cited 2022 Apr 26]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35445425/
- McMahon CG. Current diagnosis and management of erectile dysfunction. Medical Journal of Australia. 2019 May 17;210(10):469–76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5694/MJA2.50167
- Pang K, Pan D, Xu H, Ma Y, Wang J, Xu P, et al. Advances in physical diagnosis and treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023 Jan 9;13. Available from:https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2022.1096741
- Argiolas A, Argiolas F, Giacomo Argiolas, Maria Rosaria Melis. Erectile Dysfunction: Treatments, Advances and New Therapeutic Strategies. Brain Sciences [Internet]. 2023 May 15;13(5):802–2. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10216368/
- L Michael Prisant. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and their hemodynamic effects. Current Hypertension Reports. 2006 Jul 1;8(4):345–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/S11906-006-0075-Y
- Nirupama Ancha, Eldin M, Woodle T, Gereta S, Hariprasad K, Butler I, et al. Current devices, outcomes, and pain management considerations in penile implant surgery: an updated review of the literature. Asian Journal of Andrology [Internet]. 2024 Feb 20 [cited 2025 Apr 8];26(4):335–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376174
- Özkent MS, Hamarat MB, Taşkapu HH, Kılınç MT, Göger YE, Sönmez MG. Is erectile dysfunction related to self‐esteem and depression? A prospective case–control study. Andrologia. 2020 Nov 20;53(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215726
- Yang Y, Song Y, Lu Y, Xu Y, Liu L, Liu X. Associations between erectile dysfunction and psychological disorders (depression and anxiety): A cross‐sectional study in a Chinese population. Andrologia. 2019 Aug 21; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31434163
- Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J. “Towards an even healthier mediterranean diet.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2013 Dec;23(12):1163–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.09.003
- Glina S, Sharlip ID, Hellstrom WJG. Modifying Risk Factors to Prevent and Treat Erectile Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2013 Jan;10(1):115–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1743-6109.2012.02816.X
References
Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ. Erectile Dysfunction. American Family Physician [Internet]. 2016 Nov 15;94(10):820–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929275/
Lue TF. Erectile Dysfunction. Wood AJJ, editor. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Jun 15;342(24):1802–13.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422407.
Mazzilli F. Erectile Dysfunction: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment: An Update. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;11(21):6429. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/21/642
Yafi FA, Jenkins L, Albersen M, Corona G, Isidori AM, Goldfarb S, et al. Erectile dysfunction. Nature Reviews Disease Primers [Internet]. 2016 Feb 4;2(1). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027992/
Sevim M, Alkis O, Kartal İG, Telli S, Aras B. A factor not to be ignored in post-COVID-19 erectile dysfunction; psychological effect, a prospective study. Andrologia [Internet]. 2022 Apr 21 [cited 2022 Apr 26]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35445425/
McMahon CG. Current diagnosis and management of erectile dysfunction. Medical Journal of Australia. 2019 May 17;210(10):469–76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5694/MJA2.50167
Pang K, Pan D, Xu H, Ma Y, Wang J, Xu P, et al. Advances in physical diagnosis and treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023 Jan 9;13. Available from:https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2022.1096741
Argiolas A, Argiolas F, Giacomo Argiolas, Maria Rosaria Melis. Erectile Dysfunction: Treatments, Advances and New Therapeutic Strategies. Brain Sciences [Internet]. 2023 May 15;13(5):802–2. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10216368/
L Michael Prisant. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and their hemodynamic effects. Current Hypertension Reports. 2006 Jul 1;8(4):345–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/S11906-006-0075-Y
Nirupama Ancha, Eldin M, Woodle T, Gereta S, Hariprasad K, Butler I, et al. Current devices, outcomes, and pain management considerations in penile implant surgery: an updated review of the literature. Asian Journal of Andrology [Internet]. 2024 Feb 20 [cited 2025 Apr 8];26(4):335–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376174
Özkent MS, Hamarat MB, Taşkapu HH, Kılınç MT, Göger YE, Sönmez MG. Is erectile dysfunction related to self‐esteem and depression? A prospective case–control study. Andrologia. 2020 Nov 20;53(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215726
Yang Y, Song Y, Lu Y, Xu Y, Liu L, Liu X. Associations between erectile dysfunction and psychological disorders (depression and anxiety): A cross‐sectional study in a Chinese population. Andrologia. 2019 Aug 21; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31434163
Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J. “Towards an even healthier mediterranean diet.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2013 Dec;23(12):1163–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.09.003
Glina S, Sharlip ID, Hellstrom WJG. Modifying Risk Factors to Prevent and Treat Erectile Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2013 Jan;10(1):115–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1743-6109.2012.02816.X