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Understanding Ischemic Stroke: Symptoms, Risks, and the Importance of Timely Intervention
Corresponding Author(s) : Aakriti Karki
The American Journal of Patient Health Info,
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024)
Abstract
An ischemic stroke transpires when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain becomes obstructed or constricted, leading to decreased blood flow to a particular area of the brain. The absence of blood circulation restricts the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells, resulting in their demise or impairment. The obstruction typically arises from a thrombus or other debris that impedes the flow of blood in the artery. Globally, stroke is the second leading cause of death responsible for approximately 11% total deaths. In the United States, an estimated 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke annually, and approximately 87% of these are ischemic strokes. A stroke can come on suddenly, and its effects can be devastating. If someone is suspected to be suffering from a stroke, it is important to call 911 or seek medical attention immediately. Time is of essence in the treatment of stroke.
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- Walter K. What is acute ischemic stroke? JAMA [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;327(9):885. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2789540
- Shahjouei S, Sadighi A, Chaudhary D, Li J, Abedi V, Holland N, et al. A 5-Decade Analysis of Incidence Trends of Ischemic Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack. JAMA Neurology. 2020 Oct 12; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2771410
- World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death [Internet]. World Health Organization.WHO;2020.Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
- Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Jan 24;149(8). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38264914/
- Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circulation research. 2017 Feb 3;120(3):472–95. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321635/
- Jin J. Warning Signs of a Stroke. JAMA [Internet]. 2014 Apr 23;311(16):1704. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1861804
- Vilela P, Rowley HA. Brain ischemia: CT and MRI techniques in acute ischemic stroke. European Journal of Radiology. 2017 Nov; 96:162–72. Available from: https://www.ejradiology.com/article/S0720-048X(17)30333-9/abstract
- de Lucas EM, Sánchez E, Gutiérrez A, Mandly AG, Ruiz E, Flórez AF, et al. CT Protocol for Acute Stroke: Tips and Tricks for General Radiologists. RadioGraphics. 2008 Oct;28(6):1673–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18936029/
- American Heart Association. Echocardiogram (Echo) [Internet]. www.heart.org. 2010Availablefrom:https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/echocardiogram-echo
- Zhang L, Harrison JK, Goldstein LB. Echocardiography for the detection of cardiac sources of embolism in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases: The Official Journal of National Stroke Association [Internet]. 2012 Oct 1 [cited 2024 Mar 25];21(7):577–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21367623/
- Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke [Internet]. 2013;44(3):870–947. Available from: https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@mwa/documents/downloadable/ucm_450485.pdf
- Herpich F, Rincon F. Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Critical Care Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Oct 9;48(11):1654–63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7540624/
- Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Dávalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with Alteplase 3 to 4.5 Hours after Acute Ischemic Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317–29. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656
- Ma H, Campbell BCV, Parsons MW, Churilov L, Levi CR, Hsu C, et al. Thrombolysis Guided by Perfusion Imaging up to 9 Hours after Onset of Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 May 9;380(19):1795–803. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31067369/
- Raha O, Hall CB, Malik A, D’Anna L, Kyriakos Lobotesis, Kwan J, et al. Advances in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke. BMJ Medicine [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;2(1):e000407–7.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10414072/
- Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, Easton JD, Wang Y, Farrant M, et al. Outcomes Associated with Clopidogrel-Aspirin Use in Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. JAMA Neurology. 2019 Dec 1;76(12):1466. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424481/
- Baiu I, Stern JR. Carotid Artery Stenting. JAMA. 2020 Oct 27;324(16):1690. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33107946/
- Muth CC. Recovery After Stroke. JAMA. 2016 Dec 13;316(22):2440. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2592503
- Diener HC, Hankey GJ. Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Hemorrhage. Journal of the American College of Cardiology [Internet]. 2020 Apr;75(15):1804–18.Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109720344260?via%3Dihub
References
Walter K. What is acute ischemic stroke? JAMA [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;327(9):885. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2789540
Shahjouei S, Sadighi A, Chaudhary D, Li J, Abedi V, Holland N, et al. A 5-Decade Analysis of Incidence Trends of Ischemic Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack. JAMA Neurology. 2020 Oct 12; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2771410
World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death [Internet]. World Health Organization.WHO;2020.Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Jan 24;149(8). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38264914/
Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circulation research. 2017 Feb 3;120(3):472–95. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321635/
Jin J. Warning Signs of a Stroke. JAMA [Internet]. 2014 Apr 23;311(16):1704. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1861804
Vilela P, Rowley HA. Brain ischemia: CT and MRI techniques in acute ischemic stroke. European Journal of Radiology. 2017 Nov; 96:162–72. Available from: https://www.ejradiology.com/article/S0720-048X(17)30333-9/abstract
de Lucas EM, Sánchez E, Gutiérrez A, Mandly AG, Ruiz E, Flórez AF, et al. CT Protocol for Acute Stroke: Tips and Tricks for General Radiologists. RadioGraphics. 2008 Oct;28(6):1673–87. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18936029/
American Heart Association. Echocardiogram (Echo) [Internet]. www.heart.org. 2010Availablefrom:https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/echocardiogram-echo
Zhang L, Harrison JK, Goldstein LB. Echocardiography for the detection of cardiac sources of embolism in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases: The Official Journal of National Stroke Association [Internet]. 2012 Oct 1 [cited 2024 Mar 25];21(7):577–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21367623/
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke [Internet]. 2013;44(3):870–947. Available from: https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@mwa/documents/downloadable/ucm_450485.pdf
Herpich F, Rincon F. Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Critical Care Medicine [Internet]. 2020 Oct 9;48(11):1654–63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7540624/
Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Dávalos A, Guidetti D, et al. Thrombolysis with Alteplase 3 to 4.5 Hours after Acute Ischemic Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317–29. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656
Ma H, Campbell BCV, Parsons MW, Churilov L, Levi CR, Hsu C, et al. Thrombolysis Guided by Perfusion Imaging up to 9 Hours after Onset of Stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 May 9;380(19):1795–803. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31067369/
Raha O, Hall CB, Malik A, D’Anna L, Kyriakos Lobotesis, Kwan J, et al. Advances in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke. BMJ Medicine [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;2(1):e000407–7.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10414072/
Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, Easton JD, Wang Y, Farrant M, et al. Outcomes Associated with Clopidogrel-Aspirin Use in Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. JAMA Neurology. 2019 Dec 1;76(12):1466. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424481/
Baiu I, Stern JR. Carotid Artery Stenting. JAMA. 2020 Oct 27;324(16):1690. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33107946/
Muth CC. Recovery After Stroke. JAMA. 2016 Dec 13;316(22):2440. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2592503
Diener HC, Hankey GJ. Primary and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Hemorrhage. Journal of the American College of Cardiology [Internet]. 2020 Apr;75(15):1804–18.Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109720344260?via%3Dihub