cancer screening in women

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025)

Date Log

Submitted
June 15, 2025
Accepted
August 17, 2025
Published
October 10, 2025

The Ultimate Guide to Cancer Screening for Women Over 40

https://doi.org/10.69512/ajphi.v2i4.128
Rishika Rawal, MD
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Sajjan Thapa, MD
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal

Corresponding Author(s) : Rishika Rawal, MD

rawalrishika1@gmail.com

The American Journal of Patient Health Info, Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025)

Abstract


  1. Cancer rates among women are climbing, now equal to men in middle age, and even higher before age 50.

  2. Globally, lung cancer causes the highest number of deaths, followed by breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, and uterine (endometrial) cancer.

  3. Mammograms (breast), Pap/HPV tests (cervix), low-dose CT scans (lungs), colonoscopy or stool tests (colon), and symptom-based checks (endometrium) are all part of recommended care.

  4. Early detection through screening is vital because many cancers show no symptoms in their early stages.

  5. Shared decision-making with your healthcare providers helps tailor cancer screening to your individual health profile.

Keywords

Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer Early Detection Endometrial Cancer Mammogram
Rawal, MD, R., & Thapa, MD, S. (2025). The Ultimate Guide to Cancer Screening for Women Over 40. The American Journal of Patient Health Info, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.69512/ajphi.v2i4.128
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Sun P, Yu C, Yin L, Chen Y, Sun Z, Zhang T, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of female cancers in women of child-bearing age, 1990–2021: analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. eClinicalMedicine [Internet]. 2024 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jun 6];74:102713. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258953702400292X
  2. Moleyar-Narayana P, Leslie SW, Ranganathan S. Cancer Screening. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 4]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563138/
  3. Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2025 Jan [cited 2025 Jun 3];75(1):10–45. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21871
  4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. GBD Cancer Compare. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/cancer
  5. About Breast Cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/8577.00.pdf
  6. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2023-2024. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2024. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/2024/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2024.pdf
  7. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2024 Jun 11 [cited 2025 Jun 4];331(22):1918–30. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2818283
  8. Reeves RA, Kaufman T. Mammography. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559310/
  9. Mammograms - NCI [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/mammograms-fact-sheet
  10. Nicosia L, Gnocchi G, Gorini I, Venturini M, Fontana F, Pesapane F, et al. History of Mammography: Analysis of Breast Imaging Diagnostic Achievements over the Last Century. Healthcare [Internet]. 2023 May 30 [cited 2025 Jun 12];11(11):1596. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10252579/
  11. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Cervix Uteri - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
  12. Fowler JR, Maani EV, Dunton CJ, Gasalberti DP, Jack BW. Cervical Cancer. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431093/
  13. Kitchen FL, Cox CM. Papanicolaou Smear. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470165/
  14. Zhang S, Xu H, Zhang L, Qiao Y. Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Chin J Cancer Res [Internet]. 2020 Dec 31 [cited 2025 Jun 13];32(6):720–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7797226/
  15. Draft Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 4]. Available from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening-adults-adolescents#fullrecommendationstart
  16. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2024 May [cited 2025 Jun 3];74(3):229–63. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21834
  17. Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html‌
  18. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2021 Mar 9 [cited 2025 Jun 4];325(10):962–70. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777244
  19. Lancaster HL, Heuvelmans MA, Oudkerk M. Low‐dose computed tomography lung cancer screening: Clinical evidence and implementation research. J Intern Med [Internet]. 2022 Jul [cited 2025 Jun 13];292(1):68–80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9311401/
  20. Pozzessere C, von Garnier C, Beigelman-Aubry C. Radiation Exposure to Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening: Should We Be Concerned? Tomography [Internet]. 2023 Jan 24 [cited 2025 Jun 13];9(1):166–77. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9964027/
  21. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Colon and Rectum - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
  22. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2021 May 18 [cited 2025 Jun 4];325(19):1965–77. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779985
  23. Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
  24. Dhaliwal A, Vlachostergios PJ, Oikonomou KG, Moshenyat Y. Fecal DNA testing for colorectal cancer screening: Molecular targets and perspectives. World J Gastrointest Oncol [Internet]. 2015 Oct 15 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(10):178–83. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606173/‌
  25. Doubeni CA, Corley DA, Jensen CD, Levin TR, Ghai NR, Cannavale K, et al. Fecal Immunochemical Test Screening and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Death. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2024 Jul 19 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(7):e2423671. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2821348
  26. Young PE, Womeldorph CM. Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15 [cited 2025 Jun 13];4(3):217–26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584835/‌
  27. Issa IA, Noureddine M. Colorectal cancer screening: An updated review of the available options. World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2017 Jul 28 [cited 2025 Jun 14];23(28):5086–96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537177/‌
  28. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Endometrium - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html‌
  29. Makker V, MacKay H, Ray-Coquard I, Levine DA, Westin SN, Aoki D, et al. Endometrial Cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primer [Internet]. 2021 Dec 9 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(1):88. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9421940/‌
  30. Endometrial Cancer Prevention - NCI [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/uterine/patient/endometrial-prevention-pdq
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Download
PDF XML
Statistic
Read Counter : 304 Download : 158

Rishika Rawala, Sajjan Thapaa

a Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal

Background

In 2021, over one million women worldwide were diagnosed with cancer. Your cancer risk increases significantly after age 40, especially for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. [1] Regular screenings help detect problems early. This can lead to better outcomes and less aggressive treatments. [2] Despite their importance, many women miss these tests due to fear, busy lives, or lack of awareness.

The Shifting Landscape of Women’s Cancer

More women aged 40 to 65 are being diagnosed with cancer, especially breast, thyroid, and lung cancers. [3] Around the world, lung, breast, and colorectal cancers cause the most deaths among women. Cervical and uterine cancers are still major threats in low and middle-income countries because many women lack access to prevention and screening. These patterns show why regular checkups and screenings are essential to catch cancer early or stop it before it starts. [4]

What Does Cancer Screening Mean?

Figure 1.

Cancer screening checks for cancer before symptoms appear so it can be caught early when treatment is more effective or even prevented. Screening methods include physical exams, laboratory tests, imaging, and genetic testing; however, they aren't perfect and can sometimes lead to false results or overdiagnosis. Because recommendations depend on age, risk, and personal or family history, it is important to discuss options with your healthcare provider. [5]

The Big 5 Cancers Every Woman Over 40 Should Watch Out

1. Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women. [6] About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer at some point in their lifetime. [7] However, timely screening can improve survival and catch the disease early.

Recommended Breast Cancer Screening

Figure 2.

  • When to Begin: 40
  • Test: Mammogram
  • How Often: Every 2 years for women at average risk

High-Risk Women: Those with BRCA mutations, a strong family history, or prior chest radiation may need to begin earlier and have more frequent screenings. [8]

What is a Mammogram?

Mammograms are special low-dose X-rays of the breast that can detect cancer before symptoms appear. [9] The test takes around 20 minutes and can feel uncomfortable, but it usually does not hurt. [10] Studies show that women who get regular mammograms are 30% less likely to die from breast cancer. That’s why breast cancer screening is so important. [11]

2. Cervical Cancer

Most cervical cancer is caused by high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). In the United States, roughly eight out of every 100,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year. [12]

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

In the 1980s, scientists discovered that nearly all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Out of more than 100 types of HPV, types 16 and 18 are the most harmful, causing roughly 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. [13,14]

What Increases Your Risk of Cervical Cancer?

Common risk factors for Cervical Cancer include

  • Early sexual activity
  • Multiple partners
  • Smoking
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Low socioeconomic status [15]

Recommended Cervical Cancer Screening

Figure 3.

  • When to Start: Age 21
  • Tests: Papanicolaou (Pap) test, HPV test, or Pap + HPV co-testing

Screening Schedule

  • Ages 21–29: Pap smear every 3 years
  • Ages 30–65:
    • Preferred: Pap + HPV co-testing every 5 years
    • Alternatives: Pap smear alone every 3 years or HPV test alone every 5 years
  • Over 65: Screening may stop if previous results were normal and risk is low. [16]

What is a Pap Test?

A Pap smear (or Pap test) is a simple screening test used to check for early changes in the cervix that could lead to cancer. During the test a healthcare provider gently collects cells from the cervix using a small brush or spatula. These cells are then examined under a microscope to look for abnormal changes. This test is important because it can find precancerous changes before symptoms appear which allows treatment early and helps prevent cervical cancer. It is recommended for women aged 21–65 years and how often you need it depends on your age, medical history and whether it is combined with HPV testing.

3. Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is now the leading cause of cancer death in women in North America. Nearly half of all new lung cancer diagnoses occur in women, and many are never-smokers. [17,18]

Recommended Lung Cancer Screening (High-Risk Women Only)

Figure 4.

  • When to Start: Age 50
  • Test: Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)
  • How Often: Every year [19]

Who is Eligible?

  • Age 50–80
  • 20 or more pack-year smoking history (one pack a day for 20 years or two packs a day for 10 years)
  • Currently smokes or stopped smoking within the last 15 years

What is a Low-Dose CT Scan?

Low-dose CT (LDCT) uses less radiation than a traditional CT scan and can detect lung cancer early. Among high-risk individuals, it lowers the risk of dying from lung cancer by around 20%. [20]

Does This Increase Your Chance of Radiation Exposure?

LDCT uses three to five times less radiation than a regular chest CT and even less than the natural background radiation most people receive in a year. It is a very low-risk test that helps doctors find lung cancer early, when treatment is easier. [21]

4. Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer affecting women. Each year, about 33 out of every 100,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, and around 11 if them die from it. [22]

Recommended Colorectal Cancer Screening

Figure 5.

  • When to Start: Age 45
  • Tests: Colonoscopy, Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT), FIT-DNA test (e.g., Cologuard).

Screening Frequency

  • Colonoscopy: Every 10 years (polyps can be removed during the test)
  • FIT: Every year
  • FIT-DNA Test: Every 3 years [23]

High-Risk Conditions for Colorectal Cancer

You may have a higher risk of colorectal cancer if you have:

  • A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps
  • A family history of colon cancer
  • Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
  • Certain genetic conditions, like Lynch syndrome [24]

Stool-Based Tests for Colon Cancer Screening

Stool-based tests let you check for colorectal cancer at home without invasive procedures. They can detect hidden blood or abnormal DNA in the stool. The FIT test is done once a year, and fecal DNA tests, like Cologuard®, are done every three years. Any positive result should be followed by a colonoscopy for confirmation. [25,26]

What is a Colonoscopy?

A colonoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a small camera is inserted into the colon and rectum to look for cancer or other problems. During the test, doctors can remove polyps, take tissue samples, and check for signs of inflammation or bleeding. Sedation is usually given to keep the patient comfortable. [27]

The Right Test for Colon Cancer Screening

The best screening method depends on your age, risk factors, and personal preferences. Colonoscopy is thorough and allows polyps to be removed, while stool-based tests are non-invasive and can be done at home. [28]

5. Endometrial Cancer

About one in 32 women will develop uterine (endometrial) cancer in their lifetime. [29] It usually occurs after menopause, but early signs such as unusual bleeding should not be ignored.

Recommended Screening for Endometrial Cancer

  • Average-Risk Women: No routine screening is recommended.
  • Seek Medical Advice if You Notice:
    • Bleeding after menopause
    • Irregular or unusually heavy periods
    • Pelvic pain or a feeling of pressure

    These symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to rule out endometrial cancer.

    High-Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer

    You may have a higher risk of endometrial cancer if you have:

    Figure 6.

    • Obesity
    • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or irregular ovulation
    • Hormone therapy using estrogen without progesterone
    • Inherited genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome.

    What Factors Can Lower the Risk of Endometrial Cancer?

    Endometrial cancer risk can be lowered through several lifestyle and reproductive factors. Furthermore, childbirth and breastfeeding lower estrogen levels and provide protection. Hormonal birth control methods, including pills and certain intrauterine devices (IUDs), can also decrease risk. In addition, keeping a healthy weight and being physically active further contribute to lowering the chance of developing this cancer. [30]

    How is Endometrial Cancer Screened For?

    Bleeding after menopause is usually checked first with an ultrasound done through the vagina to look at the womb lining. If the lining is thin, cancer is very unlikely and further tests are rarely needed. If the lining is thick or bleeding continues, a small sample of the womb lining may be taken for testing. Unusual bleeding before menopause can also be checked in the same way.

    MYTH vs Science: Cancer Edition

    Figure 7.

    4 Tips For Women Over 40 to Take Charge of Cancer Prevention

    Figure 8.

    1. Know your family history: Share details with your provider about any cancers in close relatives.
    2. Talk about risk factors: Smoking, alcohol use, weight, hormones, and reproductive history can all influence cancer risk.
    3. Ask questions: Understand the benefits and risks of each test, and don't hesitate to discuss concerns or hesitations.
    4. Keep up with your screenings: Set reminders and maintain a record of when tests were done last and when they’re due again.

    Conclusion

    Cancer patterns are shifting, particularly for women aged 40 to 60. Regular screening is important because early detection allows for longer survival, less aggressive treatment, and better control over one’s health.

    Regular cancer screening is not about fear—it’s about taking control through knowledge, preparation, and prevention. Women aged 40 and older should work with their healthcare provider to create a personalized screening plan. While not all cancers can be prevented, early detection offers the best chance for a longer, healthier life.

    Questions to Ask Your Doctor

    1. Am I up to date with all my recommended cancer screenings?
    2. How do my personal and family history affect my risk for cancer?
    3. Do I need to start any screenings earlier or do them more often because of my risk?
    4. What symptoms or warning signs should I watch for between check-ups?
    5. Are there any lifestyle changes I can make to lower my cancer risk?

    Conflict of Interest

    The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this work.

    Peer Reviewed by

    Prativa Subedi, MD

    SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Acknowledgment

    The authors utilized generative artificial intelligence(ChatGPT, Grammarly) to enhance language editing and readability. All medical information, interpretation, and conclusions were developed, verified, and approved by the authors.

    References

    1. Sun P, Yu C, Yin L, Chen Y, Sun Z, Zhang T, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of female cancers in women of child-bearing age, 1990–2021: analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. eClinicalMedicine [Internet]. 2024 Aug 1 [cited 2025 Jun 6];74:102713. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258953702400292X
    2. Moleyar-Narayana P, Leslie SW, Ranganathan S. Cancer Screening. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 4]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563138/
    3. Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2025 Jan [cited 2025 Jun 3];75(1):10–45. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21871
    4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. GBD Cancer Compare. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/cancer
    5. About Breast Cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/8577.00.pdf
    6. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2023-2024. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2024. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/2024/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2024.pdf
    7. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2024 Jun 11 [cited 2025 Jun 4];331(22):1918–30. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2818283
    8. Reeves RA, Kaufman T. Mammography. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559310/
    9. Mammograms - NCI [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/mammograms-fact-sheet
    10. Nicosia L, Gnocchi G, Gorini I, Venturini M, Fontana F, Pesapane F, et al. History of Mammography: Analysis of Breast Imaging Diagnostic Achievements over the Last Century. Healthcare [Internet]. 2023 May 30 [cited 2025 Jun 12];11(11):1596. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10252579/
    11. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Cervix Uteri - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html
    12. Fowler JR, Maani EV, Dunton CJ, Gasalberti DP, Jack BW. Cervical Cancer. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431093/
    13. Kitchen FL, Cox CM. Papanicolaou Smear. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470165/
    14. Zhang S, Xu H, Zhang L, Qiao Y. Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Chin J Cancer Res [Internet]. 2020 Dec 31 [cited 2025 Jun 13];32(6):720–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7797226/
    15. Draft Recommendation: Cervical Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 4]. Available from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/cervical-cancer-screening-adults-adolescents#fullrecommendationstart
    16. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2024 May [cited 2025 Jun 3];74(3):229–63. Available from: https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21834
    17. Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html‌
    18. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2021 Mar 9 [cited 2025 Jun 4];325(10):962–70. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777244
    19. Lancaster HL, Heuvelmans MA, Oudkerk M. Low‐dose computed tomography lung cancer screening: Clinical evidence and implementation research. J Intern Med [Internet]. 2022 Jul [cited 2025 Jun 13];292(1):68–80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9311401/
    20. Pozzessere C, von Garnier C, Beigelman-Aubry C. Radiation Exposure to Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening: Should We Be Concerned? Tomography [Internet]. 2023 Jan 24 [cited 2025 Jun 13];9(1):166–77. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9964027/
    21. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Colon and Rectum - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html
    22. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA [Internet]. 2021 May 18 [cited 2025 Jun 4];325(19):1965–77. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779985
    23. Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
    24. Dhaliwal A, Vlachostergios PJ, Oikonomou KG, Moshenyat Y. Fecal DNA testing for colorectal cancer screening: Molecular targets and perspectives. World J Gastrointest Oncol [Internet]. 2015 Oct 15 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(10):178–83. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606173/‌
    25. Doubeni CA, Corley DA, Jensen CD, Levin TR, Ghai NR, Cannavale K, et al. Fecal Immunochemical Test Screening and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Death. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2024 Jul 19 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(7):e2423671. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2821348
    26. Young PE, Womeldorph CM. Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Cancer [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15 [cited 2025 Jun 13];4(3):217–26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584835/‌
    27. Issa IA, Noureddine M. Colorectal cancer screening: An updated review of the available options. World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2017 Jul 28 [cited 2025 Jun 14];23(28):5086–96. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537177/‌
    28. SEER [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jun 3]. Cancer of the Endometrium - Cancer Stat Facts. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/corp.html‌
    29. Makker V, MacKay H, Ray-Coquard I, Levine DA, Westin SN, Aoki D, et al. Endometrial Cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primer [Internet]. 2021 Dec 9 [cited 2025 Jun 14];7(1):88. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9421940/‌
    30. Endometrial Cancer Prevention - NCI [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/uterine/patient/endometrial-prevention-pdq

    Most read articles by the same author(s)

    Similar Articles

    1 2 3 4 5 > >> 

    You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.