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Microprocessor Articles
Page 11 of 42
High-level language program
High level language is the next development in the evolution of computer languages. Examples of some high-level languages are given belowPROLOG (for “PROgramming LOGic”)FORTRAN (for ‘FORrmula TRANslation’)LISP (for “LISt Processing”)Pascal (named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal).High-level languages are like English-like language, with less words also known as keywords and fewer ambiguities. Each high level language will have its own syntax and keywords. The meaning of the word syntax is grammar.Now let us discuss about the disadvantages of high-level languagesA high level language program can’t get executed directly. It requires some translator to get it translated to machine language. There ...
Read MoreMicroprocessor Basics
The processor on a single chip is called a Microprocessor which can process micro-instructions. Instructions in the form of 0s and 1s are called micro-instructions. The microprocessor is the CPU part of a microcomputer, and it is also available as a single integrated circuit. Thus as main components, the microprocessor will have the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of a microcomputer. An example is Intel 8085 microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor features, a microcomputer will have the following additional features −ROM / PROM / EPROM / EEPROM for storing programRAM for storing data, intermediate results, ...
Read More16-bit microprocessors
In computer architecture, 16-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 16 bits (2 octets or 2 Bytes) wide. Also, 16-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 16-bit microcomputers are computers in which 16-bit microprocessors were the norm.As n-bit register can store 2n different values. So as a result, 16-bit register can store 216 different values. If we consider the signed range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits is −32, 768 (−1 × 215) through 32, 767 (215 − ...
Read More32-bit microprocessors
In computer architecture, 32-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 32 bits (4 octets or 4 Bytes) wide. Also, 32-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 32-bit microcomputers are computers in which 32-bit microprocessors are the norm. We know that n-bit microprocessor can handle n-bit word size.As n-bit register can store 2n different values so, a 32-bit register can store 232 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. We ...
Read MoreControl unit and CPU
During the execution of a program, the control unit fetches one instruction at a time from the main memory and then executes it. In this execution process, it takes help of ALU, if the instruction execution involves arithmetic or logical operation (like AND, OR, Ex-OR). After execution of the current instruction, the CPU fetches the next instruction for execution. This process continues until the program is completed and the result is output using the output device. In many computers, the control unit and the ALU are integrated into a single block, known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists ...
Read MoreComputers Input/Output Ports
CPU and the main memory are having speed faster compared to the electromechanical input or output devices like printers, mouse etc. In such a case it is essential that the data lines of the computer should not kept engaged for a long time during communication with input/output (I/O) devices. Otherwise as an effect, the overall speed of the computer system comes down drastically. So I/O devices are connected to a computer through I/O ports.For example, to get a document printed by the printer, phase wise printer will get required information from the CPU to carry out the printing process. After ...
Read MoreMicrocomputer Basics
A microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present in a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production they are becoming still cheaper. Initially in the earlier days they were not very much powerful. Their internal operations and instructions were very much limited and restricted. But ...
Read MoreNumber of instructions in 8085 Microprocessor
INTEL 8085 has a very enriched Instruction Set. Varieties of instructions it can execute. Instructions will have different Byte counts, ranging from 1-Byte to 3-Bytes. Opcode always occupies 1-Byte in the memory. As we know that, with 8 bits for the opcode, 28 = 256 distinct opcodes are possible. In hexadecimal notation, the opcodes can range from 00H to FFH. Each opcode will correspond to an instruction. Thus from the calculation, it is possible to have 256 instructions in the instruction set of 8085. However, only 246 opcodes are implemented in 8085. They can be classified under 66 types, which ...
Read MoreInterfacing ADC with 8085 Microprocessor
In this section we will see how ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) works with Intel 8085 Microprocessor. The Analog to Digital Conversion is a quantizing process. Here the analog signal is represented by equivalent binary states. The A/D converters can be classified into two groups based on their conversion techniques.In the first technique it compares given analog signal with the initially generated equivalent signal. In this technique, it includes successive approximation, counter and flash type converters. In another technique it determines the changing of analog signals into time or frequency. This process includes integrator-converters and voltage-to-frequency converters. The first process ...
Read MoreHistory of Microprocessor
Fair child semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first Integrated Circuit in 1959 that marked the microprocessor history. In 1968, Gordan Moore, Robert Noyce and Andrew Grove resigned from the Fair child semiconductors and started their own company: Integrated Electronics (Intel). In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented. A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which numbers of peripherals’ are fabricated on a single chip. It has ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), a control unit, registers, bus systems and a clock to perform computational tasks.Generation of Microprocessor1st GenerationThis was the period during 1971 to ...
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