CSS Animations

Last Updated : 21 Jan, 2026

CSS animations control the movement and appearance of elements on web pages. We can animate HTML elements without using JavaScript.

HTML 
<html>
<head>
	<style>
		.box {
			width: 100px;
			height: 100px;
			background-color: blue;
			animation: changeColor 3s infinite;
		}

		@keyframes changeColor {
			from {
				background-color: blue;
			}

			to {
				background-color: green;
			}
		}
	</style>
</head>

<body>
	<div class="box"></div>
</body>

</html>

CSS Animation Properties

Property

Description

@keyframes

The @keyframes rule in CSS is used to specify the animation rule.

animation-name

It is used to specify the name of the @keyframes describing the animation.

animation-duration

It is used to specify the time duration it takes animation to complete one cycle.

animation-timing-function

It specifies how animations make transitions through keyframes. There are several presets available in CSS which are used as the value for the animation-timing-function like linear, ease,ease-in,ease-out, and ease-in-out. 

animation-delay

It specifies the delay of the start of an animation.

animation-iteration-count

This specifies the number of times the animation will be repeated.

animation-direction

It defines the direction of the animation. animation direction can be normal, reverse, alternate, and alternate-reverse.

animation-fill-mode

It defines how styles are applied before and after animation. The animation fill mode can be none, forwards, backwards, or both.

animation-play-state

This property specifies whether the animation is running or paused.

@keyframes Rule

The @keyframes rule defines how an element's styles change over time during an animation.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

	<style>
		.box {
			width: 100px;
			height: 100px;
			background-color: blue;
			animation: changeColor 3s infinite;
		}

		@keyframes changeColor {
			from {
				background-color: blue;
			}

			to {
				background-color: green;
			}
		}
	</style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>

<body>
	<div class="box"></div>
</body>

</html>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box class creates a blue square and applies the changeColor animation that lasts 3 seconds and repeats infinitely.
  • The @keyframes changeColor rule changes the background color from blue to green.

Syntax:

@keyframes animation-name {    from {        /* Initial Styles */    }    to {        /* Final Styles */    }}
  • The from defines the starting styles, and to defines the ending styles.
  • You can also use percentage values to specify intermediate steps.

animation-name Property

The animation-name property specifies the name of the @keyframes animation to apply to an element.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation-name: moveRight;
            animation-duration: 2s;
            animation-iteration-count: infinite;
        }

        @keyframes moveRight {
            from {
                transform: translateX(0);
            }
            to {
                transform: translateX(200px);
            }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box class applies the moveRight animation to the <div>.
  • The animation-name links the element to the @keyframes moveRight sequence.
  • The box moves horizontally from its original position to 200px to the right over 2 seconds, repeating infinitely.

Syntax:

animation-name: animationName;

animation-timing-function property

The animation-timing-function property controls the speed curve of an animation, defining how the animation progresses over its duration.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation-name: slide;
            animation-duration: 3s;
            animation-timing-function: ease-in;
            animation-iteration-count: infinite;
        }

        @keyframes slide {
            from {
                transform: translateX(0);
            }
            to {
                transform: translateX(300px);
            }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>

<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box class applies the slide animation to the <div>.
  • The animation-timing-function: ease-in; makes the animation start slowly and then speed up.

Syntax:

animation-timing-function: timingFunction;

animation-delay property

The animation-delay property specifies a delay before an animation starts, controlling when the animation begins after being triggered.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation-name: fadeIn;
            animation-duration: 2s;
            animation-delay: 1s;
            animation-iteration-count: infinite;
        }
        @keyframes fadeIn {
            from { opacity: 0; }
            to { opacity: 1; }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>

<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box element is set to fade in using the fadeIn animation.
  • The animation-delay: 1s; delays the start of the animation by one second.
  • The animation lasts for 2 seconds and repeats infinitely.

Syntax:

animation-delay: time;

animation-iteration-count property

The animation-iteration-count property specifies how many times an animation should repeat.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

	<style>
		.box {
			width: 100px;
			height: 100px;
			background-color: blue;
			animation: bounce 2s infinite;
		}
		@keyframes bounce {
			0% {
				transform: translateY(0);
			}

			50% {
				transform: translateY(-50px);
			}

			100% {
				transform: translateY(0);
			}
		}
	</style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
	<div class="box"></div>
</body>

</html>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box element uses the bounce animation that lasts 2 seconds.
  • animation-iteration-count: infinite; makes the animation loop endlessly.

Syntax:

animation-iteration-count: number | infinite;

animation-direction property

The animation-direction property specifies whether an animation should play forward, backward, or alternate between the two directions.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

	<style>
		.box {
			width: 100px;
			height: 100px;
			background-color: blue;
			animation: move 2s infinite;
			animation-direction: alternate;
		}
		@keyframes move {
			from {
				transform: translateX(0);
			}

			to {
				transform: translateX(200px);
			}
		}
	</style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
	<div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box element moves from its original position to 200px to the right.
  • animation-direction: alternate; makes the animation play forward on the first iteration and then backward on the next, creating a back-and-forth motion.

Syntax:

animation-direction: normal | reverse | alternate | alternate-reverse;

animation-fill-mode property

The animation-fill-mode property specifies how a CSS animation should apply styles to its target before and after it is executing.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation: move 3s forwards;
        }
        @keyframes move {
            from {
                transform: translateX(0);
            }
            to {
                transform: translateX(200px);
            }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>

<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box element moves from its original position to 200px to the right over 3 seconds.
  • animation-fill-mode: forwards; ensures that the box retains the final state of the animation after it completes.

Syntax:

animation-fill-mode: none | forwards | backwards | both;

animation-play-state property

The animation-play-state property controls whether an animation is running or paused.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation: spin 4s linear infinite;
            animation-play-state: paused;
        }

        .box:hover {
            animation-play-state: running;
        }

        @keyframes spin {
            from {
                transform: rotate(0deg);
            }
            to {
                transform: rotate(360deg);
            }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>

<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box element has a spin animation that rotates it 360 degrees over 4 seconds infinitely.
  • animation-play-state: paused; initially pauses the animation.

Syntax:

animation-play-state: running | paused;

Animation Shorthand Property

The animation shorthand property allows you to set all animation-related properties in a single declaration, making your CSS code cleaner and more concise.

HTML 
<!--Driver Code Starts-->
<html>
<head>
<!--Driver Code Ends-->

    <style>
        .box {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: blue;
            animation: move 2s ease-in 1s infinite alternate forwards;
        }
        @keyframes move {
            from {
                transform: translateX(0);
                background-color: blue;
            }
            to {
                transform: translateX(200px);
                background-color: green;
            }
        }
    </style>

<!--Driver Code Starts-->
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box"></div>
</body>
</html>

<!--Driver Code Ends-->
  • The .box class uses the animation shorthand to apply the move animation.
  • The animation lasts for 2 seconds, starts after a 1-second delay, runs infinitely, alternates direction, and retains the final state.
  • The box moves from its original position to 200px to the right and changes color from blue to green smoothly.

Syntax:

animation: [animation-name] [animation-duration] [animation-timing-function] 
[animation-delay] [animation-iteration-count] [animation-direction] [animation-fill-mode]
[animation-play-state];

Best Practices for CSS Animations

Here are some best practices listed below:

  • Use Animations Purposefully: Apply animations to enhance user experience without causing distractions.
  • Animate Performance-Friendly Properties: Prefer animating properties like transform and opacity for smoother performance.
  • Ensure Accessibility: Provide options for users to reduce or disable animations to accommodate those with motion sensitivities.
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Article Tags:
Web Technologies
CSS
CSS-Advanced

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