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Excel Math and Trigonometry Functions Guide

A short guide to the Excel Math and Trigonometry functions, including SUM, SUMIFS, ROUND, RAND, and many more.

Author: Debra Dalgleish

Excel SUMIFS for multiple criteria

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Introduction: Excel Math and Trig Functions

These functions perform basic and advanced mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, logarithms, and trigonometry.

Some of the most-used mathematical functions are SUM (which adds up a range of numbers), AVERAGE (which calculates the average of a range of numbers), and ROUND (which rounds a number to a specified number of digits)

This guide will give you a quick overview of key Math and Trig functions, and will lead you to in-depth articles, where you'll find detailed examples, step-by-step videos, and sample files to download.

Excel Sum Functions

The first Excel function that most people learn is SUM, to get the total for a range of cells that contain numbers. You can also calculate totals based on one criterion, using SUMIF, or multiple criteria, using SUMIFS.

For a quick overview of 7 different ways to sum numbers with Excel functions, you can watch this 9-minute video. There is a SUMIFS example, below the video, and a link to more examples.

Video Timeline

0:00 Introduction
0:09 1. Quick Grand Totals
0:45 2. Sum Specific Cells
1:56 3. Running Total
3:28 4. Sum Specific Items
4:41 5. Sum Partial Match
6:21 6. Sum With Multiple Criteria
7:46 7. Sum in Filtered List
09:27 Get the Sample File -- Download the 7 Ways to Sum sample file

Example - SUMIFS - Match multiple criteria

In this example, the SUMIFS function will sum the amounts in column D, based on 2 criteria:

the status in column B is "Shipped"
number of units in column C is greater than or equal to 10

Those criteria are entered in cells F6 (Shipped) and G6 (10)

SUMIFS - Match multiple criteria

To calculate the total amount, based on those two criteria, enter the following formula in cell A14:

=SUMIFS(D3:D10,B3:B10, "Shipped", C3:C10,">=" & 10)

Tip: To make the formula more flexible, so you can easily change the criteria if needed, refer to worksheet cells, instead of typing the criteria in the formula. For example:

=SUMIFS(D3:D10,B3:B10, F6, C3:C10,">=" & G6)

More Information - Sum Functions

Click the link to read more about the Excel Sum functions, including SUM, SUMIF and SUMIFS. You'll find examples, videos, and sample Excel files to download.

RAND and RANDBETWEEN Functions

There are two Microsoft Excel functions that create random numbers -- RAND and RANDBETWEEN. Here is a quick overview of what each function does:

RAND: Returns a random decimal number, between zero and 1
RANDBETWEEN: Returns a random integer number, within a specified range of numbers

Example - Create Random Text and Numbers

In this video, RANDBETWEEN creates a set of random test score data, for records in a sample data file. When combined with CHOOSE, the RANDBETWEEN function can even return random text.

Create Random Text and Numbers

See the steps in this video, and the written instructions are below the video

More Information - RAND and RANDBETWEEN

Click the link to read more about the Excel RAND and RANDBETWEEN functions. You'll find examples, videos, and sample Excel files to download.

Rounding Functions

Another widely-used Excel math and trig function is ROUND, which rounds a number to a specified number of digits. There are other rounding functions too -- ROUND, MROUND, FLOOR, CEILING and more.

To see a quick overview of 7 ways to round in Excel, you can watch this short slide show. There are step by step instructions, and the sample file, on read more about the Excel Rounding functions page.

Example - Round Age by Decade

In this example, insteading of reducing the decimal places in a formula result, the ROUND function rounds by 10s.

In the screen shot below, the age is rounded to the nearest decade, by using -1 as the number of decimal places to round. Because the number is negative, it rounds to the left of the decimal place.

=ROUND(B4,-1)

round age to nearest decade

More Information - Rounding Functions

Click the link to read more about the Excel Rounding functions, including ROUND, MROUND, FLOOR, CEILING and more. You'll find examples, videos, and sample Excel files to download.

Math and Trig Function Pages

Sum -- Excel SUM function examples. Plus sign errors. Sum with criteria. Sum date range or filtered list. SUMIF, SUMIFS, SUMPRODUCT, SUBTOTAL. Videos, sample files. Details on the Excel Sum Formula Examples Quick Tips Videos page.
Random -- How to use Excel RAND function and RANDBETWEEN function to create random numbers or random text. Easy examples, video and written steps, Free workbooks. Details on the Excel RAND Function RANDBETWEEN Function Examples page.
SEQUENCE -- Examples for Excel SEQUENCE function. Quickly create list of numbers on worksheet. Combine with other functions for powerful formulas. Sample file to download. Details on the Excel SEQUENCE Function Examples Getting Started page.
Rounding -- How to use Excel Rounding functions to round a number up or down. Troubleshoot Excel rounding problems. Details on the How to Use Excel Rounding Functions page.

All Excel Math and Trig Functions

Below is the full list of Excel Math and Trig Functions, and you can find more information on the Microsoft website.

Note: Blue links go to the related function page, here on the Contextures site.

To see the full list of Excel Math and Trig functions, click on the green check box below. When you're finished, you can click the check box again, to hide the full list

✅ Click here for Full List of Math and Trig Functions

Excel Math and Trig Functions - Full List

ABS	Returns the absolute value of a number
ACOS	Returns the arccosine of a number
ACOSH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
ACOT	Returns the arccotangent of a number
ACOTH	Returns the hyperbolic arccotangent of a number
AGGREGATE	Returns an aggregate in a list or database
ARABIC	Converts a Roman number to Arabic, as a number
ASIN	Returns the arcsine of a number
ASINH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
ATAN	Returns the arctangent of a number
ATAN2	Returns the arctangent from x- and y-coordinates
ATANH	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
BASE	Converts a number into a text representation with the given radix (base)
CEILING.MATH	Rounds a number up, to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
CEILING.PRECISE	Rounds a number the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. Regardless of the sign of the number, the number is rounded up.
COMBIN	Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects
COMBINA	Returns the number of combinations with repetitions for a given number of items
COS	Returns the cosine of a number
COSH	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
COT	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
COTH	Returns the cotangent of an angle
CSC	Returns the cosecant of an angle
CSCH	Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of an angle
DECIMAL	Converts a text representation of a number in a given base into a decimal number
DEGREES	Converts radians to degrees
EVEN	Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer
EXP	Returns e raised to the power of a given number
FACT	Returns the factorial of a number
FACTDOUBLE	Returns the double factorial of a number
FLOOR.MATH	Rounds a number down, to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
FLOOR.PRECISE	Rounds a number the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. Regardless of the sign of the number, the number is rounded up.
GCD	Returns the greatest common divisor
INT	Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
ISO.CEILING	Returns a number that is rounded up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
LCM	Returns the least common multiple
LN	Returns the natural logarithm of a number
LOG	Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base
LOG10	Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
MDETERM	Returns the matrix determinant of an array
MINVERSE	Returns the matrix inverse of an array
MMULT	Returns the matrix product of two arrays
MOD	Returns the remainder from division
MROUND	Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple
MULTINOMIAL	Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers
MUNIT	Returns the unit matrix or the specified dimension
ODD	Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer
PI	Returns the value of pi
POWER	Returns the result of a number raised to a power
PRODUCT	Multiplies its arguments
QUOTIENT	Returns the integer portion of a division
RADIANS	Converts degrees to radians
RAND	Returns a random number between 0 and 1
RANDARRAY	Returns an array of random numbers between 0 and 1. However, you can specify the number of rows and columns to fill, minimum and maximum values, and whether to return whole numbers or decimal values.
RANDBETWEEN	Returns a random number between the numbers you specify
ROMAN	Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text
ROUND	Rounds a number to a specified number of digits
ROUNDDOWN	Rounds a number down, toward zero
ROUNDUP	Rounds a number up, away from zero
SEC	Returns the secant of an angle
SECH	Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle
SEQUENCE	Generates a list of sequential numbers in an array, such as 1, 2, 3, 4
SERIESSUM	Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula
SIGN	Returns the sign of a number
SIN	Returns the sine of the given angle
SINH	Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
SQRT	Returns a positive square root
SQRTPI	Returns the square root of (number * pi)
SUBTOTAL	Returns a subtotal in a list or database
SUM	Adds its arguments
SUMIF	Adds the cells specified by a given criteria
SUMIFS	Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple criteria
SUMPRODUCT	Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components
SUMSQ	Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments
SUMX2MY2	Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays
SUMX2PY2	Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays
SUMXMY2	Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays
TAN	Returns the tangent of a number
TANH	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
TRUNC	Truncates a number to an integer

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CHOOSE

LOOKUP

Engineering Functions

Lookup - 2 Criteria

HYPERLINK

INDIRECT