SCOPE This document recommends standards procedures for conducting an inspection program on drill stem components. Inspection and disassembly of equipment such as jars, and hole openers are not covered. PURPOSE To reduce inspection errors. The program defines: What method to use on which component A step by step procedure for each method What defines acceptable … Continue reading Drill Pipe Inspection
Tag: Engineering
Wellbore Tubulars
Casing hanger – this is installed to support the individual casing strings in the well. This is the landing base or casing head. This is usually welded or screwed to the top of the surface casing string. The surface casing string serves as a foundation pile for the well. This transfers the hanging load to … Continue reading Wellbore Tubulars
A Guide to Reaming
Always Plan your tripping schedule: Record tight spots from previous trips Know the wellbore geometry; the deviation, doglegs etc. maintain constant communication with your directional personnel. Despite pulling up always be prepared to run downward. This may be needed to free the pipe after a connection. One example is the consistent execution of 200 to … Continue reading A Guide to Reaming
A Guide to Hole Cleaning
Hole cleaning is an essential part of drilling. It ensures that the material that is drilled is effectively and efficiently being removed from the wellbore. Failure to achieve proper hole cleaning can result in a host of wellbore problems and issues. Indications of poor hole cleaning: Excessive pull on trips High rotary torque Lowered rate … Continue reading A Guide to Hole Cleaning
Perforations
This is done to provide affective flow communication between reservoir and wellbore. The perforating jobs is irreversible and as such requires good planning. The shaped jet perforator is mechanically simple and reliable, with generally higher performance. Suits a wider range of completion needs. The wireline methods have offered depth control, selective firing speed and low … Continue reading Perforations
Effect of bit on Rotary Assembly
Roller Cone – makes very little difference on the build, hold or drop angle. This type of bit does influence the walk rate. They have a right walk tendency, long tooth bits exhibit this more than short tooth bits. PDC – no walk occurs. They do affect the inclination. The gauge length of the … Continue reading Effect of bit on Rotary Assembly
Cementing Additives and Mechanisms
There are 8 general categories of additives. Accelerators – Reduces setting time and increases the rate of compressive strength build up. Retarders – Extends the Setting time. Extenders – Lowers the density. Weighting Agents – Increases density. Dispersants – Reduces viscosity. Fluid Loss Control Agents. Lost Circulation Control Agents. Specialty Agents. Accelerators Can be … Continue reading Cementing Additives and Mechanisms
Petroleum Geology
Basics 3 basic layers that make up the earth; core, mantle and the crust. The crust is the most important and it is divided into two distinct types; Continental – 16-48km thick Oceanic – 8-11km thick Orogeny – when the crust is built layers fold over each other and are pushed upward. Weathering Physical – … Continue reading Petroleum Geology
Replaceable Sleeve Stabilizer
Stabilizer-Integral Bladed
Horizontal Completions
Formation considerations Homogenous Heterogeneous Naturally Fractured Homogenous-found in heavy oil sands. Easy to accommodate in completion and don't require wellbore segregation. Can be treated with the entire wellbore exposed using coiled tubing or perforated technology. Heterogeneous-reservoir quality and pressure vary between sections of the wellbore. These segments of the wellbore need to be isolated to … Continue reading Horizontal Completions
Chemical Treatment of Drilling Fluids
Chemical treating agents reduce flocculation in clay water drilling fluids by one of more of the following mechanisms; Removal of contamination be precipitation Reducing the contaminant effect by sequestering the contaminant Neutralizing flocculation by satisfying cationic charges on the clay particles Forms a protective film around the clay particles Phosphates Powerful anionic dispersants, only … Continue reading Chemical Treatment of Drilling Fluids
Types of Clays
The first type is needle spaded non-swelling clays eg. Attapulgite or sepiolite. The shape of the clay allows it to build viscosity. As a result of their shape and poor swelling characteristics they don’t exhibit poor filtration control. Attapulgite is used primarily as a viscosity builder in saltwater fluids. Sepiolite is used as a supplemental … Continue reading Types of Clays
Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
This a electrically powered pump that is inserted into oil-well bore to facilitate the lifting of the well bore fluid. The pump as its name implies is electrically powered and submerged in the fluid. The operation of the pump as with all pumps creates a pressure difference allowing the fluid to flow upward out of … Continue reading Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
(Oil)Well Bore Packers
Packer Applications Casing Protection Separation of multiple Zones Isolation Packers Elimination of Surging and heading Sub-surface safety control Artificial/Gas LiftThere are three types of packers; mechanical and hydraulic set and permanent. All packers fall into one or a combination of these.Mechanical Set Packers- These are set by some form of tubing movement, usually a rotation … Continue reading (Oil)Well Bore Packers
Gas To Liquid
This is a refining process to convert gas to other gaseous hydrocarbons with longer chains such as gasoline or diesel. Methane rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels via direct conversion or via syngas. Methanol to Gasoline Process (MTG) The process starts by converting the natural gas to syngas then conversion of the syngas … Continue reading Gas To Liquid
Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel
With the rise in environmental concern and caring the fuel we use has had to be improved. There have been several iterations of making the fuel more environmentally palatable. The most popular was the introduction of unleaded fuel and MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether). Initially lead was used to prevent knocking of the fuel, then … Continue reading Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel
Acid Amine Treatment
This is also known as gas sweetening or acid gas removal. It refers to a group of processes that use aqueous solutions of various alkylamines (amine) to remove hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. It is known as sweetening as the process removes the H2S gas thus improving the odour of the waste/process gas. Different amines … Continue reading Acid Amine Treatment
Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR)
A chemical process in the refinery used to convert refinery naptha, which is of low octane levels to high octane reformates, which are components of high octane gasoline (high octane petrol). The process re-arranges or re-structures the hydrocarbon molecule in the naptha feedstock. In the some cases it can break the molecules up. The overall … Continue reading Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR)
Merox
This is an acronym for mercaptan oxidation. This is a proprietary process developed by Universal Oil Products (UOP). It is used by oil refineries and gas processing plants to remove mercaptans from the LPG, propanes, butanes, light naptha, kerosene, and jet fuel by converting then to liquid hydrogen disulfides. The process requires an alkaline environment. … Continue reading Merox