References

CLINICAL PUBLICATIONS

Diagnostic accuracy of SeptiCyte® RAPID to discriminate sepsis from non-infectious critical illness in patients meeting sepsis criteria according to sepsis-3 definition at icu admission

Read more about this study to validate the SeptiCyte® RAPID assay, a molecular test to distinguish sepsis from sterile inflammation, by determining its diagnostic accuracy in critically ill patients who meet criteria for sepsis according to Sepsis-3 definition on ICU admission

Likelihood of Blood Culture Positivity Using SeptiCyte® RAPID

Higher SeptiCyte® RAPID scores were associated with a greater likelihood of positive blood cultures in patients with suspected sepsis. The findings suggest the test may help clinicians estimate infection risk earlier than traditional culture results.

Host Transcriptomics and Culture-Independent Testing for the Management of Febrile Neutropenia: Data From an Observational Study Conducted in a Bone Marrow Transplant Unit

This study found that rapid culture-independent diagnostics, including T2 magnetic resonance testing and a host response assay (SeptiScore), showed promise in managing febrile neutropenia in bone marrow transplant patients, with SeptiScore helping to differentiate infectious from non-infectious fever despite limited pathogen coverage by T2MR.

Early Use of Innovative Biomarkers Such as Mid-Regional Pro-Adrenomedullin and SeptiCyte® RAPID in Post-Cardiac Surgery Patients: Pilot Case Series

Data highlights the good performance of SeptiCyte® RAPID in yielding negative results in patients undergoing CPB without risk of infectious complications and subsequent early development of septic shock.

Blood transcriptomic for the diagnosis of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients: an observational proof-of-concept study

This study explored whether a gene expression test could identify ICU-acquired infections in critically ill patients. The test outperformed traditional biomarkers, showing promise for faster and more reliable diagnosis.

Infection, 2025 Aug 11. doi: 10.1007/s15010-025-02602-z.

Diagnostic performance of SeptiCyte® RAPID in critically ill patients with occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia: a pilot study

This pilot study evaluated how well the SeptiCyte® RAPID test detects sepsis in critically ill patients suffering from occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia. The authors explored its diagnostic accuracy and potential to support both antimicrobial stewardship and assessment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Journal of Critical Care. 2025 Oct:89:155128. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2025.155128. Epub 2025 May 29.

SeptAsTERS- SeptiCyte® RAPID as assessment tool for early recognition of sepsis – a prospective observational study

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a point-of-care molecular host response assay (SeptiCyte® RAPID) in accurately differentiating sepsis from post-surgical inflammation in critically ill patients.

Infection. 2025 Jun;53(3):953-965. doi: 10.1007/s15010-024-02409-4. Epub 2024 Nov 22.

 

Rapid and Robust Identification of Sepsis Using SeptiCyte RAPID in a Heterogeneous Patient Population

The study evaluated the performance of SeptiCyte RAPID across a diverse patient population. Results showed consistent accuracy, unaffected by most demographic and clinical factors.

JCM, Volume 13, Issue 20, 10.3390/jcm13206044

Integrating omics techniques and culture- independent systems may improve the detection of persistent candidemia: data from an observational study

This study explores integrating transcriptome profiling with culture-independent systems and conventional cultures which may increase our ability to diagnose persistent candidemia.

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 23, Article number: 75 (2024); doi.org/10.1186/s12941-024-00736-w

 

Validation of SeptiCyte Rapid to discriminate sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammation

This study validates SeptiCyte RAPID for the discrimination of sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammation, and for the estimation of the probability of sepsis on the first day of ICU admission, under either the Sepsis-2 or Sepsis-3 frameworks.

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Volume 13, Issue 5, 10.3390/jcm13051194

Host response signature trends in persistent bacteraemia and metastatic infection due to Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacilli: A prospective multicentre observational study

This study explores the association between a SeptiCyte RAPID SeptiScore and persistent bacteraemia as well as metastatic and persistent infection in the context of a proven bacteraemia episode.

Infectious Diseases, DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2294122

Stratification of COVID-19 severity using SeptiCyte Rapid, A novel host immune response test

SeptiCyte RAPID can be a useful tool to identify patients with severe forms of COVID-19 in ED, as well as during follow-up.

Viruses 2023, volume 15, Issue 2, pg. 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020419

Evaluation of the host immune response assay SeptiCyte Rapid for potential triage of COVID-19 patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate SeptiCyte RAPID, a host immune response assay as a triaging tool for COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization and potentially ICU care.

Scientific Reports 2023, Volume 13, Issue 944, . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28178-y

A fully integrated diagnostic test to discriminate sepsis from infection-negative systemic inflammation

An article describing the research work that led to the validation and FDA market clearance of SeptiCyte LAB for differentiating sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammation and the recent transition to SeptiCyte RAPID for a more rapid turnaround time on a near-patient platform

Validation of a host response assay, SeptiCyte® Lab, for discriminating sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the ICU

Clinical validation of a new approach using host response not pathogen detection to differentiate sepsis from SIRS

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2018, Volume 198, Issue 7, Pg  903-913

A pilot study of a novel molecular host response assay to diagnose infection in patients after high-risk gastro-intestinal surgery

A pilot study using host response, Septicyte® LAB, to monitor patients post-surgery for the development of infectious complications

Diagnostic accuracy of a host gene expression signature that discriminates clinical severe sepsis syndrome and infection-negative systemic inflammation among critically ill children

Septicyte® LAB, a test measuring host response, clearly differentiates sepsis from post-surgical inflammation in children

Validation of a novel molecular host response assay to diagnose infection in hospitalized patients admitted to the ICU with acute respiratory failure

Validation of SeptiCyte® LAB for use in ICU patients with acute respiratory failure

POSTERS

“SeptiCyte® RAPID can aid physicians in identifying sepsis when patients present from a variety of primary infection sites.”

SCCM 2025

Diagnosing Pediatric Sepsis with SeptiCyte® RAPID Host Gene Expression

“In this collective cohort, SeptiCyte® RAPID differentiated critically ill children with sepsis compared to those with infection negative SIRS with good predictive power (AUROC=0.83).”

SCCM 2025

Utility Of A Host Response – Sepsis Diagnostic Assay For Longitudinal Monitoring Of Sepsis Patients: A Case Study

“This case study demonstrates the potential of SeptiCyte® RAPID in monitoring clinical evolution and treatment response in a sepsis patient.”

Presented at ASTMH, November 13-17, New Orleans. https://www.astmh.org

Assay For Longitudinal Monitoring In Severe Malaria: A Case Study

“This exploratory case study of longitudinal SeptiScores® in a case of severe malaria demonstrates:

1) SeptiScore®ʼs potential as a correlate of severity in parasitic infections (in addition to bacterial and viral sepsis)

2) SeptiScore®ʼs potential as an indicator of treatment response in such infections.”

Presented at ASTMH, November 13-17, New Orleans. https://www.astmh.org

 

Prospective Evaluation Of The Septicyte® Rapid Assay For The Identification Of Systemic Infectious Diseases In Patients With Suspected Sepsis

“In this real-life evaluation on a German ICU, SeptiScores were higher in patients with sepsis-like clinical symptomatologies and detectable microbiological pathogens than in controls.”

Sophia Benthien, Cem Ucarer, Vitalie Mazuru, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Carsten Zeiner, Guy Danziger, Philipp M. Lepper, Department of Internal Medicine V, Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Sören L. Becker, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany

European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2024

Septicyte RAPID, A New Biomarker For The Diagnosis Of Nosocomial Infections In ICU Polytrauma Patients

“SeptiCyte RAPID appears to be a promising diagnostic tool to complement ICU physician assessment of nosocomial infection likelihood, especially VAP, in ICU polytrauma patients.”

L. Neutre, M. Bouras, M. Denis, C. Douarec, T. Goronflot, A. Roquilly

European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2024

Accurate Sepsis Identification Using Septicyte Rapid And Other Biomarkers Of Systemic Inflammation

“No combination of biomarkers outperformed SeptiScore® alone, or models including SeptiScore®, at identifying sepsis.”

Dr. Roy F. Davis, MD, Ph.D., Dr. Tom van der Poll, MD, Dr. Robert Balk, MD, Dr. Richard Brandon, BVSc (Hons) Ph.D., Dr. Silvia Cermelli Ph.D., Dr. Krupa Navalkar, Ph.D

Research Snapshot Theater: Sepsis, Adult I at The Society of Critical Care Medicine’s (SCCM) 2024 Critical Care Congress.

Critical Care Medicine | volume 52, Issue 1: p S684, January 2024.|DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0001003860.47668.ec

Performance of SeptiCyte Rapid for determining probability of sepsis in immunocompromised patients or those on immunosuppressant therapy

“SeptiCyte® RAPID is reliable for the determination of probability of sepsis in immunocompromised patients, or for patients on immunotherapy, and across a broad range of white cell counts.”

Krupa Navalkar, PhD, Tom van der Poll, MD, PhD, Robert Balk, MD, Richard Brandon, BVSc (Hons) PhD, MBA, Roy Davis, MD, PhD, MHA

Association for Molecular Pathology, Annual Meeting Abstracts | Volume 25, Issue 11, Supplement, S1-S186 | Association for Molecular Pathology  (AMP) 2023 Annual Meeting Abstracts, 14 -18 Nov. 2023

Potential Impact Of A Host Response Gene Expression Sepsis Assay (Septicyte Rapid) In A Tertiary Emergency Department Setting

“Sepsis diagnostic and initiation of treatment decisions should include probability of sepsis with SeptiCyte RAPID being an additional aid.”

Sadia Aslam, MD, Rakesh Alva, MD, and Erkan Hassan of PharmD

Original Investigation Posters at CHEST 2023

Critical Care| Volume 164, Issue 4, Supplement, A1608, October 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2023.07.1105

Immunexpress and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Present Quality Improvement Feasibility with SeptiCyte® RAPID

American Association for Clinical Chemistry Annual Scientific Meeting and Clinical Lab Expo 2023

“The early accurate diagnosis of sepsis can be challenging, but recent advancements in FDA-cleared lab tests have introduced new tools that may enhance earlier diagnosis.”

Layla Sankari, Hallie H Dolin, Rana Hejal, Habib I Mohammad, Anne Windau, Christina Greig, Deepali R Savadekar, Casey M Weisenberger, Kenneth Remy, Frank Jacono, and Xiaochun S Zhang. University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

Use of NEWS2 and SeptiCyte® RAPID in Acutely Ill Patients Suspected of Sepsis

“A combination of SeptiCyte RAPID with NEWS2 may assist clinicians in rapidly and accurately identifying and assessing risk of poor outcomes in acutely ill patients with Sepsis.”

Dr. Richard Brandon, Dr. Krupa A. Navalkar, Dr. Thomas D. Yager, Dr. Silvia Cermelli, Dr. Roy F. Davis; International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine (ISICEM) 2023, March 21-24, 2023

Clarifying Uncertainty In Sepsis Diagnosis Using A Gene Expression Assay

“For patients initially classified as indeterminate and then reassessed by a forced diagnosis, SeptiCyte® RAPID significantly differentiated between SIRS and sepsis.”

E. Hassan, P. Meijer, R. Davis, S. Cermelli and R. Balk

European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2023

Performance of a Molecular Host Response Assay in Patients Suspected of Sepsis and Stratified by qSOFA

1. In this study, a large percentage of patients initially suspected of sepsis were retrospectively determined to not have sepsis.
2. SeptiCyte® RAPID used alone outperformed other rapid and easily measured markers of sepsis.
3. SeptiCyte® RAPID should be used early in the diagnostic pathway for patients suspected of sepsis to determine likelihood of sepsis. qSOFA, should be used to determine likelihood of poor outcome once a sepsis likelihood has been determined.
4. Rapid and early identification of patients with sepsis using SeptiCyte® RAPID can lead to better management of patients suspected of sepsis.

Dr. Silvia Cermelli, Dr. Krupa A. Navalkar, Dr. Roy F. Davis, Dr. Richard Brandon, Dr. Thomas D. Yager, Dr. Robert Balk

International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine (ISICEM) 2023, March 21-24, 2023

Brussels Congress Center, Brussels

Multi-Site Validation of EDTA Blood As A Sample Type For SeptiCyte® RAPID CE-IVD, A Near Patient Diagnostic Test For Sepsis On The Biocartis Idylla System

“The results of this study confirm the equivalence of PAXgene® and EDTA blood sample types in the clinical setting when processed with the SeptiCyte® RAPID CE-IVD cartridge. Combined with the small 240 µL blood volume requirement and the convenient and long storage conditions, the addition of the widely used EDTA blood tube as a validated sample type has the potential to greatly expand the clinical utility of this new near patient sepsis diagnostic”

Parcina M, Vasse M, Hannet I, Kirk J. Multi-site validation of EDTA blood as a sample type for SeptiCyte® RAPID CE-IVD, a near-patient diagnostic test for sepsis on the Biocartis Idylla™ System. Association for Molecular Pathology  (AMP) 2022 Annual Meeting Abstracts. J Mol Diagn 2022, 24:S1 Abstract G001

Clinical Validation of Septicyte Rapid, An FDA Cleared Gene Expression Assay for Sepsis

“SeptiCyte® RAPID has been shown to out perform other tools for suspected sepsis including lactate and PCT, providing an earlier and more accurate sepsis diagnosis. This fast and accurate sepsis diagnosis improves patient outcomes.”

A commercial rapid host-response test in COVID-19 severity stratification and triage

“SeptiCyte® RAPID can be processed using EDTA blood samples. The assay can distinguish COVID-19 cases with Severe or Critical presentation on CT from those with Mild or Moderate presentation.”

European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2022

Comparison of Lactate, Procalcitonin and a Gene Signature Assay Alone or in Combination to Differentiate Sepsis from Infection Negative Systemic Inflammation in ICU Patients

“SeptiCyte® RAPID proved superior to routinely used diagnostic tools for the differentiation of sepsis from infection negative systemic inflammation”

Hassan E, Davis R, Sampson D, et al. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 8, Issue Supplement_1, November 2021, S588.

Use of SeptiCyte® RAPID Assay to Assess the Risk of ICU admission in COVID-19 Patients

“Diagnostic performance demonstrated that SeptiCyte® RAPID discriminated critical/severe COVID-19 cases from moderate/mild cases.”

M Hardy-Werbin et al ESMID e-library

European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 2021

SeptiCyte® RAPID in Sepsis Cases with Malignancies or Treated with Anitneoplastics/Immunosuppressants 

“A study showing the performance of SeptiCyte RAPID in patients with malignancies and/or on anti-neoplastic or corticosteroid therapies”

Davis R, Navalkar K, van der Poll T, et al. Critical Care Medicine 2021;49(1):643

Comparison of a Cartridge-Based Host Gene Expressions Test to a Manual Method for Use in the Diagnosis of Sepsis

“SeptiCyte® RAPID test is a rapid, repeatable, reproducible, near-patient, immune-response sepsis diagnostic, providing accurate results in ~ 1 hr to differentiate sepsis from SIRS”

Cermelli S, Heath K, Kauleers I. et al. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 2020;22(11)S26.

In Silico Performance of a Rapid Sepsis Test in Patients with Candidemia

“SeptiCyte® RAPID differentiated patients with candidemia from those with INSI/SIRS, not infected and healthy subjects”

Sampson D, Bulter J, Sengers H. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 2020;22(11)S29

Clinical Performance of a Rapid Sepsis Test on a Near-Patient Molecular Testing Platform

“First demonstration of a validated, fully-integrated, rapid, repeatable, reproducible, near-patient, immune-response sepsis diagnostic”

“Preliminary diagnostic characteristics of SeptiCyte® RAPID test in differentiating sepsis from SIRS”

J Kirk et al Critical Care 2020 24 (Suppl 1): 87

Accuracy of Septicyte® for Diagnosis of Sepsis Across a Broad Range of Patients

“The SeptiCyte® signature has broad diagnostic utility in heterogenous sepsis patient population”

K Navaler et al Critical Care 2020 24 (Suppl 1): 87

Analysis of Discordance Between the Clinical Impressions of Patients with Systemic Inflammation: Results of a Prospective Non-Interventional Trial (Venus A)

“First quantification of uncertainty in sepsis diagnosis at admission, discharge and over the patient stay in a matched cohort”

International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (ISICEM) 2016 on Mar. 15, 2016, in Brussels, Belgium

Validation of a Host Response Assay, Septicyte® Lab, for Discriminating Sepsis from Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in the ICU

“FDA-clearance study of the first gene signature assay for sepsis”

Sepsis Or SIRS? Actionable Results in About an Hour

“SeptiCyte® technology provides actionable results to aid early recognition and treatment of sepsis patients, independently of the presence of the causative pathogen”

MTEC

Sensitive and Specific Diagnosis of Sepsis in Critically Ill Children Utilizing Host Gene Expression

“Pilot validation of the SeptiCyte® technology among critically ill children”

Zimmerman J, Sullivan E, Sampson D, et al. Critical Care Medicine 2015;43(12):258.

REVIEW PUBLICATIONS

The Diagnostic Utility of Host RNA Biosignatures in Adult Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“Transcriptomics is one of the novel “-omics” technologies being evaluated for recognition of sepsis. Our objec- tive was to evaluate the performance of host gene expression biosignatures for the diagnosis of all-cause sepsis in adults.”

Getting Up to Speed: Rapid Pathogen and Antimicrobial Resistance Diagnostics in Sepsis

“SeptiCyte® RAPID is a simplified and improved version of the earlier SeptiCyte® LAB test, which achieves the simultaneous amplification and detection of two of the original four RNA transcripts (PLA2G7 and PLAC8) in human blood samples. A recent study for validation of SeptiCyte® RAPID to discriminate sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammation had areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.82 to 0.85, a negative predictive value of 0.91 (sensitivity 0.94) for SeptiScore Band 1 (score range 0.1–5.0; lowest risk of sepsis), and a positive predictive value of 0.81 (specificity 0.90) for SeptiScore Band 4 (score range 7.4–15; highest risk of sepsis).”

Microorganisms, 2024, 12(9), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091824

New Sepsis Diagnostics and Their Impacts on Clinical Decision-Making and Treatment Protocols

In this Q&A, experts from both the bedside and the laboratory weigh in on how these recently available diagnostics may impact screening and treatment for sepsis, as well as what challenges remain.

Clinical Chemistry, 2024;, hvad211, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad211

Differentiating infection, colonisation, and sterile inflammation in critical illness: the emerging role of host-response profiling

An article describing current approaches to distinguish colonisation from infection and sterile inflammation in critically ill patients, the underlying immunopathology of infection and the current and future diagnostic tools, including SeptiCyte.

Intensive Care Medicine. 2023, Volume 49, Issue 7 Pg. 760-771. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07108-6.

The Role of Transcriptomics in Redefining Critical Illness

“Early recognition and treatment are the key tenets of current sepsis management, but transcriptomics holds the capacity to view these approaches from a revised angle—one that could facilitate a new era in critical care medicine.”

Crit Care 2023, Volume 27, Issue 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04364-2

Emerging Technologies for Molecular Diagnosis of Sepsis

“SeptiCyte® is a promising, novel, broad-based diagnostic test for sepsis.”

“Combining SeptiCyte® with pathogen- and resistance-targeted tests that work within the same critical time frame could generate significant synergy.”

Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2018, Volume 31, Issue 2.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00089-17

Towards Precision Medicine in Sepsis: a Position Paper from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

SeptiCyte® LAB accurately described as “the first rapid molecular assay approved by the FDA to aid the intensive care physician as a diagnostic tool for differentiating sepsis and SIRS.”

To include SeptiCyte® LAB. Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics for Early Detection and Targeted Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Emergency Department.

“The most promising recent advance in host response-based platforms for sepsis diagnosis (in the ED) rely on omics-based methods.”

Profile of the SeptiCyte® LAB Gene ExpressionAssay to Diagnose Infection in Critically Ill Patients

“Due to its high sensitivity, SeptiCyte® LAB shows promise as a test to rule-out infectious causes of systemic inflammation in patients clinically presenting with sepsis-like symptoms.”

Biomarkers in Sepsis

“This rapid molecular assay is the first RNA-based clinical diagnostic tool derived from whole blood approved as a diagnostic test in critically ill patients”

Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics for Early Detection and Targeted Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Emergency Department

“the 4 gene…RNAbased classifier SeptiCyte LAB was able to reliably discriminate sepsis from SIRS with an area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve of 0.82-0.89”

IN SILICO Analyses

A Molecular Host Response Assay to Discriminate Between Sepsis and Infection-Negative Systemic Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients: Discovery and Validation in Independent Cohorts

Discovery and validation of the SeptiCyte® LAB signature in critically ill patients demonstrating an AUC of 0.95 in unambiguous cases (definite sepsis) and controls (SIRS).

Validation of Diagnostic Gene Sets to Identify Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis

In silico analyses of SeptiCyte® LAB genes for differentiating septic vs non-septic in 61 ventilated, critically ill patients over time. A single-site study.

Molecular Biomarker to Assist in Diagnosing Abdominal Sepsis upon ICU Admission

In silico analyses demonstrating AUC of 0.89 for SeptiCyte® LAB for differentiating abdominal sepsis from abdominal post-surgical inflammation.

An Immune-cell Signature of Bacterial Sepsis

Validation of the biomarkers of SeptiCyte® LAB or bacterial sepsis using single cell sequencing.