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Headache is one of the most common conditions presenting to the neurology clinic, yet a significant proportion of these patients are unsatisfied by their clinic experience...

There has been an increase in the incidence of acute pancreatitis reported worldwide. Despite improvements in access to care, imaging and interventional techniques, acute pancreatitis continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality...

Chronic heart failure causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are pivotal in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as demonstrated in large outcomes trials that tested the efficacy of the steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, spironolactone and eplerenone...

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is defined as the occurrence of renal dysfunction in a patient with end-stage liver cirrhosis in the absence of another identifiable cause of renal failure...

Management of critically ill patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) presents significant clinical challenges. Regardless of the underlying etiology or chronicity of PH, superimposed acute illness can precipitate decompensated right ventricular failure (RVF) and death...

Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia and among the top ten leading causes of death in high-income countries. Exponential advances in epidemiology, genetics, diagnostic imaging and fluid biomarkers, treatment, and prevention in the last decade reinforce the notion that we are entering a new era in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients, and its incidence is rising sharply in intensive care units. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to a profound change in its epidemiological profile - multifactorial in origin, often septic, and associated with other organ failures...

Proton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long-term treatment, often being over-prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions...

Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality and costs for the healthcare systems worldwide, despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies...

Cardiometabolic disease is increasingly shaped by the overlap among obesity, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, underscoring the need for prevention strategies that extend beyond glucose-centered care...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with serious short- and long-term complications. Early diagnosis and identification of the underlying aetiology are essential to guide management...

BACKGROUND: Both dopamine and norepinephrine are recommended as first-line vasopressor agents in the treatment of shock...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease that disproportionately affects women of reproductive age and is associated with substantial morbidity, premature mortality, and racial and ethnic disparities...

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition evaluated and managed in the emergency department (ED) setting. Guidelines published in 2007 and 2019 from the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America provide recommendations for CAP, but there are a variety of studies that have been published since the release of these guidelines...

Large vessel vasculitides (LVV), including giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), share common features such as inflammation of large sized arteries but differ in several key aspects, including age of onset and pathogenic mechanism...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are diabetic emergencies that cause high morbidity and mortality...