Citation

The title of the source is the next element to include.  Subtitles are also included.  Titles are followed by a period and italicized.

Melville, Herman. Moby Dick.

Price, Debra L., and Julie F. Gwin. Pediatric Nursing: An Introductory Text.

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried.

If the source is part of a larger work (such as an article in a journal or an essay in a book), then it is placed in quotation marks and not italicized. This also applies to other formats (an episode of a TV series or an article on a website).

• Article in a Journal:

​Lehtinen, Richard M., et al. "Reassessing the Conservation Status of an Island Endemic Frog."

• Episode of a TV series

"The Alien Parasite Hypothesis."

• Article on a Website

Amalah. "Timeouts,Triggers, and Toddler Tantrums."

• Article in an Encyclopedia

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorne."

When your source is a piece of a larger work, the source title appears in quotation marks, and the larger work (the "container") title appears in italics, followed by a comma.

Examples include an essay from a book (the book is the container), an article in a journal, newspaper, magazine, or on a website (all containers), and an episode of a TV series.

The source may appear in multiple containers. An article (source) comes from a journal (container) that you access through a database (another container). An episode (source) of a TV series (container) might be accessed through Netflix (another container).

• Article in a Journal

Lehtinen, Richard M., et al. "Reassessing the Conservation Status of an Island Endemic Frog." Journal of Herpetology,

• Episode of a TV Series

"The Alien Parasite Hypothesis." The Big Bang Theory,

• Article from a Column on a Website

Amalah. "Timeouts, Triggers, and Toddler Tantrums." Advice Smackdown,

• Article in an Encyclopedia

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature,

More information for the container will follow. If a source has a second container, that will follow all the information for the first container.

Other people besides the author often contribute to a work.  If the portion that they have contributed is important to your research, you would credit them here as other contributors, followed by a comma.

Begin with a description of what each person contributed, such as:

translated by
edited by
performed by
narrated by
directed by
written by

• Audiobook - O'Brien wrote the book, but you should credit a notable narrator.

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Performed by Bryan Cranston,

• Book - crediting the original author, and the editors of this particular version.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. Edited by John Bryant and Haskell Springer,

• TV episode, crediting the creators of the show, as well as the person performing what is being cited.

"The Alien Parasite Hypothesis." The Big Bang Theory, created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, performance by Jim Parsons,

• Article in an encyclopedia, crediting the author of the article and the editor of the encyclopedia.

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini,

Include any information on the version or edition of the source here, followed by a comma. A source may have a labeled edition or a numbered edition, or other descriptors as well.

• Book with a specific edition

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. Edited by John Bryant and Haskell Springer, Longman Critical Ed.,

• Book with a numbered edition

Price, Debra L., and Julie F. Gwin. Pediatric Nursing: An Introductory Text. 10th ed.,

• Audiobook with a specific version

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Performed by Bryan Cranston, unabridged version,

If the source is part of a numbered sequence, include that information here, followed by a comma. This could be volume information, number information, volume and number, or season and episode.

• This entry appears in the second volume of this encyclopedia set:

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorn." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini, vol. 2,

• This episode is the 10th episode in season 4 of this TV series:

"Alien Parasite Hypothesis." The Big Bang Theory, created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, performance by Jim Parsons, season 4, episode 10,

• This journal article appears in volume 50, issue number 2 of the Journal of Herpetology.  The abbreviations vol. and no. are included in the citation:

Lehtinen, Richard M., et al. "Reassessing the Conservation Status of an Island Endemic Frog." Journal of Herpetology, vol. 50, no.2,

The publisher is the organization responsible for distributing the source.  This would be a publishing company for books, a production company for movies or TV, and for a website, it could be any kind of organization, such as a museum or a governmental agency.  Companies that allow users to post works but do not help produce that content are not considered publishers (YouTube, blogger.com, etc.)

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. Edited by John Bryant and Haskell Springer, Longman Critical Ed., Pearson,

"Alien Parasite Hypothesis." The Big Bang Theory, created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, performance by Jim Parsons, season 4, episode 10, Chuck Lorre Productions / Warner Bros. Television,

​​Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorn." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini, vol. 2, Oxford UP,

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried Performed by Bryan Cranston, unabridged version, Brilliance Audio,

Price, Debra L., and Julie F. Gwin. Pediatric Nursing: An Introductory Text 10th ed., Elsevier,

"Advice for People Living in or Traveling to Wynwood, a Neighborhood in Miami, FL." Zika Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Record the date of publication, followed by a comma. If there is more than one date associated with the source, choose the date that is most relevant to your use of the source. Include as much of the date as you are given, written in the day month year order (23 Aug. 1997). All months are abbreviated to three letters followed by a period, except for May, June and July.

Some publications use slightly different methods of date. A journal, for example, might say Spring 2010 instead of a specific month. In that case, use Spring 2010 as the date of publication.

In some cases, you may want to include the date you accessed the source at the very end of the citation, after all other information has been included. This is especially important for information that changes often, or information you expect will change soon or has changed recently.

Lehtinen, Richard M. et al. "Reassessing the Conservation Status of an Island Endemic Frog." Journal of Herpetology, vol. 50, no. 2, June 2016,

Price, Debra L., and Julie F. Gwin. Pediatric Nursing: An Introductory Text. 10th ed., Elsevier, 2008.

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthone." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini, vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2004,

Provost, Lee. "'New' KHS on Horizon: Fed Loan Opens Door for Mass Modernization." Daily Journal [Kankakee, IL], 13 Feb. 2016,

Amalah. "Timeouts, Triggers, and Toddler Tantrums." Advice Smackdown, 29 June 2016.

In the following citation, the access date has been added to the end because this information seems to be changing rapidly, and could be quite different in just a short time frame. The access date helps specify the exact information that you are referencing.

"Advice for People Living in or Traveling to Wynwood, a Neighborhood in Miami, FL." Zika Virus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Aug. 2016, www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html. Accessed 12 Aug. 2016.

The location is the place where a reader could find the source. For a source in a book, newspaper or journal article, this might be a page number or page numbers. For a website or other online publication, it could be a URL. For some sources, such as an online journal, there would be a page number in the location for the first container, and a URL in the location of the second container.

Lehtinen, Richard M., et al. "Reassessing the Conservation Status of an Island Endemic Frog." Journal of Herpetology, vol. 50, no. 2, June 2016, pp. 249-255.

Bendixen, Alfred. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini, vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2004, pp. 158-171.

Provost, Lee. "'New' KHS on Horizon: Fed Loan Opens Door for Mass Modernization." Daily Journal [Kankakee, IL], 13 Feb. 2016, pp. A1.

"Advice for People Living in or Traveling to Wynwood, a Neighborhood in Miami, FL." Zika Virus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Aug. 2016, www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html.

Saujani, Reshma. Teach Girls Bravery, Not Perfection. TED, Jan. 2016, www.ted.com/talks/reshma_saujani_teach_girls_bravery_not_perfection.

Some sources might be found within two containers. An article (source) comes from a journal (container) that you access through a database (another container). An episode (source) of a TV series (container) might be accessed through Netflix (another container).

Include elements 3-9 for the first container, and then repeat any of elements 3-9 that make sense for the second container.

Amalah. "Timeouts, Triggers, and Toddler Tantrums." Advice Smackdown, 29 June 2016. AlphaMom, www.alphamom.com/parenting/toddler-parenting/toddler-tantrums-timeouts-triggers-spd/.

"Wealth Gap: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver." Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, performance by John Oliver, season 1, episode 10, HBO, 13 July 2014. YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfgSEwjAeno.

Campbell, Naomi. "Innovations to Support Hydration care Across Health and Social Care." British Journal of Community Nursing, vol. 21, sup. 7, 2016, pp. S24-S29. HealthSource: Nursing Edition, www.proxy01.kcc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=116925462&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Hoyt, Allison Anne. "A+ Debt Management Strategies for Federal Student Loan Borrowers." Journal of Financial Service Professionals, vol. 69, no. 6, Nov. 2015, pp. 52-63. Business Source Elite, www.proxy01.kcc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsh&AN=110556950&site=ehost-live&scope=site

"The Black Eye." I Love Lucy, performance by Lucille Ball, season 2, episode 13, CBS, 8 Mar. 1953. Hulu, www.hulu.com/w/dbqp.