Register Username* First Name* Last Name* E-mail Address* Professional affiliation* JEL CodesA1 General EconomicsA10 GeneralA11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for EconomistsA12 Relation of Economics to Other DisciplinesA13 Relation of Economics to Social ValuesA14 Sociology of EconomicsA19 OtherA2 Economic Education and Teaching of EconomicsA20 GeneralA21 Pre-collegeA22 UndergraduateA23 GraduateA29 OtherA3 Collective WorksA30 GeneralA31 Collected Writings of IndividualsA32 Collective VolumesA33 HandbooksA39 OtherB00 History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox ApproachesB1 History of Economic Thought through 1925B10 GeneralB11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)B13 Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)B14 Socialist • MarxistB15 Historical • Institutional • EvolutionaryB16 Quantitative and MathematicalB17 International Trade and FinanceB19 OtherB2 History of Economic Thought since 1925B20 GeneralB21 MicroeconomicsB22 MacroeconomicsB23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical StudiesB24 Socialist • Marxist • SraffianB25 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm SchoolB26 Financial EconomicsB27 International Trade and FinanceB29 OtherB3 History of Economic Thought: IndividualsB30 GeneralB31 IndividualsB32 ObituariesB4 Economic MethodologyB40 GeneralB41 Economic MethodologyB49 OtherB5 Current Heterodox ApproachesB50 GeneralB51 Socialist • Marxian • SraffianB52 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary TheoryB53 AustrianB54 Feminist EconomicsB55 Social EconomicsB59 OtherC00 Mathematical and Quantitative MethodsC01 EconometricsC02 Mathematical MethodsC1 Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: GeneralC10 GeneralC11 Bayesian Analysis: GeneralC12 Hypothesis Testing: GeneralC13 Estimation: GeneralC14 Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: GeneralC15 Statistical Simulation Methods: GeneralC18 Methodological Issues: GeneralC19 OtherC2 Single Equation Models • Single VariablesC20 GeneralC21 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile RegressionsC22 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion ProcessesC23 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal ModelsC24 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression ModelsC25 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • ProbabilitiesC26 Instrumental Variables (IV) EstimationC29 OtherC3 Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple VariablesC30 GeneralC31 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction ModelsC32 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space ModelsC33 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal ModelsC34 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression ModelsC35 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • ProportionsC36 Instrumental Variables (IV) EstimationC38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor ModelsC39 OtherC4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special TopicsC40 GeneralC41 Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing StrategiesC43 Index Numbers and AggregationC44 Operations Research • Statistical Decision TheoryC45 Neural Networks and Related TopicsC46 Specific Distributions • Specific StatisticsC49 OtherC5 Econometric ModelingC50 GeneralC51 Model Construction and EstimationC52 Model Evaluation, Validation, and SelectionC53 Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation MethodsC54 Quantitative Policy ModelingC55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and AnalysisC57 Econometrics of Games and AuctionsC58 Financial EconometricsC59 OtherC6 Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation ModelingC60 GeneralC61 Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic AnalysisC62 Existence and Stability Conditions of EquilibriumC63 Computational Techniques • Simulation ModelingC65 Miscellaneous Mathematical ToolsC67 Input–Output ModelsC68 Computable General Equilibrium ModelsC69 OtherC7 Game Theory and Bargaining TheoryC70 GeneralC71 Cooperative GamesC72 Noncooperative GamesC73 Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated GamesC78 Bargaining Theory • Matching TheoryC79 OtherC8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer ProgramsC80 GeneralC81 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data AccessC82 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data AccessC83 Survey Methods • Sampling MethodsC87 Econometric SoftwareC88 Other Computer SoftwareC89 OtherC9 Design of ExperimentsC90 GeneralC91 Laboratory, Individual BehaviorC92 Laboratory, Group BehaviorC93 Field ExperimentsC99 OtherD00 MicroeconomicsD01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying PrinciplesD02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and ImpactD04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and EvaluationD1 Household Behavior and Family EconomicsD10 GeneralD11 Consumer Economics: TheoryD12 Consumer Economics: Empirical AnalysisD13 Household Production and Intrahousehold AllocationD14 Household Saving • Personal FinanceD15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and SavingD16 Collaborative ConsumptionD18 Consumer ProtectionD19 OtherD2 Production and OrganizationsD20 GeneralD21 Firm Behavior: TheoryD22 Firm Behavior: Empirical AnalysisD23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property RightsD24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • CapacityD25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and FinancingD26 Crowd-Based FirmsD29 OtherD3 DistributionD30 GeneralD31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their DistributionsD33 Factor Income DistributionD39 OtherD4 Market Structure, Pricing, and DesignD40 GeneralD41 Perfect CompetitionD42 MonopolyD43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market ImperfectionD44 AuctionsD45 Rationing • LicensingD46 Value TheoryD47 Market DesignD49 OtherD5 General Equilibrium and DisequilibriumD50 GeneralD51 Exchange and Production EconomiesD52 Incomplete MarketsD53 Financial MarketsD57 Input–Output Tables and AnalysisD58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium ModelsD59 OtherD6 Welfare EconomicsD60 GeneralD61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit AnalysisD62 ExternalitiesD63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and MeasurementD64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational TransfersD69 OtherD7 Analysis of Collective Decision-MakingD70 GeneralD71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • AssociationsD72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting BehaviorD73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • CorruptionD74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • RevolutionsD78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and ImplementationD79 OtherD8 Information, Knowledge, and UncertaintyD80 GeneralD81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and UncertaintyD82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism DesignD83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • UnawarenessD84 Expectations • SpeculationsD85 Network Formation and Analysis: TheoryD86 Economics of Contract: TheoryD87 NeuroeconomicsD89 OtherD9 Micro-Based Behavioral EconomicsD90 GeneralD91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision MakingE00 Macroeconomics and Monetary EconomicsE01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental AccountsE02 Institutions and the MacroeconomyE1 General Aggregative ModelsE10 GeneralE11 Marxian • Sraffian • KaleckianE12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary TheoryE13 NeoclassicalE14 Austrian • Evolutionary • InstitutionalE16 Social Accounting MatrixE17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsE19 OtherE2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal EconomyE20 GeneralE21 Consumption • Saving • WealthE22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • CapacityE23 ProductionE24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor ProductivityE25 Aggregate Factor Income DistributionE26 Informal Economy • Underground EconomyE27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsE29 OtherE3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and CyclesE30 GeneralE31 Price Level • Inflation • DeflationE32 Business Fluctuations • CyclesE37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsE39 OtherE4 Money and Interest RatesE40 GeneralE41 Demand for MoneyE42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment SystemsE43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and EffectsE44 Financial Markets and the MacroeconomyE47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsE49 OtherE5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and CreditE50 GeneralE51 Money Supply • Credit • Money MultipliersE52 Monetary PolicyE58 Central Banks and Their PoliciesE59 OtherE6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General OutlookE60 GeneralE61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy CoordinationE62 Fiscal PolicyE63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury PolicyE64 Incomes Policy • Price PolicyE65 Studies of Particular Policy EpisodesE66 General Outlook and ConditionsE69 OtherE7 Macro-Based Behavioral EconomicsE70 GeneralE71 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro EconomyF00 International EconomicsF01 Global OutlookF02 International Economic Order and IntegrationF1 TradeF10 GeneralF11 Neoclassical Models of TradeF12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • FragmentationF13 Trade Policy • International Trade OrganizationsF14 Empirical Studies of TradeF15 Economic IntegrationF16 Trade and Labor Market InteractionsF17 Trade Forecasting and SimulationF18 Trade and EnvironmentF19 OtherF2 International Factor Movements and International BusinessF20 GeneralF21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital MovementsF22 International MigrationF23 Multinational Firms • International BusinessF24 RemittancesF29 OtherF3 International FinanceF30 GeneralF31 Foreign ExchangeF32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital MovementsF33 International Monetary Arrangements and InstitutionsF34 International Lending and Debt ProblemsF35 Foreign AidF36 Financial Aspects of Economic IntegrationF37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsF38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital ControlsF39 OtherF4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and FinanceF40 GeneralF41 Open Economy MacroeconomicsF42 International Policy Coordination and TransmissionF43 Economic Growth of Open EconomiesF44 International Business CyclesF45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary UnionsF47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and ApplicationsF49 OtherF5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political EconomyF50 GeneralF51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • SanctionsF52 National Security • Economic NationalismF53 International Agreements and Observance • International OrganizationsF54 Colonialism • Imperialism • PostcolonialismF55 International Institutional ArrangementsF59 OtherF6 Economic Impacts of GlobalizationF60 GeneralF61 Microeconomic ImpactsF62 Macroeconomic ImpactsF63 Economic DevelopmentF64 EnvironmentF65 FinanceF66 LaborF68 PolicyF69 OtherG00 Financial EconomicsG01 Financial CrisesG1 General Financial MarketsG10 GeneralG11 Portfolio Choice • Investment DecisionsG12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest RatesG13 Contingent Pricing • Futures PricingG14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider TradingG15 International Financial MarketsG17 Financial Forecasting and SimulationG18 Government Policy and RegulationG19 OtherG2 Financial Institutions and ServicesG20 GeneralG21 Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • MortgagesG22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial StudiesG23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional InvestorsG24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings AgenciesG28 Government Policy and RegulationG29 OtherG3 Corporate Finance and GovernanceG30 GeneralG31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • CapacityG32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • GoodwillG33 Bankruptcy • LiquidationG34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate GovernanceG35 Payout PolicyG38 Government Policy and RegulationG39 OtherG4 Behavioral FinanceG40 GeneralG41 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial MarketsG5 Household FinanceG50 GeneralG51 Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and WealthG52 InsuranceG53 Financial LiteracyG59 OtherH00 Public EconomicsH1 Structure and Scope of GovernmentH10 GeneralH11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of GovernmentH12 Crisis ManagementH13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • NationalizationH19 OtherH2 Taxation, Subsidies, and RevenueH20 GeneralH21 Efficiency • Optimal TaxationH22 IncidenceH23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and SubsidiesH24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and SubsidiesH25 Business Taxes and SubsidiesH26 Tax Evasion and AvoidanceH27 Other Sources of RevenueH29 OtherH3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic AgentsH30 GeneralH31 HouseholdH32 FirmH39 OtherH4 Publicly Provided GoodsH40 GeneralH41 Public GoodsH42 Publicly Provided Private GoodsH43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount RateH44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed MarketsH49 OtherH5 National Government Expenditures and Related PoliciesH50 GeneralH51 Government Expenditures and HealthH52 Government Expenditures and EducationH53 Government Expenditures and Welfare ProgramsH54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital StockH55 Social Security and Public PensionsH56 National Security and WarH57 ProcurementH59 OtherH6 National Budget, Deficit, and DebtH60 GeneralH61 Budget • Budget SystemsH62 Deficit • SurplusH63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign DebtH68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and DebtH69 OtherH7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental RelationsH70 GeneralH71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and RevenueH72 State and Local Budget and ExpendituresH73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their EffectsH74 State and Local BorrowingH75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public PensionsH76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure CategoriesH77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • SecessionH79 OtherH8 Miscellaneous IssuesH80 GeneralH81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • BailoutsH82 Governmental PropertyH83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and AuditsH84 Disaster AidH87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public GoodsH89 OtherI00 Health, Education, and WelfareI1 HealthI10 GeneralI11 Analysis of Health Care MarketsI12 Health BehaviorI13 Health Insurance, Public and PrivateI14 Health and InequalityI15 Health and Economic DevelopmentI18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public HealthI19 OtherI2 Education and Research InstitutionsI20 GeneralI21 Analysis of EducationI22 Educational Finance • Financial AidI23 Higher Education • Research InstitutionsI24 Education and InequalityI25 Education and Economic DevelopmentI26 Returns to EducationI28 Government PolicyI29 OtherI3 Welfare, Well-Being, and PovertyI30 GeneralI31 General Welfare, Well-BeingI32 Measurement and Analysis of PovertyI38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare ProgramsI39 OtherJ00 Labor and Demographic EconomicsJ01 Labor Economics: GeneralJ08 Labor Economics PoliciesJ1 Demographic EconomicsJ10 GeneralJ11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and ForecastsJ12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic AbuseJ13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • YouthJ14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market DiscriminationJ15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor DiscriminationJ16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor DiscriminationJ17 Value of Life • Forgone IncomeJ18 Public PolicyJ19 OtherJ2 Demand and Supply of LaborJ20 GeneralJ21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and StructureJ22 Time Allocation and Labor SupplyJ23 Labor DemandJ24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor ProductivityJ26 Retirement • Retirement PoliciesJ28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public PolicyJ29 OtherJ3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor CostsJ30 GeneralJ31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage DifferentialsJ32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private PensionsJ33 Compensation Packages • Payment MethodsJ38 Public PolicyJ39 OtherJ4 Particular Labor MarketsJ40 GeneralJ41 Labor ContractsJ42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor MarketsJ43 Agricultural Labor MarketsJ44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational LicensingJ45 Public Sector Labor MarketsJ46 Informal Labor MarketsJ47 Coercive Labor MarketsJ48 Public PolicyJ49 OtherJ5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective BargainingJ50 GeneralJ51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and EffectsJ52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective BargainingJ53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial JurisprudenceJ54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee OwnershipJ58 Public PolicyJ59 OtherJ6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant WorkersJ60 GeneralJ61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant WorkersJ62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational MobilityJ63 Turnover • Vacancies • LayoffsJ64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job SearchJ65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant ClosingsJ68 Public PolicyJ69 OtherJ7 Labor DiscriminationJ70 GeneralJ71 DiscriminationJ78 Public PolicyJ79 OtherJ8 Labor Standards: National and InternationalJ80 GeneralJ81 Working ConditionsJ82 Labor Force CompositionJ83 Workers' RightsJ88 Public PolicyJ89 OtherK00 Law and EconomicsK1 Basic Areas of LawK10 GeneralK11 Property LawK12 Contract LawK13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic EconomicsK14 Criminal LawK15 Civil Law • Common LawK16 Election LawK19 OtherK2 Regulation and Business LawK20 GeneralK21 Antitrust LawK22 Business and Securities LawK23 Regulated Industries and Administrative LawK24 Cyber LawK25 Real Estate LawK29 OtherK3 Other Substantive Areas of LawK30 GeneralK31 Labor LawK32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety LawK33 International LawK34 Tax LawK35 Personal Bankruptcy LawK36 Family and Personal LawK37 Immigration LawK38 Human Rights Law • Gender LawK39 OtherK4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal BehaviorK40 GeneralK41 Litigation ProcessK42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of LawK49 OtherL00 Industrial OrganizationL1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market PerformanceL10 GeneralL11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of FirmsL12 Monopoly • Monopolization StrategiesL13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect MarketsL14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • NetworksL15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and CompatibilityL16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price IndicesL17 Open Source Products and MarketsL19 OtherL2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and BehaviorL20 GeneralL21 Business Objectives of the FirmL22 Firm Organization and Market StructureL23 Organization of ProductionL24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology LicensingL25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and ScopeL26 EntrepreneurshipL29 OtherL3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public EnterpriseL30 GeneralL31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social EntrepreneurshipL32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private EnterprisesL33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting OutL38 Public PolicyL39 OtherL4 Antitrust Issues and PoliciesL40 GeneralL41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive PracticesL42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity DiscountsL43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or DeregulationL44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional OrganizationsL49 OtherL5 Regulation and Industrial PolicyL50 GeneralL51 Economics of RegulationL52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning MethodsL53 Enterprise PolicyL59 OtherL6 Industry Studies: ManufacturingL60 GeneralL61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • CeramicsL62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and EquipmentL63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications EquipmentL64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • ArmamentsL65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • PlasticsL66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and SpiritsL67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports EquipmentL68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer DurablesL69 OtherL7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and ConstructionL70 GeneralL71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon FuelsL72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable ResourcesL73 Forest ProductsL74 ConstructionL78 Government PolicyL79 OtherL8 Industry Studies: ServicesL80 GeneralL81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-CommerceL82 Entertainment • MediaL83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • TourismL84 Personal, Professional, and Business ServicesL85 Real Estate ServicesL86 Information and Internet Services • Computer SoftwareL87 Postal and Delivery ServicesL88 Government PolicyL89 OtherL9 Industry Studies: Transportation and UtilitiesL90 GeneralL91 Transportation: GeneralL92 Railroads and Other Surface TransportationL93 Air TransportationL94 Electric UtilitiesL95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water UtilitiesL96 TelecommunicationsL97 Utilities: GeneralL98 Government PolicyL99 OtherM00 Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel EconomicsM1 Business AdministrationM10 GeneralM11 Production ManagementM12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive CompensationM13 New Firms • StartupsM14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social ResponsibilityM15 IT ManagementM16 International Business AdministrationM19 OtherM2 Business EconomicsM20 GeneralM21 Business EconomicsM29 OtherM3 Marketing and AdvertisingM30 GeneralM31 MarketingM37 AdvertisingM38 Government Policy and RegulationM39 OtherM4 Accounting and AuditingM40 GeneralM41 AccountingM42 AuditingM48 Government Policy and RegulationM49 OtherM5 Personnel EconomicsM50 GeneralM51 Firm Employment Decisions • PromotionsM52 Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their EffectsM53 TrainingM54 Labor ManagementM55 Labor Contracting DevicesM59 OtherN00 Economic HistoryN01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and MethodsN1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • FluctuationsN10 General, International, or ComparativeN11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N13 Europe: Pre-1913N14 Europe: 1913–N15 Asia including Middle EastN16 Latin America • CaribbeanN17 Africa • OceaniaN2 Financial Markets and InstitutionsN20 General, International, or ComparativeN21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N23 Europe: Pre-1913N24 Europe: 1913–N25 Asia including Middle EastN26 Latin America • CaribbeanN27 Africa • OceaniaN3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and PhilanthropyN30 General, International, or ComparativeN31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-N33 Europe: Pre-1913N34 Europe: 1913-N35 Asia including Middle EastN36 Latin America • CaribbeanN37 Africa • OceaniaN4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and RegulationN40 General, International, or ComparativeN41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N43 Europe: Pre-1913N44 Europe: 1913–N45 Asia including Middle EastN46 Latin America • CaribbeanN47 Africa • OceaniaN5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive IndustriesN50 General, International, or ComparativeN51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N53 Europe: Pre-1913N54 Europe: 1913–N55 Asia including Middle EastN56 Latin America • CaribbeanN57 Africa • OceaniaN6 Manufacturing and ConstructionN60 General, International, or ComparativeN61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N63 Europe: Pre-1913N64 Europe: 1913–N65 Asia including Middle EastN66 Latin America • CaribbeanN67 Africa • OceaniaN7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other ServicesN70 General, International, or ComparativeN71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N73 Europe: Pre-1913N74 Europe: 1913–N75 Asia including Middle EastN76 Latin America • CaribbeanN77 Africa • OceaniaN8 Micro-Business HistoryN80 General, International, or ComparativeN81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N83 Europe: Pre-1913N84 Europe: 1913–N85 Asia including Middle EastN86 Latin America • CaribbeanN87 Africa • OceaniaN9 Regional and Urban HistoryN90 General, International, or ComparativeN91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–N93 Europe: Pre-1913N94 Europe: 1913–N95 Asia including Middle EastN96 Latin America • CaribbeanN97 Africa • OceaniaO1 Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and GrowthO10 GeneralO11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic DevelopmentO12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic DevelopmentO13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary ProductsO14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of TechnologyO15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • MigrationO16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and GovernanceO17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional ArrangementsO18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • InfrastructureO19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International OrganizationsO2 Development Planning and PolicyO20 GeneralO21 Planning Models • Planning PolicyO22 Project AnalysisO23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in DevelopmentO24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange PolicyO25 Industrial PolicyO29 OtherO3 Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property RightsO30 GeneralO31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and IncentivesO32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&DO33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion ProcessesO34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual CapitalO35 Social InnovationO36 Open Innovation‡O38 Government PolicyO39 OtherO4 Economic Growth and Aggregate ProductivityO40 GeneralO41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth ModelsO42 Monetary Growth ModelsO43 Institutions and GrowthO44 Environment and GrowthO47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output ConvergenceO49 OtherO5 Economywide Country StudiesO50 GeneralO51 U.S. • CanadaO52 EuropeO53 Asia including Middle EastO54 Latin America • CaribbeanO55 AfricaO56 OceaniaO57 Comparative Studies of CountriesP00 Economic SystemsP1 Capitalist SystemsP10 GeneralP11 Planning, Coordination, and ReformP12 Capitalist EnterprisesP13 Cooperative EnterprisesP14 Property RightsP16 Political EconomyP17 Performance and ProspectsP18 Energy • EnvironmentP19 OtherP2 Socialist Systems and Transitional EconomiesP20 GeneralP21 Planning, Coordination, and ReformP22 PricesP23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • PopulationP24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • InflationP25 Urban, Rural, and Regional EconomicsP26 Political Economy • Property RightsP27 Performance and ProspectsP28 Natural Resources • Energy • EnvironmentP29 OtherP3 Socialist Institutions and Their TransitionsP30 GeneralP31 Socialist Enterprises and Their TransitionsP32 Collectives • Communes • AgricultureP33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and AidP34 Financial EconomicsP35 Public EconomicsP36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and PovertyP37 Legal Institutions • Illegal BehaviorP39 OtherP4 Other Economic SystemsP40 GeneralP41 Planning, Coordination, and ReformP42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • PopulationP43 Public Economics • Financial EconomicsP44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • InflationP45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and AidP46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and PovertyP47 Performance and ProspectsP48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional StudiesP49 OtherP5 Comparative Economic SystemsP50 GeneralP51 Comparative Analysis of Economic SystemsP52 Comparative Studies of Particular EconomiesP59 OtherQ00 Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological EconomicsQ01 Sustainable DevelopmentQ02 Commodity MarketsQ1 AgricultureQ10 GeneralQ11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • PricesQ12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input MarketsQ13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • AgribusinessQ14 Agricultural FinanceQ15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and EnvironmentQ16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension ServicesQ17 Agriculture in International TradeQ18 Agricultural Policy • Food PolicyQ19 OtherQ2 Renewable Resources and ConservationQ20 GeneralQ21 Demand and Supply • PricesQ22 Fishery • AquacultureQ23 ForestryQ24 LandQ25 WaterQ26 Recreational Aspects of Natural ResourcesQ27 Issues in International TradeQ28 Government PolicyQ29 OtherQ3 Nonrenewable Resources and ConservationQ30 GeneralQ31 Demand and Supply • PricesQ32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic DevelopmentQ33 Resource BoomsQ34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International ConflictsQ35 Hydrocarbon ResourcesQ37 Issues in International TradeQ38 Government PolicyQ39 OtherQ4 EnergyQ40 GeneralQ41 Demand and Supply • PricesQ42 Alternative Energy SourcesQ43 Energy and the MacroeconomyQ47 Energy ForecastingQ48 Government PolicyQ49 OtherQ5 Environmental EconomicsQ50 GeneralQ51 Valuation of Environmental EffectsQ52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment EffectsQ53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • RecyclingQ54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global WarmingQ55 Technological InnovationQ56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population GrowthQ57 Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial EcologyQ58 Government PolicyQ59 OtherR00 Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation EconomicsR1 General Regional EconomicsR10 GeneralR11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and ChangesR12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic ActivityR13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional EconomiesR14 Land Use PatternsR15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other ModelsR19 OtherR2 Household AnalysisR20 GeneralR21 Housing DemandR22 Other DemandR23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood CharacteristicsR28 Government PolicyR29 OtherR3 Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm LocationR30 GeneralR31 Housing Supply and MarketsR32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing AnalysisR33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate MarketsR38 Government PolicyR39 OtherR4 Transportation EconomicsR40 GeneralR41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation NoiseR42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation PlanningR48 Government Pricing and PolicyR49 OtherR5 Regional Government AnalysisR50 GeneralR51 Finance in Urban and Rural EconomiesR52 Land Use and Other RegulationsR53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital StockR58 Regional Development Planning and PolicyR59 OtherY1 Data: Tables and ChartsY10 Data: Tables and ChartsY2 Introductory MaterialY20 Introductory MaterialY3 Book Reviews (unclassified)Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)Y6 ExcerptsY60 ExcerptsY7 No Author General DiscussionsY70 No Author General DiscussionsY8 Related DisciplinesY80 Related DisciplinesY9 OtherY90 OtherY91 Pictures and MapsY92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.Z00 Other Special TopicsZ1 Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic AnthropologyZ10 GeneralZ11 Economics of the Arts and LiteratureZ12 ReligionZ13 Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic StratificationZ18 Public PolicyZ19 OtherZ2 Sports EconomicsZ20 GeneralZ21 Industry StudiesZ22 Labor IssuesZ23 FinanceZ28 PolicyZ29 OtherZ3 Tourism EconomicsZ30 GeneralZ31 Industry StudiesZ32 Tourism and DevelopmentZ33 Marketing and FinanceZ38 PolicyZ39 OtherPersonal website URL ORCID Research Gate URL Twitter Password* Confirm Password* Show privacy policy Please confirm that you agree to our privacy policy Only fill in if you are not human Login 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