…f the asset (romainneutron)

This PR was merged into the 2.5-dev branch.

Discussion
----------

[Templating] Added ability to set a specific version of the asset

| Q             | A
| ------------- | ---
| Bug fix?      | no
| New feature?  | yes
| BC breaks?    | no
| Deprecations? | no
| Tests pass?   | yes
| License       | MIT
| Doc PR        | https://github.com/symfony/symfony-docs/pull/3742/files

This PR replaces #6092

Commits
-------

1642094 [Templating] Update changelog
6fce503 [Templating] Added ability to set a specific version of the asset

This PR was merged into the 2.7 branch.

Discussion
----------

[Asset] added the component

| Q             | A
| ------------- | ---
| Bug fix?      | yes
| New feature?  | yes
| BC breaks?    | no
| Deprecations? | yes
| Tests pass?   | yes
| Fixed tickets | #10973, #11748, #11876, #4883, #12474
| License       | MIT
| Doc PR        | not yet

TODO:

 - [ ] submit documentation PR

The current Asset sub-namespace in Templating has several (major) problems:

 * It does not cover all use cases (see #10973 and #4883 for some example)
 * It has some design issues (relies on the Request instance and so requires the request scope, very coupled with the PHP templating sub-system, see #11748 and #11876)

To decouple this feature and make it reusable in Silex for instance, and to fix the design issues and make it more extensible, I've decided to extract and rework the features provided into a new Asset component.

Basically, this component allows the developer to easily manage asset URLs: versioning, paths, and hosts.

Both the new and the old asset management features are kept in this PR to avoid breaking BC; the old system is of course deprecated and automatically converted to the new one.

Even if the features are quite similar, and besides the flexilibity of the new system, here are some differences:

 * `PathPackage` always prepend the path (even if the given path starts with `/`).
 * Usage is stricter (for instance, `PathPackage` requires a basePath to be passed and `UrlPackage` requires that at least on URL is passed).
 * In the configuration, named packages inherits from the version and version format of the default package by default.
 * It is not possible to override the version when asking for a URL (instead, you can define your own version strategy implementation -- the use cases explained in #6092 are easily implemented this way).
 * It's not possible to generate absolute URLs (see #13264 for a better alternative using composition; so using `absolute_url(asset_path('me.png')) should work)`.

#10973 was about adding shortcuts for bundles, which is a good idea; but given that you rarely reference built-in or third-party bundle assets and because we now have a one-bundle default approach named AppBundle, the same can be achieved with just a simple piece of configuration with the new assets feature:

```yml
framework:
    assets:
        packages:
            app:
                base_path: /bundles/app/
            img:
                base_path: /bundles/app/images/
```

Then:

```jinja
{{ asset('images/me.png', 'app') }}
# /bundles/app/images/me.png

{{ asset('me.png', 'img') }}
# /bundles/app/images/me.png
```

#12474 discussed the possibility to add a version for absolute URL. It's not possible to do that in a generic way as the version strategy involves both the version and the path, which obviously cannot work when the path is an absolute URL already. Instead, one should use the `asset_version` Twig function to add the version manually.

Commits
-------

0750d02 removed usage of the deprecated forms of asset() in the core framework
f74a1f2 renamed asset_path() to asset() and added a BC layer
4d0adea [Asset] added a NullContext class
d33c41d [Asset] added the component