Add support for v_sin and v_cos (Sine and Cosine) opencv#25892

This PR aims to implement `v_sincos(v_float16 x)`, `v_sincos(v_float32 x)` and `v_sincos(v_float64 x)`. 
Merged after opencv#25891 and opencv#26023

**NOTE:** 
Also, the patch changes already added `v_exp`, `v_log` and `v_erf` to pass parameters by reference instead of by value, to match API of other universal intrinsics.

TODO:
- [x] double and half float precision
- [x] tests for them
- [x] doc to explain the implementation

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [ ] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [ ] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

Add support for v_sin and v_cos (Sine and Cosine) opencv#25892

This PR aims to implement `v_sincos(v_float16 x)`, `v_sincos(v_float32 x)` and `v_sincos(v_float64 x)`. 
Merged after opencv#25891 and opencv#26023

**NOTE:** 
Also, the patch changes already added `v_exp`, `v_log` and `v_erf` to pass parameters by reference instead of by value, to match API of other universal intrinsics.

TODO:
- [x] double and half float precision
- [x] tests for them
- [x] doc to explain the implementation

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [ ] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [ ] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

[HAL RVV] unify and impl polar_to_cart | add perf test #26999

### Summary

1. Implement through the existing `cv_hal_polarToCart32f` and `cv_hal_polarToCart64f` interfaces.
2. Add `polarToCart` performance tests
3. Make `cv::polarToCart` use CALL_HAL in the same way as `cv::cartToPolar`
4. To achieve the 3rd point, the original implementation was moved, and some modifications were made.

Tested through:
```sh
opencv_test_core --gtest_filter="*PolarToCart*:*Core_CartPolar_reverse*" 
opencv_perf_core --gtest_filter="*PolarToCart*" --perf_min_samples=300 --perf_force_samples=300
```

### HAL performance test

***UPDATE***: Current implementation is no more depending on vlen.

**NOTE**: Due to the 4th point in the summary above, the `scalar` and `ui` test is based on the modified code of this PR. The impact of this patch on `scalar` and `ui` is evaluated in the next section, `Effect of Point 4`.

Vlen 256 (Muse Pi):
```
                   Name of Test                     scalar    ui     rvv       ui        rvv    
                                                                               vs         vs    
                                                                             scalar     scalar  
                                                                           (x-factor) (x-factor)
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 32FC1)     0.315  0.110  0.034     2.85       9.34   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 64FC1)     0.423  0.163  0.045     2.59       9.34   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 32FC1)   13.695  4.325  1.278     3.17      10.71   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 64FC1)   17.719  7.118  2.105     2.49       8.42   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 32FC1)  40.678  13.114 3.977     3.10      10.23   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 64FC1)  53.124  21.298 6.519     2.49       8.15   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 32FC1) 95.158  29.465 8.894     3.23      10.70   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 64FC1) 119.262 47.743 14.129    2.50       8.44   
```

### Effect of Point 4

To make `cv::polarToCart` behave the same as `cv::cartToPolar`, the implementation detail of the former has been moved to the latter's location (from `mathfuncs.cpp` to `mathfuncs_core.simd.hpp`).

#### Reason for Changes:

This function works as follows:  
$y = \text{mag} \times \sin(\text{angle})$ and $x = \text{mag} \times \cos(\text{angle})$. The original implementation first calculates the values of $\sin$ and $\cos$, storing the results in the output buffers $x$ and $y$, and then multiplies the result by $\text{mag}$. 

However, when the function is used as an in-place operation (one of the output buffers is also an input buffer), the original implementation allocates an extra buffer to store the $\sin$ and $\cos$ values in case the $\text{mag}$ value gets overwritten. This extra buffer allocation prevents `cv::polarToCart` from functioning in the same way as `cv::cartToPolar`.

Therefore, the multiplication is now performed immediately without storing intermediate values. Since the original implementation also had AVX2 optimizations, I have applied the same optimizations to the AVX2 version of this implementation.

***UPDATE***: UI use v_sincos from #25892 now. The original implementation has AVX2 optimizations but is slower much than current UI so it's removed, and AVX2 perf test is below. Scalar implementation isn't changed because it's faster than using UI's method.

#### Test Result

`scalar` and `ui` test is done on Muse PI, and AVX2 test is done on Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6140 CPU @ 2.30GHz.

`scalar` test:
```
                   Name of Test                      orig     pr        pr    
                                                                        vs    
                                                                       orig   
                                                                    (x-factor)
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 32FC1)     0.333   0.294     1.13   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 64FC1)     0.385   0.403     0.96   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 32FC1)   14.749  12.343     1.19   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 64FC1)   19.419  16.743     1.16   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 32FC1)  44.155  37.822     1.17   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 64FC1)  62.108  50.358     1.23   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 32FC1) 99.011  85.769     1.15   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 64FC1) 127.740 112.874    1.13   
```

`ui` test:
```
                   Name of Test                      orig     pr        pr    
                                                                        vs    
                                                                       orig   
                                                                    (x-factor)
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 32FC1)     0.306  0.110     2.77   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 64FC1)     0.455  0.163     2.79   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 32FC1)   13.381  4.325     3.09   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 64FC1)   21.851  7.118     3.07   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 32FC1)  39.975  13.114    3.05   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 64FC1)  67.006  21.298    3.15   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 32FC1) 90.362  29.465    3.07   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 64FC1) 129.637 47.743    2.72   
```

AVX2 test:
```
                   Name of Test                     orig   pr       pr    
                                                                    vs    
                                                                   orig   
                                                                (x-factor)
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 32FC1)    0.019 0.009    2.11   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(127x61, 64FC1)    0.022 0.013    1.74   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 32FC1)   0.788 0.355    2.22   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(640x480, 64FC1)   1.102 0.618    1.78   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 32FC1)  2.383 1.042    2.29   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1280x720, 64FC1)  3.758 2.316    1.62   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 32FC1) 5.577 2.559    2.18   
PolarToCart::PolarToCartFixture::(1920x1080, 64FC1) 9.710 6.424    1.51   
```

A slight performance loss occurs because the check for whether $mag$ is nullptr is performed with every calculation, instead of being done once per batch. This is to reuse current `SinCos_32f` function.

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [ ] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [ ] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [ ] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake