…image-binary-threshold-in-findChessboardCorners

Speed up adaptive threshold in findChessboardCorners opencv#25177

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

If `block_size` hasn't been changed between iterations for same `k`, then all `adaptiveThreshold` arguments will be same and we can reuse result from previous iteration.

I tested this PR with benchmark
```
python3 objdetect_benchmark.py --configuration=generate_run --board_x=7 --path=res_chessboard --synthetic_object=chessboard
```
PR speed up chessboards detection by `7.5/17%` without any changes in detected chessboards number:
```
cell_img_size = 100 (default)

before
                                 category  detected chessboard  total detected chessboard  total chessboard  average detected error chessboard
                                      all             0.904167                      13020             14400                           0.600512
Total detected time:  107.27875600000003 sec

after
                                 category  detected chessboard  total detected chessboard  total chessboard  average detected error chessboard
                                      all             0.904167                      13020             14400                           0.600512
Total detected time:  99.0223499999999 sec

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cell_img_size = 10

before
                                 category  detected chessboard  total detected chessboard  total chessboard  average detected error chessboard
                                      all             0.539792                       7773             14400                           4.209964
Total detected time:  2.989205999999999 sec

after
                                 category  detected chessboard  total detected chessboard  total chessboard  average detected error chessboard
                                      all             0.539792                       7773             14400                           4.209964
Total detected time:  2.4802350000000013 sec
```


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- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [ ] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [ ] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

…sboardCorners

This change fixes a regression introduced after PR opencv#25177, where certain adaptive
threshold and dilation combinations were unintentionally skipped during chessboard
detection.

The updated logic restores the missing block_size and dilation combinations that
were evaluated in OpenCV 4.8, without fully reverting the changes introduced later.

A regression test reproducing issue opencv#28028 is included.

Fixes opencv#28028
Related to opencv#25177