## Summary

Add support for applying auto-fixes in Jupyter Notebook.

### Solution

Cell offsets are the boundaries for each cell in the concatenated source
code. They are represented using `TextSize`. It includes the start and
end offset as well, thus creating a range for each cell. These offsets
are updated using the `SourceMap` markers.

### SourceMap

`SourceMap` contains markers constructed from each edits which tracks
the original source code position to the transformed positions. The
following drawing might make it clear:

![SourceMap visualization](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/assets/67177269/3c94e591-70a7-4b57-bd32-0baa91cc7858)

The center column where the dotted lines are present are the markers
included in the `SourceMap`. The `Notebook` looks at these markers and
updates the cell offsets after each linter loop. If you notice closely,
the destination takes into account all of the markers before it.

The index is constructed only when required as it's only used to render
the diagnostics. So, a `OnceCell` is used for this purpose. The cell
offsets, cell content and the index will be updated after each iteration
of linting in the mentioned order. The order is important here as the
content is updated as per the new offsets and index is updated as per
the new content.

## Limitations

### 1

Styling rules such as the ones in `pycodestyle` will not be applicable
everywhere in Jupyter notebook, especially at the cell boundaries. Let's
take an example where a rule suggests to have 2 blank lines before a
function and the cells contains the following code:

```python
import something
# ---
def first():
	pass

def second():
	pass
```

(Again, the comment is only to visualize cell boundaries.)

In the concatenated source code, the 2 blank lines will be added but it
shouldn't actually be added when we look in terms of Jupyter notebook.
It's as if the function `first` is at the start of a file.

`nbqa` solves this by recording newlines before and after running
`autopep8`, then running the tool and restoring the newlines at the end
(refer nbQA-dev/nbQA#807).

## Test Plan

Three commands were run in order with common flags (`--select=ALL
--no-cache --isolated`) to isolate which stage the problem is occurring:
1. Only diagnostics
2. Fix with diff (`--fix --diff`)
3. Fix (`--fix`)

### https://github.com/facebookresearch/segment-anything

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks       3            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             3           98            0           94            4
 |- Python               3          513          468            4           41
 (Total)                            611          468           98           45
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/segment-anything/**/*.ipynb --fix
...
Found 180 errors (89 fixed, 91 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks      65            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown            64         3475           12         2507          956
 |- Python              65         9700         7362         1101         1237
 (Total)                          13175         7374         3608         2193
===============================================================================
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/openai-cookbook/**/*.ipynb --fix
error: Failed to parse /path/to/openai-cookbook/examples/vector_databases/Using_vector_databases_for_embeddings_search.ipynb:cell 4:29:18: unexpected token '-'
...
Found 4227 errors (2165 fixed, 2062 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/tensorflow/docs

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks     150            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             1           55            0           46            9
 |- Python               1          402          289           60           53
 (Total)                            457          289          106           62
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/tensorflow-docs/**/*.ipynb --fix
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/guide/extension_type.ipynb:cell 80:1:1: unexpected token Indent
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/r1/tutorials/eager/custom_layers.ipynb:cell 20:1:1: unexpected token Indent
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/guide/data.ipynb:cell 175:5:14: unindent does not match any outer indentation level
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/r1/tutorials/representation/unicode.ipynb:cell 30:1:1: unexpected token Indent
...
Found 12726 errors (5140 fixed, 7586 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/tensorflow/models

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks      46            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             1           11            0            6            5
 |- Python               1          328          249           19           60
 (Total)                            339          249           25           65
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/tensorflow-models/**/*.ipynb --fix
...
Found 4856 errors (2690 fixed, 2166 remaining).
```

resolves: #1218
fixes: #4556

## Summary

Add support for applying auto-fixes in Jupyter Notebook.

### Solution

Cell offsets are the boundaries for each cell in the concatenated source
code. They are represented using `TextSize`. It includes the start and
end offset as well, thus creating a range for each cell. These offsets
are updated using the `SourceMap` markers.

### SourceMap

`SourceMap` contains markers constructed from each edits which tracks
the original source code position to the transformed positions. The
following drawing might make it clear:

![SourceMap visualization](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/assets/67177269/3c94e591-70a7-4b57-bd32-0baa91cc7858)

The center column where the dotted lines are present are the markers
included in the `SourceMap`. The `Notebook` looks at these markers and
updates the cell offsets after each linter loop. If you notice closely,
the destination takes into account all of the markers before it.

The index is constructed only when required as it's only used to render
the diagnostics. So, a `OnceCell` is used for this purpose. The cell
offsets, cell content and the index will be updated after each iteration
of linting in the mentioned order. The order is important here as the
content is updated as per the new offsets and index is updated as per
the new content.

## Limitations

### 1

Styling rules such as the ones in `pycodestyle` will not be applicable
everywhere in Jupyter notebook, especially at the cell boundaries. Let's
take an example where a rule suggests to have 2 blank lines before a
function and the cells contains the following code:

```python
import something
# ---
def first():
	pass

def second():
	pass
```

(Again, the comment is only to visualize cell boundaries.)

In the concatenated source code, the 2 blank lines will be added but it
shouldn't actually be added when we look in terms of Jupyter notebook.
It's as if the function `first` is at the start of a file.

`nbqa` solves this by recording newlines before and after running
`autopep8`, then running the tool and restoring the newlines at the end
(refer nbQA-dev/nbQA#807).

## Test Plan

Three commands were run in order with common flags (`--select=ALL
--no-cache --isolated`) to isolate which stage the problem is occurring:
1. Only diagnostics
2. Fix with diff (`--fix --diff`)
3. Fix (`--fix`)

### https://github.com/facebookresearch/segment-anything

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks       3            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             3           98            0           94            4
 |- Python               3          513          468            4           41
 (Total)                            611          468           98           45
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/segment-anything/**/*.ipynb --fix
...
Found 180 errors (89 fixed, 91 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks      65            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown            64         3475           12         2507          956
 |- Python              65         9700         7362         1101         1237
 (Total)                          13175         7374         3608         2193
===============================================================================
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/openai-cookbook/**/*.ipynb --fix
error: Failed to parse /path/to/openai-cookbook/examples/vector_databases/Using_vector_databases_for_embeddings_search.ipynb:cell 4:29:18: unexpected token '-'
...
Found 4227 errors (2165 fixed, 2062 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/tensorflow/docs

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks     150            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             1           55            0           46            9
 |- Python               1          402          289           60           53
 (Total)                            457          289          106           62
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/tensorflow-docs/**/*.ipynb --fix
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/guide/extension_type.ipynb:cell 80:1:1: unexpected token Indent
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/r1/tutorials/eager/custom_layers.ipynb:cell 20:1:1: unexpected token Indent
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/guide/data.ipynb:cell 175:5:14: unindent does not match any outer indentation level
error: Failed to parse /path/to/tensorflow-docs/site/en/r1/tutorials/representation/unicode.ipynb:cell 30:1:1: unexpected token Indent
...
Found 12726 errors (5140 fixed, 7586 remaining).
```

### https://github.com/tensorflow/models

```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jupyter Notebooks      46            0            0            0            0
 |- Markdown             1           11            0            6            5
 |- Python               1          328          249           19           60
 (Total)                            339          249           25           65
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

```console
$ cargo run --all-features --bin ruff -- check --no-cache --isolated --select=ALL /path/to/tensorflow-models/**/*.ipynb --fix
...
Found 4856 errors (2690 fixed, 2166 remaining).
```

resolves: #1218
fixes: #4556