Dockerfile: use build-args to allow overriding binary-commits (and more) #36412
Description
#35100 rewrite the Dockerfile to use multi-stage builds
To make the Dockerfile more flexible (e.g. to test a different version of containerd or the Docker CLI), a suggestion was made to use build-args for various options; #35100 (comment)
labeling as "beginner", but some knowledge about the Dockerfile may come in handy :)