…uckdb#18395)

Follow-up from duckdb#18390

This PR implements metadata re-use at the row group level, so if we are
e.g. appending to a large table we no longer rewrite the metadata of
unchanged row-groups, and instead refer to the existing metadata
on-disk. In addition, this PR also performs a few fixes where we would
eagerly load columns unnecessarily.



### Performance

Consider a database storing TPC-H SF100. The biggest table (lineitem)
has 600M rows.

```sql
CALL dbgen(sf=100);
```


Now insert a single row into the largest table (`lineitem`) and
checkpoint. We measure two times: the time of the `CHECKPOINT` command,
and the full runtime of opening the database, running the insert +
checkpoint, and closing the database.

```sql
INSERT INTO lineitem VALUES (600000001, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '', '', DATE '2000-01-01', DATE '2000-01-01', DATE '2000-01-01', '', '', '');
CHECKPOINT;
```

| Operation  | v1.3.2 |  New  |
|------------|--------|-------|
| Checkpoint | 0.5s   | 0.11s |
| Full       | 0.63s  | 0.13s |

Clean up error messages.

- Use the same error messages in UHUGEINT and HUGEINT
- Fix operation symbols in those error messages
- Fix operation names in those error messages

…s for converting queries back to SQL (duckdb#18394)

For execution, whether or not a cross join is implicit or not does not
matter - but it matters for converting to SQL as implicit and explicit
cross joins are handled in different orders. This fixes an issue where
`ToString()` would emit a query that was not re-executable.

This PR fixes discussion mirroring.

The `gh` CLI tool has limited support to work with discussions
(cli/cli#4212), so the recommendation is
to script using GraphQL. However, we actually do not need to do much
with the discussions to mirror them: we simply need to open an internal
issue. There is no need to adjust the labels of discussions.

…Metadata blocks (duckdb#18398)

Follow-up from duckdb#18395

This PR adds storage for `extra_metadata_blocks` in the row-group
metadata when the latest storage version (v1.4.0) is used. This is a
list of metadata blocks that are referenced by the row group metadata,
but **not** present in the list of data pointers (`data_pointers`).
These blocks can be present when either (1) columns are very wide due to
e.g. being deeply nested, or (2) the final column pointer "crosses" the
metadata block threshold, as `data_pointers` points only to the
beginning of the column metadata.

Usually this list is empty - and therefore storing this does not take up
a lot of extra storage space. The presence of this list allows us to
more efficiently re-use metadata as we know exactly which metadata
blocks a row group points to, without having to do any additional
deserialization.

### Only Flush Dirty Metadata blocks

Previously our metadata manager would flush all metadata blocks,
incurring a lot of unnecessary I/O now that we are doing a lot of
metadata re-use. This PR reworks this so that we keep track of which
blocks are dirty and only flush the dirty blocks.

### Performance

Running the benchmark in duckdb#18395
again, we now get the following timings:

| Operation  | v1.3.2 |  Re-Use  |  New  |
|------------|--------|-------|-------|
| Checkpoint | 0.5s   | 0.11s | 0.04s |
| Full       | 0.63s  | 0.13s | 0.07s |

* implement materialized sorting interface
* add materialization to cdc
* Create hashed sort infrastructure
* Add Finalize call
* Add merged callback (for linear mask computation)
* First passing test!
* Create hash groups during Combine
* Remove redundant (and incorrect) counting
* Correctly scan sort columns that are not at the front of the payload
* Materialise sort expressions
* Handle no distinct values when computing masks
* Move OVER() hash group construction to Finalize
* Optimize single sort keys
* Correctly call DistinctFrom for ORDER BY keys
* Finish conversion of the collection scanner to pure chunks.
* Explicitly ReferenceStructColumns in ComputeMasks instead of trying to
guess.
* Apply BatchedDataCollection patch.
* Disable unrelated GetAllNeighborSets asserts.
* Fix allocation threading in WindowDistinctAggregatorLocalState
* Fix non-deterministic window tests with unstable sorting
* Fix amalgamation build header problem.

…obal)

…s set

… default schema

…p verify_fetch_row skipped tests

We had a bug in the error message construction if too many type
parameters were passed (duckdb#18452). This PR fixes this.

…root binder stored in the binder itself

# Conflicts:
#	src/transaction/duck_transaction_manager.cpp

- Follow-up to duckdb#17754 and
duckdb#17875


Related issue:
duckdblabs/duckdb-internal#4839.

Support these forms:
- `DuckDB.Config(option=value)` and `Config(["option" => "value"])`
instead of requiring separate `Config()` + set options one by on.
- `DuckDB.DB(..., config=(;option=value))`
- special `readonly` argument, `DuckDB.DB(..., readonly=true)`, that
already exists in the python client

Just improving the ToString() for AttachInfo to add a missing space.

Changed enum value UnicodeType::UNICODE to UnicodeType::UTF8 to avoid
conflict with /DUNICODE on MSVC

Fixes duckdblabs/duckdb-internal#5475

This removes the assertion `D_ASSERT(!entry_value.empty())`.

This assertion was based on the assumption that an empty string was an
invalid state at this point. However, I think empty strings are a valid
case and are handled gracefully by downstream code. The assertion was
therefore too aggressive and has been removed.

* CSVBuffer: check if block is loaded in CSVBuffer::Pin
* Prevent rolling back already committed transaction in the
MetaTransaction
* Use AddBlob in DictFSST - it can also be used to store blobs which are
invalid UTF8
* Align RLE count downwards to ensure pointers are aligned
* Only do parsed statement verification for query verification, clean up
verify_fetch_row skipped tests
* Increase depth for correlated subqueries correctly, and keep depth +
root binder stored in the binder itself
* Re-organize oss-fuzz cases to be in sequential order instead of using
the random case numbers

…nto feat/table-udf-client-context

# Conflicts:
#	src/include/duckdb.h
#	src/include/duckdb/main/capi/extension_api.hpp