Fixes #53471.

One thing to note, I changed the signature in the `with` docstring from
this:

```julia
with(f, (var::ScopedValue{T} => val::T)...)
```

to this:

```julia
with(f, (var::ScopedValue{T} => val)...)
```

...since the original signature in the docstring was too strict. I also
added this sentence to the docstring:

```julia
`val` will be converted to type `T`.
```

I added a couple tests that verify the conversion behavior.

(cherry picked from commit 7613c69)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #39071 <!-- Add a lazy `logrange` function and `LogRange` type -->
- [x] #51802 <!-- Allow AnnotatedStrings in log messages -->
- [x] #53369 <!-- Orthogonalize re-indexing for FastSubArrays -->
- [x] #48050 <!-- improve `--heap-size-hint` arg handling -->
- [x] #53482 <!-- add IR encoding for EnterNode -->
- [x] #53499 <!-- Avoid compiler warning about redefining jl_globalref_t
-->
- [x] #53507 <!-- update staled `Core.Compiler.Effects` documentation
-->
- [x] #53408 <!-- task splitting: change additive accumulation to
multiplicative -->
- [x] #53523 <!-- add back an alias for `check_top_bit` -->
- [x] #53377 <!-- add _readdirx for returning more object info gathered
during dir scan -->
- [x] #53525 <!-- fix InteractiveUtils call in Base.runtests on failure
-->
- [x] #53540 <!-- use more efficient `_readdirx` for tab completion -->
- [x] #53545 <!-- use `_readdirx` for `walkdir` -->
- [x] #53551 <!-- revert "Add @create_log_macro for making custom styled
logging macros (#52196)" -->
- [x] #53554 <!-- Always return a value in 1-d circshift! of
abstractarray.jl -->
- [x] #53424 <!-- yet more atomics & cache-line fixes on work-stealing
queue -->
- [x] #53571 <!-- Update Documenter to v1.3 for inventory writing -->
- [x] #53403 <!-- Move parallel precompilation to Base -->
- [x] #53589 <!-- add back `unsafe_convert` to pointer for arrays -->
- [x] #53596 <!-- build: remove extra .a file -->
- [x] #53606 <!-- fix error path in `precompilepkgs` -->
- [x] #53004 <!-- Unexport with, at_with, and ScopedValue from Base -->
- [x] #53629 <!-- typo fix in scoped values docs -->
- [x] #53630 <!-- sroa: Fix incorrect scope counting -->
- [x] #53598 <!-- Use Base parallel precompilation to build stdlibs -->
- [x] #53649 <!-- precompilepkgs: package in boths deps and weakdeps are
in fact only weak -->
- [x] #53671 <!-- Fix bootstrap Base precompile in cross compile
configuration -->
- [x] #52125 <!-- Load Pkg if not already to reinstate missing package
add prompt -->
- [x] #53602 <!-- Handle zero on arrays of unions of number types and
missings -->
- [x] #53516 <!-- permit NamedTuple{<:Any, Union{}} to be created -->
- [x] #53643 <!-- Bump CSL to 1.1.1 to fix libgomp bug -->
- [x] #53679 <!-- move precompile workload back from Base -->
- [x] #53663 <!-- add isassigned methods for reinterpretarray -->
- [x] #53662 <!-- [REPL] fix incorrectly cleared line after completions
accepted -->
- [x] #53611 <!-- Linalg: matprod_dest for Diagonal and adjvec -->
- [x] #53659 <!-- fix #52025, re-allow all implicit pointer casts in
cconvert for Array -->
- [x] #53631 <!-- LAPACK: validate input parameters to throw informative
errors -->
- [x] #53628 <!-- Make some improvements to the Scoped Values
documentation. -->
- [x] #53655 <!-- Change tbaa of ptr_phi to tbaa_value  -->
- [x] #53391 <!-- Default to the medium code model in x86 linux -->
- [x] #53699 <!-- Move `isexecutable, isreadable, iswritable` to
`filesystem.jl` -->
- [x] #41232 <!-- Fix linear indexing for ReshapedArray if the parent
has offset axes -->
- [x] #53527 <!-- Enable analyzegc checks for try catch and fix found
issues -->
- [x] #52092 
- [x] #53682 <!-- Increase build precompilation -->
- [x] #53720 
- [x] #53553 <!-- typeintersect: fix `UnionAll` unaliasing bug caused by
innervars. -->

Contains multiple commits, manual intervention needed:
- [ ] #53305 <!-- Propagate inbounds in isassigned with CartesianIndex
indices -->

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #53736 <!-- fix literal-pow to return the right type when the base
is -1 -->
- [ ] #53707 <!-- Make ScopedValue public -->
- [ ] #53696 <!-- add invokelatest to on_done callback in bracketed
paste -->
- [ ] #53660 <!-- put Logging back in default sysimage -->
- [ ] #53509 <!-- revert moving "creating packages" from Pkg.jl -->
- [ ] #53452 <!-- RFC: allow Tuple{Union{}}, returning Union{} -->
- [ ] #53402 <!-- Add `jl_getaffinity` and `jl_setaffinity` -->
- [ ] #52694 <!-- Reinstate similar for AbstractQ for backward
compatibility -->
- [ ] #51928 <!-- Styled markdown, with a few tweaks -->
- [ ] #51816 <!-- User-themable stacktraces -->
- [ ] #51811 <!-- Make banner size depend on terminal size -->
- [ ] #51479 <!-- prevent code loading from lookin in the versioned
environment when building Julia -->