Exploring the Impact of a Year-Long Study Abroad in Japan on U.S. Students' Intercultural Competencies and Career Readiness Awareness

Authors

  • Reiko Akiyama Northern Arizona University
  • Luke E. May University of Hawaii at Manoa
  • Ashley Vandling

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v37i3.1026

Keywords:

Career readiness, intercultural competencies, intrapersonal skills, Japan, year-long study abroad

Abstract

In recent years, more American students have participated in study abroad programs for developing language skills, intercultural competencies, broader perspectives, and personal growth. Universities emphasize "career development" through study abroad experiences. However, there are limited qualitative studies focusing on Asian regions, especially Japan, where cultures and social values ​​greatly differ from those of the United States. This study explores how a one-year study abroad experience influenced the intercultural competencies and career readiness of four American students, including two of the researchers, who reside in U.S. communities with a low Japanese population. The findings revealed that an extended study abroad experience in Japan not only enhanced students' intercultural competency skills and career preparedness but also demonstrated how each student developed critical thinking skills. Also, they became more aware of the concepts of equity and inclusion and experienced personal growth during their time abroad.

Abstract in Japanese

近年、語学力の向上、異文化への深い理解、視野の拡大、自己成長を目的として留学プログラムに参加するアメリカ人学生が増加している。とりわけ、大学においては、留学経験を「キャリア形成」の一環として位置づける傾向が強まっている。しかし、アジア地域、特にアメリカと文化的・社会的価値観に大きな相違を有する日本を対象とした質的研究は依然として乏しい。
本研究は、日本における一年間の留学経験が、アメリカ国内の日本人居住者が少ない地域に暮らす四名のアメリカ人学生(うち二名は本研究の研究者)に与えた影響を明らかにすることを目的とする。分析の結果、長期にわたる日本留学は、学生の異文化理解力およびキャリア準備能力の向上に寄与しただけでなく、各学生が批判的思考力を発展させた過程も浮き彫りにした。さらに、彼らは公平性および包括性の概念への認識を深め、個人的成長を遂げたことが確認された。

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Reiko Akiyama, Northern Arizona University

Reiko Akiyama, Ph.D., is Associate Teaching Professor and Head of the Japanese Section in the Department of Global Languages and Cultures at Northern Arizona University. She also serves as a mentor for students in the Interdisciplinary Global Programs. Holding a doctorate in Curriculum Studies, her teaching informs her research and offers a unique lens to guide students in working with diverse populations. Her research explores students’ personal development during study abroad from multiple perspectives.

Luke E. May, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Luke E. May holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology and a Bachelor of Arts in Modern Languages with an emphasis in Japanese from Northern Arizona University. He studied abroad in the Kyushu region, Japan, where he completed language-intensive coursework and conducted a marine biology internship focused on sexual plasticity in Bambooleaf Wrasse. His academic interests include intercultural communication, bioengineering, and exploring cultures around the world. He is currently pursuing a master’s degree in Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Ashley Vandling

Ashley Vandling is a former student at Northern Arizona University. She earned Bachelor of Arts degrees in Modern Languages with an emphasis in Japanese and Comparative Cultural Studies. She is currently employed in Japan as an English language instructor.

References

Åkerlind, G. S. (2005). Variation and commonality in phenomenographic research methods. Higher education research & development, 24(4), 321-334.

Akiyama, R. (2016). Language, culture, and identity negotiation: perspectives of adolescent Japanese sojourner students in the Midwest, USA. [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University] ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

Allen, W. B., & McGuire, S. F. (2020). Liberty and American National Character: A Symposium. Perspectives on Political Science, 49(4), 230–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10457097.2020.1794736

Anderson, P. H., Hubbard, A., & Lawton, L. (2015). Student Motivation to Study Abroad and Their Intercultural Development. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 26, 39-52. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v26i1.354

Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report, 13(4), 544-559.

Boston University. (n.d.). Values in American Culture. Boston University Global Programs International Students & Scholars Office. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.bu.edu/isso/files/pdf/AmericanValues.pdf

Camara, W. (2013). Defining and Measuring College and Career Readiness: A Validation Framework. Educational Measurement, Issues and Practice, 32(4), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12016

Carroll, T. (2005). Beyond keigo: smooth communication and the expression of respect in Japanese as a Foreign Language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2005(175–176), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.175-176.233

Chen, X.-P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024697

Chiou, J.-S. (2001). Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism Among College Students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(5), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600580

Clarke, A., Fan, X., Webb, A., & Zou, W. (2020). Becoming, belonging, and between: Unexpected outcomes and curricular implications for study abroad. Teaching and Teacher Education, 90, 103031, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103031

Cubillos, J. H., &3, T. (2013). The Impact of Study Abroad on Students’ Self-Efficacy Perceptions. Foreign Language Annals, 45(4), 494–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2013.12002.x

DeGraaf, D., Slagter, C., Larsen, K., & Ditta, E. (2013). The long-term personal and professional impacts of participating in study abroad programs. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 23(1), 42-59. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v23i1.328

Deloitte. (2022). Deloitte Global 2022 gen Z and millennial survey. Retrieved June 4, 2024, from https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/issues/work/genzmillennialsurvey-2022.html

Doyle, D. (2009). Holistic assessment and the study abroad experience. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 18, 143-155. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v18i1.258

Fukuda, M., & Nishikawa Chávez, K. (2021). Summer study abroad in Japan: Maximizing intercultural competency development through self‐guided cultural exploration and reflection tasks. Foreign Language Annals, 54(3), 823–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12556

Gillespie, J. (2019). Faculty roles in advancing student learning abroad. In E. Brewer & A. C. Ogden (Eds.), Education abroad and the undergraduate experience (1st ed., pp. 213–228). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003444411-16

Guillaume, Y. R. F., Dawson, J. F., Woods, S. A., Sacramento, C. A., & West, M. A. (2013). Getting diversity at work to work: What we know and what we still don’t know. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12009

Hayashi, C. (2002). Design and Analysis of Data in Sample Surveys on Japanese National Character (Data Science Approach). Comparative Sociology, 1(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913202317346764

Higuchi, Y. (2008). Ryugakusei ni Taisuru Bijinesu Bamen wo Ishiki-shita Keigo-kyouiku no Jyuuyousei. Osaka Otani Kokubun. (38), 60-47. https://osaka-ohtani.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000187

Hubbard, A., & Rexeisen, R. J. (2020). Investing in study abroad and cultural engagement: A win-win for career development. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 32(3), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i3.577

Iwasaki, N. (2007). Assessing Progress towards Advanced Level Japanese after a Year Abroad: Focus on Individual Learners. Japanese Language and Literature, 41(2), 271–296.

Jenny, S. E., Chung, J. J., Rademaker, S. M., & Almond, E. C. (2017). University Students’ perceived and experienced challenges and benefits to studying abroad: Gender, class year, and length of experience comparisons. Journal of Education Research, 11(4), 457-476.

Kehl, K., & Morris, J. (2007). Differences in global-mindedness between short-term and semester-long study abroad participants. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 15(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v15i1.217

Kohls, L. R. (1984). The values Americans live by. Meridian House International. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://homepages.se.edu/cvonbergen/files/2013/01/The-Values-Americans-Live-By.pdf

Leifels, K., & Zhang, R. P. (2023). Cultural diversity in work teams and wellbeing impairments: A stress perspective. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management: CCM, 23(2), 367–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958231188807

Liu, A. (2011). Unraveling the myth of meritocracy within the context of US higher education. Higher Education, 62(4), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9394-7

Maharaja, G. (2018). The Impact of Study Abroad on College Students’ Intercultural Competence and Personal Development. International Research and Review, 7(2), 18-41.

Mansfield, S., & Wagner-Egelhaaf, M. (2019). Ethics of autobiography. In M. Wagner-Egelhaaf (Ed.), Handbook of autobiography / autofiction (Vol. 2, pp. 268–274). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110279818-032

Marton, F., & Booth, S. (1997). Learning and awareness. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Miyamoto, Y., & Kuhlman, N. (2001). Ameliorating culture shock in Japanese expatriate children in the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00040-7

Montrose, L. (2002). International study and experiential learning: The academic context. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v8i1.91

Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST). (2016). Rainichi-mae Jyoho Nihonjin/Nihon Bunka towa. Retrieved June 17, 2024, from https://www.naist.jp/ciss/coming/culture.html

National Association Colleges and Employers (NACE). (2021). Competencies for a Career-Ready Workforce. Retrieved January 25, 2024, from https://www.naceweb.org/career-readiness/competencies/career-readiness-defined

Nishikawa, M. (2020). Kuuki wo yomu Nijonjin [Japanese people, who read the air]. Thinking about Human Rights Kansai, Gaidai University, (23), 131-144. Retrieved June 15, 2024, from https://kansaigaidai.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7929

Open Doors. (2023) 2023 Fast Facts. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from https://opendoorsdata.org/annual-release/international-students/#:~:text=For%20the%20first%20time%20since,professional%20degrees%20(%2B21%25)

Pedersen, P. J. (2010). Assessing intercultural effectiveness outcomes in a year-long study abroad program. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.09.003

Rivers, D. J. (2019). Walking on Glass: Reconciling Experience and Expectation within Japan. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 18(6), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2019.1674149

Roberson, Q., Ryan, A. M., & Ragins, B. R. (2017). The Evolution and Future of Diversity at Work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000161

Salisbury, Mark H, An, Brian P, & Pascarella, Ernest T. (2013). The effect of study abroad on intercultural competence among undergraduate college students. https://doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2013-0001

Sambaiah, M., & Aneel, Y. (2016). Intrapersonal skills as core of the personality: Some home truths. Journal of English language and literature, 3(1), 225-230.

Satake, H. (2021). Bijinesu-shakai ni okeru Keigo Ishiki no Mondaiten [Problems of Honorific Consciousness in Business Society]. Japio yearbook 2021. 314-319.

Savicki, V. (2010). Implications of Early Sociocultural Adaptations for Study Abroad Students. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 19(1), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v19i1.283

Spring, J. (2007). The intersection of cultures: Multicultural education in the United States and the Global Economy (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. LLC.

Stebleton, M. J., Soria, K. M., & Cherney, B. T. (2013). The High Impact of Education Abroad: College Students’ Engagement in International Experiences and the Development of Intercultural Competencies. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v22i1.316

Sullivan, N., & Schatz, R. T. (2009). Effects of Japanese national identification on attitudes toward learning English and self-assessed English proficiency. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(6), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.03.001

Takamizawa, E. (2001). Group orientation in Japan: Analysis and application to missions. Torch Trinity Journal, 4, 34-45.

Tsuneyoshi, R. (2013). Japanese model of schooling: Comparisons with the US. Routledge.

Van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. The Althouse Press.

Watson, J. R., Siska, P., & Wolfel, R. L. (2013). Assessing Gains in Language Proficiency, Cross-Cultural Competence, and Regional Awareness During Study Abroad: A Preliminary Study. Foreign Language Annals, 46(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12016

University of Portland. (n.d.). American Values and Assumptions. International Student Services. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from https://www.up.edu/iss/advising-services/american-values.html

University of Rochester. (n.d.) Common American Values. International Services Office. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from https://iso.rochester.edu/living/culture/values.html

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.

Downloads

Published

2025-11-05

How to Cite

Akiyama, R., May, L., & Vandling, A. (2025). Exploring the Impact of a Year-Long Study Abroad in Japan on U.S. Students’ Intercultural Competencies and Career Readiness Awareness. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 37(3), 220–249. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v37i3.1026

Issue

Section

Research Articles