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Computer Engineering Articles
Page 7 of 36
What is IEEE 802.3?
IEEE 802.3 is a set of standards and protocols that define Ethernet-based networks. Ethernet technologies are primarily used in LANs, though they can also be used in MANs and even WANs. IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks.IEEE 802.3 Popular VersionsThere are a number of versions of IEEE 802.3 protocol. The most popular ones are.IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5. It used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the ...
Read MoreIEEE 802.3 and Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3 standard. IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks. Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet.Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is the type ...
Read MoreA Protocol Using Go-Back-N
Go-Back-N protocol, also called Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat reQuest, is a data link layer protocol that uses a sliding window method for reliable and sequential delivery of data frames. It is a case of sliding window protocol having to send window size of N and receiving window size of 1.Working PrincipleGo – Back – N ARQ provides for sending multiple frames before receiving the acknowledgment for the first frame. The frames are sequentially numbered and a finite number of frames. The maximum number of frames that can be sent depends upon the size of the sending window. If the acknowledgment of ...
Read MoreWhat is ad-hoc network?
An ad hoc network is one that is spontaneously formed when devices connect and communicate with each other. The term ad hoc is a Latin word that literally means "for this, " implying improvised or impromptu.Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless local area networks (WLANs). The devices communicate with each other directly instead of relying on a base station or access points as in wireless LANs for data transfer co-ordination. Each device participates in routing activity, by determining the route using the routing algorithm and forwarding data to other devices via this route.Classifications of Ad Hoc NetworksAd hoc networks can ...
Read MoreDifference between Router and Switch
Both Routers and Switches are network connecting devices. Routers work at the network layer and are responsible to find the shortest path for a packet across the network, whereas Switches connect various devices in a network. Routers connect devices across multiple networks. Read through this article to find out more about these two network devices and how they operate to understand how they are different from each other. What is a Router? Routers are network connecting devices that determine the shortest path for a packet to take to get to its destination. A router's primary function is to connect ...
Read MoreWhat is Hamming Distance?
Hamming DistanceHamming distance is a metric for comparing two binary data strings. While comparing two binary strings of equal length, Hamming distance is the number of bit positions in which the two bits are different.The Hamming distance between two strings, a and b is denoted as d(a, b).It is used for error detection or error correction when data is transmitted over computer networks. It is also using in coding theory for comparing equal length data words.Calculation of Hamming DistanceIn order to calculate the Hamming distance between two strings, and , we perform their XOR operation, (a⊕ b), and then count ...
Read MoreMedium Access Control Sublayer (MAC sublayer)
The medium access control (MAC) is a sublayer of the data link layer of the open system interconnections (OSI) reference model for data transmission. It is responsible for flow control and multiplexing for transmission medium. It controls the transmission of data packets via remotely shared channels. It sends data over the network interface card. MAC Layer in the OSI Model The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The data link layer is the second lowest layer. It is divided into two sublayers − ...
Read MoreHow to Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal?
Decimal system is most familiar number system to the general public. It is base 10 which has only 10 symbols − 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Whereas Hexadecimal system is most familiar number system color representation in Computers or digital systems. It is base 16 which has only 16 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E, F. These A, B, C, D, E, F use as single digit in place of double digits, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 respectively.Conversion from Decimal to Hexadecimal ...
Read MoreWide Area Network (WAN)
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographical area comprising a region, a country, a continent or even the whole world. WAN includes the technologies to transmit data, image, audio and video information over long distances and among different LANs and MANs.The distinguishing features of WAN areWANs have a large capacity, connecting a large number of computers over a large area, and are inherently scalable.They facilitate the sharing of regional resources.They provide uplinks for connecting LANs and MANs to the Internet.Communication links are provided by public carriers like telephone networks, network providers, cable systems, ...
Read MoreFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a set of ANSI and ISO standards for transmission of data in local area network (LAN) over fiber optic cables. It is applicable in large LANs that can extend up to 200 kilometers in diameter. Features FDDI uses optical fiber as its physical medium. It operates in the physical and medium access control (MAC layer) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model. It provides high ...
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