Research Library

Our mission is to empower activists, journalists, and policymakers to shape effective criminal justice policy, so we go beyond our original reports and analyses to curate a database of virtually all the empirical criminal justice research available online.

Tips: If you know what you are looking for, you may also search the database. We also have an email newsletter (at right)(at bottom) for new research library updates.

  • COVID-19 (82) Research on the pandemic’s impact on prisons and jails
  • Community impact (124) Research on the impact of the criminal legal system on housing, schools, employment, neighborhoods, and more
  • Conditions of confinement (297) Research on prison and jail conditions such as solitary confinement, labor, discipline, food, and more
  • Courts and trials (185) Research on prosecutors, judges, public defense, court caseloads, and more
  • Crime (291) Curated research on crime, crime rates, and victimization
  • Death penalty (156) Information and data on capital punishment and executions
  • Disability (35) Research on the prevalence of, and challenges faced by, people with disabilities in the criminal legal system
  • Drug policy and treatment (187) Research on punishing and treating drug use in the criminal legal system
  • Economics of incarceration (190) Research on the economic drivers and consequences of mass incarceration
  • Education (135) Curated research on education programs in prisons and the school-to-prison pipeline
  • Families (163) Information and data on the criminal legal system’s impacts on families
  • Felony disenfranchisement and voting rights (94) Information about laws barring people from the polls because of criminal convictions
  • General (176) Broad-based research and information about the criminal legal system
  • Gun control (47) Information and data about gun violence, firearms, and gun control policy
  • Health and healthcare (262) Research on access to healthcare, chronic and infectious disease, mortality, and more
  • Immigration (83) Research on the incarceration and detainment of immigrants
  • Incarceration rates and trends (342) Research documenting the growth of prison and jail populations
  • International incarceration (45) Curated research on incarceration trends worldwide, and how they compare to the U.S.
  • Jails (305) Research on jail populations, jail conditions, jail construction, and more
  • LGBTQ (27) Information and data on the mass criminalization and incarceration of LGBTQ+ people
  • Mental health (99) Research on the prevalence and treatment of mental illness in the criminal legal system
  • Policing (285) Information and data on arrests, traffic stops, law enforcement interactions, and more
  • Poverty and wealth (174) Research on fines, fees, debt, and the criminalization of poor people
  • Pretrial detention (150) Research on the costs and outcomes of detaining people before trial
  • Prison gerrymandering (20) Research on prison-based gerrymandering (see also www.prisonersofthecensus.org)
  • Privatization (105) Information and data on how private companies exploit incarcerated people and their families
  • Probation and parole (144) Information about community supervision policies, conditions, violations, and more
  • Public opinion (52) Research on public perceptions of crime, prison, reform, and more
  • Racial and ethnic disparities (194) Research and statistics on racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal legal system
  • Reentry and recidivism (266) Information and research on the challenges and outcomes for people released from incarceration, including collateral consequences
  • Sentencing policy (156) Research on the rise and impact of excessive criminal sentences
  • Sex-related convictions (18) Research about the unique punishment of sex-related crimes through registries, civil commitment, and other means
  • Women and gender (162) Information and data on gender disparities in the criminal legal system
  • Youth and juvenile justice (407) Research about youth in the criminal legal system

Enter one word from the title, author or topic to search the library:

Advanced search options or view entire database by the date added.


Some of the most recently added reports are:

Wednesday, April 8 2026:

  • Nonpolice Alternative Response Programs Across the United States: A National Portrait, Center for Policing Equity. December, 2025. "Despite the recent proliferation of ARPs, most of those serving large populations respond to fewer calls than the standout programs that researchers and advocates typically highlight."
  • The Prison Discovery Crisis, James Stone. June, 2025. "When imprisoned litigants lack meaningful access to discovery, their cases become swearing contests they are bound to lose, and wrongdoing in prison goes unaddressed."
  • Excessive Force in Prison, Sharon Dolovich. July, 2024. "Given the powerful cultural forces that incline both prison officials and the courts to regard COs' conduct as reasonable almost regardless of the facts,23 it will take more than a doctrinal shift to bring about tangible change."
  • 150% Wrong: The Prison Litigation Reform Act and Attorney's Fees, Eleanor Umphres. January, 2019. "To facilitate the just resolution of meritorious prisoner litigation, prisoners' civil rights attorneys should be paid closer to market rate...and a correct reading of SS 1997e(d)(2) makes this possible."
  • The Retroactive Application of Justice: Using Prosecutorial Discretion to Correct Sentences that No Longer Serve a Valid Purpose, Jennifer Smith and Jeremiah Bourgeois. April, 2021. "Through [SB] 6164, prosecutors have the power to address inequities in sentencing outcomes based on how our sentencing practices and laws have evolved."
  • Newly Opened California City ICE Detention Facility: Dangerous for Disabled People, Disability Rights California. November, 2025. "Another individual reported that he was given medication to manage a mental health disability, but he did not know what type of medication the facility staff provided him, despite asking for such information."
  • Shackling and pregnancy care policies in US prisons and jails, Camille Kramer et al. November, 2022. "Most facilities stationed an officer inside the hospital room during labor and delivery, but nearly one-third of facilities did not require a female-identifying officer."
  • Burden of Acute Care Surgery and Trauma-Related Mortality in the US State Prisons, Totadri Dhimal et al. September, 2025. "Nearly 1 in 6 deaths were attributable to trauma or [acute care surgical] pathologies, with a substantial proportion occurring within prison facilities."
  • Cooperation Between U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, Center for Policing Equity. November, 2025. "Recently, both the federal executive branch and Congress have introduced new forms of pressure designed to restrict the voluntary and discretionary space available to LEAs while avoiding violations of the 10th Amendment's anti-commandeering doctrine."
  • The True Cost of Jail Detention in Berks and a Vision for Public Safety, Vera Institute of Justice, Building Justice in Berks and The Real Deal 610. May, 2025. "Of every $100 of its general fund, Berks County spends... $22 on jail operations, $4 on recreation and culture, $2 on public defenders, and <$0.01 on the Council on Chemical Abuse, a nonprofit that promotes addiction treatment in Berks."
  • Racial and Ethnic Inequalities for Nonfatal Legal Intervention Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments, Mina Kim, Phillip Atiba Solomon, and Justin M. Feldman. October, 2025. "Over the study period, mean injury rates for African American or Black people were 5.3 times those of White people."
  • Paying Financial Sanctions via Incarceration: A Case Study of "Sitting Out", Beth Colgan and Jordan B. Woods. January, 2026. "The defendants in our study spent a minimum of 14,036 days in Nebraska county jails to pay off fines, costs, and probation fees."
  • State Laws on Access to Menstrual Products for Incarcerated People, Justice-Involved Women & Children. October, 2025. "Menstrual products are specified as free of cost in twenty-eight states and the BOP. Seven states do not specify."
  • Strategies and Insights to End Girls' Incarceration: Lessons from the Field, Vera Institute of Justice. October, 2025. "If every state stopped incarcerating youth for misdemeanors, status offenses, and technical violations of probation, most communities could end the incarceration of girls and gender expansive youth entirely."

Monday, April 6 2026:

  • Access Denied: The Injustice of PLRA Exhaustion, Rachel Kincaid. January, 2026. "All courts should join the Seventh Circuit in evaluating whether a grievance system was available to the plaintiff based on their subjective capabilities and experiences."
  • Prison Banking, Anna VanCleave. October, 2024. "Given the direct access that prisons have to these accounts and the ease with which they can seize funds, inmate trust accounts are a site of substantial wealth extraction, often with the blessing and penological deference of the courts."
  • Selling Safety: A Journalist's Guide to Covering Police Technology, Center for Just Journalism. February, 2026. "When the [AI-powered weapons detection] system was piloted in the New York City subway, it didn't detect any firearms, and out of 2,749 scans, it found just twelve knives and triggered 118 false positives."
  • Circumscribing Alaskan Law Enforcement's Access to Pretrial Electronic Monitoring Location Data, Rosa Gibson. December, 2025. "The privacy intrusion deepens when the data is used not to confirm a releasee's location...but to investigate crimes subsequent to the releasee's original offense."
  • Returning Home: A Landscape of Community-Based Reentry in Massachusetts, ForHealth Consulting at UMass Chan Medical School. June, 2024. (This overview of reentry practices in Mass. contains county-level incarceration, demographic, and socioeconomic data.)
  • Earned Sentence Credits: A Smart Public Safety Strategy to Reduce Crime and Save Taxpayer Dollars, Alliance for Safety and Justice and Unify.US. January, 2026. "Data from recent earned credit expansion in Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, have documented associated improvements to community safety due to reductions in recidivism."

Friday, April 3 2026:

  • Improving Interactions Within the Justice System, NYC Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice. December, 2025. "Most interactions people experience...through the justice system are limited to a series of brief mandated encounters--check-ins, needs assessments, [etc.]...these represent key intervention points with the potential to change future well-being."
  • Locked Out of the Labor Market: A New State-Level Measure of Incarceration and Inequality, Vera Institute of Justice. March, 2025. "When incarcerated people are counted among the unemployed, this disparity ratio rises 22 percent--Black people are in fact 2.3 times as likely to be unemployed as white people."
  • "They Just Denied Me": Parole Stories and Case Studies, fwd.us. February, 2026. "This policy brief examines parole policies and practices in Missouri, Mississippi, and New York to highlight the systemic barriers to a fair parole process that are contributing to the nationwide decline in parole use."
  • Born Inside: Birth Experiences During Incarceration & the Need for Doula Care, Birth Support Working Group. October, 2025. "The individuals...consistently shared that being incarcerated during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum took a grave emotional and psychological toll...[they] felt that doulas could play a vital part in improving pregnancy experiences during incarceration."


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