If you're someone who experiences sugar cravings you'll know how hard it is to give up the sweet stuff. But you're not alone.

A poll by sugar-free ice cream brand Wheyhey found almost half of us (49 percent ) in the UK are addicted to sweet foods. Of the 2,000 interviewed,  more than three-quarters have tried to quit sugar but only 3 percent have managed to kick sugary treats.

The NHS recommends 30g of added sugar a day, which should account for no more than 5 percent of the calories we consume. However, according to one NHS report, the average Brit eats 700g of sugar a week, or 100g a day. We asked clinical nutritionist Suzie Sawyer and nutritional expert Rob Hobson what causes this addiction and how to put an end to our sugar cravings.

Why do I crave sugar?

Sugar carvings are essentially down to blood sugar balance, or imbalance. If we eat too many sugary, refined foods or have an abundance of stimulants such as caffeine or alcohol, glucose levels in the blood spike. This causes a spike in insulin response to move the glucose out of the bloodstream. And this results in a much lower dip in blood sugar than a normal response. Hence – at the bottom of the curve – more cravings will be felt as well as energy dips. This tricks the brain into believing it needs more, hence those sugar cravings. This is what happens when you eat too much sugar.

'Regions in the brain responsible for pleasure and reward can also play a role in the foods that we crave,' adds Rob Hobson. 'To some degree, we are hard-wired to seek out foods that stimulate feel-good centres in the brain,' he says. 'Mostly those high in sugar and fat.'

Causes of sugar cravings

As well as blood sugar, hormones can play a part in why we crave sugary foods. 'While it’s not quite clear why some teenage girls crave carbohydrate foods (such as those high in sugar) during certain times during their menstrual cycle it may be due to a drop in the happy hormone serotonin,' says Rob. 'Carbohydrates help with the uptake of an amino acid into the brain which is used to make serotonin,' he explains.

'Microbiome imbalance can also impact on sugar cravings, as many of the opportunistic (potentially bad) bacteria in our gut feed on sugar, which enables them to multiply, resulting in dysbiosis (imbalance) in our gut microbiome,' says Adrienne Benjamin, nutritionist for ProVen Probiotics. 'This can lead to a positive feedback loop where the more sugar we eat, the more of these bacteria are present in our gut and the more we crave sugar to feed them,' she says.

Then there is tiredness and fatigue, which can cause us to seek energy-boosting foods that will provide us with a quick fix. 'Lack of sleep can affect our internal body clock, which affects the hormones that regulate appetite (ghrelin and leptin). This makes it more difficult to resist cravings,' says Adrienne.

'Feeling tired also dampens your mood, leaving you less motivated to eat well,' adds Rob. 'This could have you reaching for comfort foods. However, this effect only lasts for a short while. And it can leave you feeling worse once the initial rush wears off,' he warns.

Our mental health may spark sugar cravings, too. 'Cravings are often linked to our emotions. In times of stress or low mood we're more prone to seek out foods that offer comfort,' says Rob.' This might be because we associate these foods with happy memories and nostalgia. Plus, the stress hormone cortisol can increase appetite and your motivation to eat,' he explains.

Further culprits for your sugar cravings include 'not eating enough calories, habit – such as that chocolate bar every day or eating as soon as you arrive home after work – and seeking reward,' says Adrienne. 'Also, eating imbalanced meals that include too much carbohydrate compared with protein and/or fat. And eating too many salty processed foods triggers sugar cravings as a rebound response to high salt levels,' she adds. So, if you want to reduce sugar cravings, reducing the salt in your diet is also key.

How do you stop sugar cravings?

'The key to reducing sugar cravings is understanding what's triggering them and to focus on balancing blood sugar to manage physical cravings,' says Adrienne. 'Eat fruit with fat or protein to reduce the impact on blood sugar, plus whole nutrient-dense foods to replace processed and sugar-laden food.' Nutrient-dense foods include fruit, veg, wholegrains, eggs and oily fish such as salmon and sardines.

Another effective way to stop sugar cravings is 'to eat plenty of protein at each meal,' advises Suzie. 'Eat eggs, meat, dairy, nuts, seeds, fish, beans or high-protein grains such as quinoa. When we eat protein, it stimulates the opposing hormone to insulin (glucagon) thereby balancing blood sugar response and reducing cravings,' she explains. 'Whenever you feel sugar cravings coming on, reach for a protein snack such as some nuts or seeds. Or an oatcake with hummus, cottage cheese or nut butter, or some natural yoghurt,' recommends Suzie. 'It’s amazing how quickly urges dissipate and tastebuds adapt.'

If chocolate is your weakness a little bit of what you fancy can actually ease your sugar cravings. But it must be the right sort. 'Eating small portions of "healthier" dark chocolate (70% cocoa or higher) can help if you're craving chocolate, as this contains both magnesium and antioxidants,' says Adrienne.

'Another thing you may want to consider is taking chromium,' suggests Rob. 'This mineral helps to regulate blood sugar levels. Some people find that it helps them get a better grip on sugar cravings,' he says. Try Healthspan Chromium (£14.95 for 360 tablets). One more supplement worth trying is a probiotic. 'A probiotic can help balance your gut and support digestion and absorption of nutrients from food,' says Adrienne. Try ProVen Probiotics Four Pillars of Nutrition (£21.95 for a 30-day supply).

Now you know what may be causing your sugar cravings, find out how to quit sugar easily and painlessly, take a look at some of these healthy sugar substitutes that will get you consuming less refined sugar, or follow our sugar-free diet plan.

A low sodium diet could be life-saving for people with conditions like high blood pressure.

The low sodium diet is recommended for people with heart disease, high blood pressure and kidney disease. While sodium is a mineral that can be found naturally in many everyday foods, it is also a main element of salt, which is made of sodium and chloride. Although some of the sodium in our daily diet comes from our natural food sources and table salt, the main source of hidden salts are processed products, takeaway food and meals in cafes and restaurants.

If you are someone who has high blood pressure, kidney disease or is at risk of heart disease, adapting to a low sodium diet can have drastic results on your health. Studies have shown that a low sodium diet has been proven to lower blood pressure. Registered nutritionist Katharine Jenner says: “The biggest benefit is keeping your blood pressure from rising to dangerously high levels, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks. However small everyday benefits you might see are less bloating, fewer headaches and being less dehydrated.”

What is the low sodium diet?

A low sodium diet limits the amount of sodium, or salt, you eat. While some sodium is important for the body - it helps to maintain the balance of water and minerals - too much of it can lead to issues like increased blood pressure. This in turn increases your risk of heart disease or a stroke.

According to the World Health Organisation, most people consume on average 9 to 12g of salt per day. This is around twice the recommended daily allowance, as the NHS recommends it should be no more than 6g, around one teaspoon.

While some of the sodium in our diet comes from natural food sources or the table salt we use, the majority of it comes from pre-packaged or processed foods. It's also usually high in the meals we order in cafes and restaurants. This is because it is used for flavourings, as a binding agent and as a preservative.

So if you’re looking to follow a low sodium diet, the best way to do so is to reduce your intake of processed food as much as possible.

Katharine Jenner, who is the director of Action on Salt, says: "A low sodium, or salt, diet is an approach to lower blood pressure, bloating and headaches, and involves avoiding foods with high salt. These include packaged foods where salt is added, like sauces, ready meals and crisps and where salt is used in the manufacturing process like bacon, sausages and cheese.”

One of the main problems is that some food labels list salt and others sodium, meaning you have to keep an eye out for both. Bear in mind, however, that salt is equal to two and a half times the same amount of sodium. So if a label only has sodium listed, work out the amount of salt by multiplying it by two and a half. For example, 1.2g sodium is equal to 3g salt.

What’s the difference between low salt and low sodium?

The terms 'low salt' and 'low sodium' are often used interchangeably. This is because salt is made of the minerals sodium and chloride. So anyone following a low salt or low sodium diet will be following the same plan.

Registered dietician Katharine Jenner explains: "Salt is made of sodium and chloride. So theoretically, ‘low salt’ is just 'low sodium chloride’. The term 'low sodium’ can actually be used for anything low in sodium, so sodium bicarb or sodium nitrate for example. However, in reality in the UK, food manufacturers extrapolate ‘salt’ from ‘sodium’. So, they are the same - except in the case of ‘low sodium table salt’, which has much of the sodium replaced with potassium chloride. So ‘low sodium’ is a much more logical name."

Also bear in mind - that sodium is what’s found in our food, especially in processed foods, while salt is what we add to our food. There are also different types of salt…

• Table salt – stripped of its minerals to give it that fine texture. Additives may also be added to prevent clumping.
• Sea salt – harvested from evaporated seawater. Sea salt contains minerals such as zinc, potassium, and iron, giving it a more complex taste.
• Rock salt – chunkier in size compared to table salt. Often used to preserve meat.

What are the benefits of a low sodium diet?

• 1. Lowers blood pressure - Research by the Royal College of Physicians has shown that high blood pressure is the biggest risk factor for global disease because it can lead to heart disease and strokes.The good news is, that following a low salt diet can have pretty fast results in reducing your blood pressure. >This 2019 study found even a modest reduction in salt intake over a prolonged period led to a fall in blood pressure.
• 2. Slows kidney disease - One of the roles of the kidneys is to remove excess sodium from your body. So people with kidney disease have to be particularly careful about the amount of salt they eat. Although researchers agree that more work is needed in this area, this JASN study found that restricting sodium should be encouraged in patients with chronic kidney disease in order to reduce its progression.
• 3. Reduces bloating - Diets that are high in salt can also lead to bloating. This is because it encourages your body to hold onto fluids you eat and drink. In a 2019 medical trial 412 participants were put on a high-fibre, DASH or low-fibre or Western diet. On their assigned diet, participants then ate three sodium levels, low, medium or high, in 30-day periods, with 5-day breaks between each period. Researchers found that regardless of the diet, a high sodium intake increased the risk of bloating.
• 4. Fewer headaches - Patients with high blood pressure may also find that they suffer from headaches. Although medics aren't sure of the exact cause, research suggests it's likely to be because higher salt levels cause the blood vessels in the head to expand.Research has found that by lowering blood pressure, patients may experience fewer headaches as an added bonus. A 2016 study by Johns Hopkins University of 975 men and women aged 60-80 for example, found that a reduced sodium intake (although recommended for blood pressure control) had the added benefit of reducing headaches.
• 5. Reduces dehydration - Studies have shown that having a higher intake of salt can lead to dehydration. In this study which looked at young adults’ drinking habits, researchers found that although participants with a higher salt intake drank more than those with a lower salt intake, they still had lower hydration levels. It recommended reducing the consumption of salt among young adults.

Low sodium foods

• Fruits – Apples, bananas, oranges, pears, peaches, plums, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, grapes, figs, pomegranates, passion fruit, kiwis, avocados
• Vegetables – Potatoes, carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, peppers, aubergines, courgettes, tomatoes, spinach, garlic, sweet potatoes, peas, sweetcorn, beans
• Meat - Beef, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey, duck
• Fish - Salmon, tuna, cod, haddock, plaice, seabass, white fish
• Shellfish – Prawns, crab, lobster, mussels, oysters, scallops
• Wholegrains – Wholegrain bread, brown rice, couscous, buckwheat, quinoa, bulgar wheat, whole oats
• Legumes (with no added salt) – Beans, lentils, chickpeas
• Dairy - Milk, low salt cheese, yoghurt, unsalted margarine/butter, cream, ice cream
• Eggs
• Nuts (unsalted) - Cashews, hazelnuts, Brazil nuts, walnuts, pistachios, etc
• Seeds – Pumpkin, chia, sunflower, poppy, sesame, etc

Try to buy fresh, unprocessed food where possible. When buying tinned food look for products that have no added salt.

High sodium foods to avoid

• Fast food and takeaways - Burger, fries, pizzas, fried chicken, curries
• Snacks - Crisps, tortillas, salted and dry-roasted nuts, crackers, olives, pickles
• Pre-packaged meals - Pizzas, pasta
• Processed meat - Bacon, sausages, ham, salami, chorizo
• Salty fish - Anchovies, smoked fish, salt fish, prawns
• Canned food - Vegetables, beans, pulses, soup
• Sauces - Pasta sauces, salad dressings, ketchup, mayonnaise, soy sauce, yeast extract
• Gravy and stock cubes

When thinking about high sodium foods to avoid, the best place to start is with processed and pre-packaged food. This is where the majority of salt in our diet comes from. Also, it is worth being aware of 'hidden' salt in canned goods and sauces.

How to lower your sodium intake

While it may feel daunting at first to have to reduce the salt in your salt diet, there are plenty of easy tips for lowering your sodium intake. These range from checking the packaging of the food you buy in the supermarket, to thinking carefully about the choices you make when ordering dinner in a restaurant. Cooking from scratch and finding different ways to season food can also help.

Katharine says: “About 75 per cent of the salt that we eat comes in the packaged foods that we buy, and in the meals we order out of the home in cafes and restaurants or via deliveries. So rather than just stopping adding salt to your food when cooking, you really have to look at choosing less salty options from those on the menu and on the shelves.”

• 1. Read food labels - It sounds obvious, but always check the nutrition labels on the packaging of the food. In the UK there is a helpful traffic light system, where foods which are high in salt will be red and low in salt will be green. Compare labels for products you buy regularly and try to make healthier swaps where possible.
• 2. Download the FoodSwitch app - Action on Salt has a free app called FoodSwitch UK – which tells you how much salt is in your packaged food and offers you less salty alternatives.
• 3. Don’t automatically add salt - The NHS recommends tasting your food first, whether you’re cooking yourself or eating out. Often people add salt out of habit when it is not actually needed.
• 4. Find different ways to season your food - There are plenty of other tasty ways to season your food, rather than using salt. Use black pepper on fish, fresh herbs in pasta and ginger and chilli in stir frys.
• 5. Avoid added salt in tinned foodWhen you are buying tinned food, such as beans or vegetables, opt for those without added salt. Once you’ve added them to the meal you are preparing you won’t notice the difference.
• 6. Cut back on the fast food - While we all love the odd fast food treat, there’s no denying that they are usually packed with salt. Try to reduce the amount you eat and if you do order one look for healthy alternatives, such as a salad rather than fries.
• 7. Eat less processed meat - Processed meat is often high in salt, as it is used for flavouring and preserving. Try to cut back on the number of sausages, burgers, salami and chorizo you eat. If you do buy bacon, opt for reduced-salt unsmoked back bacon.
• 8. Check the menu for healthier options - Food in restaurants and takeaways often have high levels of salt. Think carefully about the toppings, sauces and sides you order, which can all add up. For example, on a pizza opt for vegetable or chicken toppings, rather than pepperoni or bacon and for a Chinese or Indian meal choose plain rice which has less salt than pilau or egg fried rice.
• 9. Go easy on the sauce - Lots of sauces and salad dressings have high salt content so check the labels on products like mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard and soy sauce. Try making your own salad dressings at home or ask for them to be served on the side of your meal at a restaurant.
• 10. Adapt the English breakfast - Try to make the traditional English breakfast healthier by opting for poached egg or mushrooms on toast. If you do have meat, choose bacon or sausage, rather than both.
• 11. Choose healthy snacks - Crisps and salted nuts are so easy to snack on, but also quickly ramp up your daily salt intake. Try replacing them with unsalted nuts or crackers or chopped up vegetables like carrots and peppers.

How long does it take to reduce sodium levels?

It doesn’t actually take very long to reduce sodium levels and people who follow a low sodium diet often see a reduction in their blood pressure within a matter of weeks. The amount by which it lowers will be dependent on a number of factors, including how much salt you previously consumed in your diet and how much you have reduced your salt intake by.

This review of 33 studies lasting five weeks or longer found that in people aged 50-59, who had a reduction in daily sodium intake of around 3g of salt would, after a few weeks, lower systolic blood pressure (the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats) by an average of 5 millimetres of mercury (mmHg)> and by 7 mmHg in those with high blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure (which measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats) was lowered by about half as much. The review also estimated that a reduction in salt intake by a whole Western population of this kind would reduce the incidence of stroke by 22% and of ischaemic heart disease by 16 per cent.

Registered dietician Katharine Jenner says: “You can do this instantly, and you can see the effects very quickly. Blood pressure can be reduced within weeks. Your taste buds take a bit of time to adjust to less salt if you do it too quickly, but they will – so give them time. Much as if you slowly reduce the amount of sugar added to your tea, after a couple of weeks you won’t enjoy tea with sugar in it anymore.”

Low sodium diet: a nutritionist’s verdict

Katharine told us: “If you have raised or high blood pressure, a low sodium diet could literally be a lifesaver. Low sodium diets might seem a bit specific to others, but moving away from high salt diets means you are more likely to have less processed and takeaway foods. This means your diet is likely to be richer in more nutritious ingredients and that can only be a good thing. As with all diets, it is small and lasting changes that you can stick to that make a difference. So give it a go and see if you can make it stick. I used to have a high salt diet, without realising it, and now I can finally appreciate what real food is meant to taste like – and it’s delicious!”

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Getting enough iron in foods is crucial, but how do you figure out how much is on your plate?

Iron is a mineral that plays lots of different roles in the body, from maintaining a healthy immune system to transporting oxygen around the body. If you’re not getting enough foods high in iron, you might feel tired and low in energy. According to dietitian Dr Carrie Ruxton, iron is vital for many parts of a healthy, functioning body. She told GoodtoKnow, "Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, which is the carrier for oxygen in our blood. Iron also supports muscle function, immune function and cognitive function. Low iron levels can lead to breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration and a higher risk of picking up colds and infections. "

Iron deficiency can also put you at risk of anaemia, which can cause brittle nails, hair loss, heart palpitations, skin irritation, sores and ulcers.

How much iron do I need?

Women aged 19-50 should aim to get 14.8mg of iron a day from foods high in iron – more if they’re pregnant. Dr Carrie explained, "Women have higher requirements than men as we lose some iron each month as a consequence of the menstrual cycle." Adult men and women over 50 need 8.7mg a day. It’s also important for kids to get enough iron as they grow. Young infants need 1.7mg a day, while adolescents need between 11.3mg a day (for boys) and 14.8mg a day (for girls).

Dr Carrie explained that often women and girls are deficient in the essential mineral. "Around one in ten women & teenage girls have iron deficiency while 10-24% have low iron stores. More than half of teenage girls and almost a third of women aged 19-64 years don’t get enough iron in their diet," she said. So it's important to check that you, and your teens, are getting enough.

How much iron is there in foods?

Don’t worry – it’s easy to meet your target if you include enough foods high in iron in your daily diet. Just make sure you throw some of these iron-rich foods into your trolley on your next weekly shop. Many of us typically associate red meat as a food high in iron, however there's plenty of options for veggies and vegans as well.

• Liver - It might not be to everyone’s taste, but liver is one of the best sources of iron around – a 100g serving of beef liver contains 6.5mg of iron, which is almost half of your recommended daily intake. Other organ meats like kidneys, brain and heart are also good sources of iron in foods.
• Fish - Shellfish like clams, oysters and mussels can be extremely rich sources of iron in foods – a 100g serving of clams may contain up to 28mg of iron – that’s almost twice your recommended daily intake! Other types of fish also contain iron – tinned tuna has 1mg of iron per 100g, while boiled prawns provide 1.1mg per 100g.
• Red meat - The type of iron found in meat and animal products is called heme iron. Heme iron is easier for the body to absorb than non-heme iron, which is the kind found in plant-based foods. This means that red meat is a rich, bioavailable source of foods high in iron. 100g of beef rump steak contains 3.6mg of iron per 100g.

Sources of iron for vegetarians and vegans

But what if you're vegan or vegetarian? Dr Carrie told us, "Red meat and other animal/fish products are the best source of iron by a mile so, if you don’t eat these foods, you’ll need to take extra care to source alternatives, or you could consider taking a daily iron or combined multi-mineral supplement."

She added, "For vegetarians, eggs are a good choice - they contain around 1g of iron per serving (recommended is 14g per day). Vegans and vegetarians can also eat plenty of beans, pulses and green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale – having a glass of pure orange juice with your main meal will boost absorption."

• Quinoa - A single cup of cooked quinoa contains 2.8mg of iron – that’s more than you’ll find in 100g of beef mince! Pairing vegetarian high-iron foods with foods high in vitamin C like red peppers, sweet potatoes and tomatoes can help to boost iron absorption.
• Spinach - Dark green leafy vegetables are another good option for those looking for vegan foods high in iron. 100g of boiled spinach provides 1.6mg of non-heme iron. Broccoli is another iron-rich vegetable, providing 1mg of iron per 100g serving. It’s also high in vitamin C, which can help the body to absorb non-heme iron.
• Beans and lentils - Legumes are another great source of iron for people who follow a plant-based diet. One cup of cooked lentils provides 6.6mg of iron – more than a third of your daily requirement. Chickpeas, kidney beans, butter beans and even baked beans are also good sources of iron in foods, containing up to 2mg of iron per 100g. And, don’t forget about tofu. Made from soya beans, this plant-based superfood typically packs more iron than the average serving of red meat.
• Dried fruit, nuts and seeds - A handful of dried fruit, nuts and seeds makes a great high-iron snack. Figs contain 3.9mg of iron per 100g, while hazelnuts pack 3.2mg and sesame seeds provide 10.4mg – that’s more than you’d find in the same amount of beef liver.
• Oats - A cup of cooked oats contains around 3.4mg of iron, making your daily bowl of porridge bowl a great start to your day when it comes to hitting your daily target. Top with a handful of chopped dried fruit, nuts and seeds or a spoonful of peanut butter for an added iron boost.

Wondering how to improve gut health? It’s all about getting a healthy balance of bacteria. If you nourish your gut and look after it, you’ll enable the friendly bacteria to thrive – and when your gut bacteria become healthier, you feel better too.

'Good gut health can be linked to the health of many other parts of the body because 70 per cent of the body’s immune cells lay along the digestive tract,' says nutrition expert, Penny Weston. 'While some bacteria are associated with causing illness, others are extremely important for our immune system, heart, weight and many other aspects of health.'

This is because your gut not only helps to digest the foods you eat and absorb nutrients to fuel your body, it also helps get rid of waste and toxins, too. But, if gut isn’t happy, your body will struggle to do this, which can lead to a variety of health problems such as a weakened immune system, poor mental health, as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Luckily, there are plenty of easy ways to show your gut some TLC and boost your health and wellbeing. Here, our experts reveal all...

How to improve gut health

1. Eat fermented food

According to the British Heart Foundation, fermented foods are those that have undergone microbial growth and fermentation. This is where microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria break down food components (eg sugars such as glucose) into other products (eg organic acids, gases or alcohol). This gives fermented foods that unique and desirable sour taste, smell, texture and appearance.

‘Including fermented foods in our diet can give our guts regular exposure to live bacteria. Good food sources include fermented dairy like natural yoghurt or Yakult, sauerkraut, miso, tempeh and pickled vegetables,’ says dietitian and Yakult advisor Lucy Kerrison. Since different fermented foods provide different bacteria, variety is key.

Other fermented foods include:

• Kefir
• Kimchi
• Kombucha
• Cheese
• Sourdough
• Vinegar

Make sure you always read the label when buying fermented foods from the supermarket as some may contain high levels of sugar or additives.

2. Fill up on prebiotics

'Prebiotic foods are high in a special type of plant fibre, which helps look after your digestive system, increasing good bacteria in the gut and also improving metabolic health,' says Penny.

'Prebiotics come from types of fibre that humans can’t actually digest but the good bacteria in your gut will eat. Prebiotics are found in many fruits and vegetables, especially those that contain complex carbohydrates.'

Research from the American Gut Project found that individuals who eat over 30 different plant foods a week have a more diverse gut, compared to those who eat ten. A varied diet packed with plant foods also benefits your mood, weight and overall health and wellbeing.

'Upping your intake of plant foods doesn’t have to be difficult or expensive, and it is not just the more obvious healthiest vegetables and fruit which counts, but also legumes such as beans and lentils, wholegrains, nuts, seeds, herbs and spices,' says Lucy.

Prebiotic foods include:

• Jerusalem artichoke
• Garlic
• Onions
• Leeks
• Asparagus
• Bananas

3. Boost your probiotic intake

Asking yourself 'Prebiotics and probiotics for gut health: what's the difference?' Simply put, probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts, which help to restore the balance of gut bacteria after it has been affected by illness and can help ease the symptoms of IBS. Prebiotics, on the other hand, are a type of dietary fibre, and are found in foods such as leeks, onions and garlic, which feed the friendly bacteria in your gut, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.

Probiotic foods include:

• Sour cream
• Pickles
• Miso soup
• Yoghurt
• Aged cheese
• Kombucha

4. Take supplements

While you can get the majority of good bacteria through your diet, taking a prebiotic or probiotic supplement can give you extra benefits.

A study published in the journal Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics found that people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) saw improvements in stool consistency, reduction in bloating and gas, and even improvements in anxiety after taking a prebiotic supplement.

You can take prebiotics and probiotics together. However, it's recommended to wait around 15 minutes to avoid bloating. Take your probiotic first thing in the morning.

5. Reduce alcohol

Alcohol is a gut irritant. 'If you drink alcohol in excess, it can interfere with the production of digestive enzymes and juices so it becomes harder for your body to digest and absorb nutrients from food,' says Penny.

'This can lead to excessive fermentation in your gut, which causes bloating, gas and loose stools.' Alcohol also increases cravings for processed, sugary foods which can make these symptoms worse. Why not swap for one of the best non-alcoholic wines instead?

'Drinking water during or after a meal will help your body break down and process food and therefore help the digestion process,' says Penny. 'This breaking down of food helps your body to absorb those important nutrients and flush out the toxins. It also helps make your stools softer, preventing constipation.'

6. Snack on dark chocolate

Yes, eating this sweet treat really does have health benefits. Dark chocolate contains fibre that moves undigested through our digestive tract to the large intestine where our probiotics feed off of it to grow and boost our health.

Research published in Nutrients found that the flavanols in chocolate help reduce inflammation in the gut – which can cause chronic constipation, abdominal pain and nausea. Another study published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry found that the polyphenols in dark chocolate reduced the risk of colon cancer and intestinal anti-inflammatory disease.

To reap the most benefits, opt for 70% cocoa chocolate and stick to just the recommended 30g of chocolate a day – that's roughly three to four squares.

7. Limit artificial sweeteners

While sweeteners are often used as an alternative to sugar when dieting, or simply cutting down your intake for other health reasons such as diabetes, they can wreak havoc with your gut microbiome. This is because the GI tract doesn't break down sweetener in the same way it does sugar and other processed foods, meaning when they reach your digestive tract, they're undigested.

However, unlike dark chocolate, studies have found that this causes sweetener to negatively impact your gut bacteria, even reducing some of the good stuff! Findings published in The International Journal of Molecular Sciences showed that excessive consumption of artificial sweeteners can become toxic to the gut, leading to health problems such as damage to the liver and intestines.

As well as the sweeteners you add to your own drinks, they can also be found in shop-bought items, such as:

• Diet/ sugar-free drinks
• Energy drinks
• Baked goods such as pastries and cakes
• Sugar-free condiments such as ketchup
• Granola and other cereals
• Greek yoghurt

Aim to stick to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of artificial sweetener which is 50 milligrams for each KG of body weight.

Signs of poor gut health

'Due to the gut-brain axis, which is the direct link between the gut and brain, gut health can have a big impact on mood, mental and physical health, energy and overall wellbeing,' says Lucy. 'Low mood and energy, disrupted sleep and poor immunity can all be signs of poor gut health because of this connection.'

Other signs of poor gut health include:

• Changes to your stools. If your stools are harder and painful to pass you might be dehydrated or not have enough fibre in your diet. Usually, constipation home remedies will help this. If you don't see improvement after a week, book an appointment with your GP. If your stools are a colour other than brown, such as green, black, red or yellow, you should also see your GP,' says Penny. 'With a healthy gut, your poo should also be smooth in a sausage shape and should sink in the toilet bowl. If it floats, it means there could be undigested fat in the poo.'
• Stomach pain: 'Cramping or bloating for example, might also be indications of gut health problems. Bloating can signal stress, indigestion or a reaction to a specific food,' says Lucy.
• Headaches: This is due to the connection between the gut and the brain, and inflammation. The more inflammation there is in the body, the more pain that manifests. For people with celiac disease who also experienced migraine symptoms, research published in Medical Hypotheses found that reducing their gluten intake (and therefore, inflammation) for six months saw a big improvement in the number of migraine attacks they had.
• Bad breath. 'Not passing poo properly can cause a build up of toxins in the body, resulting in bad breath,' says Penny.

Worst foods for gut health

• High protein intakes: Around 15% of protein is malabsorbed, high intakes in the absence of fibre can have a negative impact on the microbiome. What is key here is not to avoid protein, but to ensure a good protein: fibre ratio.
• High levels of saturated fats: These tend to be solid at room temperature and are within animal products as well as foods such as crisps and chocolate. In high quantities, these can cause inflammation.
• High alcohol intake: Alcohol is an irritant, affecting the guts ability to absorb water and nutrients from food.
• Low fibre intake: Fibre can help strengthen gut muscles, draw in water to soften stools and also add roughage to the gut so there is more to ‘grip on to’. Make sure you’re eating a range of different fibre types including vegetables, wholegrains, nuts and seeds to feed your gut optimally.

Lucy recommends limiting the above in your diet if you're looking for ways to improve your gut health.

Thank you for visiting GoodtoKnow. After many wonderful years, we will no longer be publishing new content, but readers can still enter our competitions and enjoy our extensive archive of parenting and food content.

Thank you for being part of our community and to our contributors who supported us along the way. While this chapter is ending, we will continue to cover expert lifestyle content at our sister site Woman&Home and we look forward to seeing many of you there.

Given its name, the Cosatto Wow 3 has a lot to live up to. So is it one of the best newborn prams money can buy? We asked one of our parent gear reviewers, Flora Hinks, to put it to the test with her newest addition, five-week-old baby Ezra.

"Being a mum of four, I have used a few buggies and travel systems over the years but this one definitely has the best wheels," she says. "They are puncture-proof and have suspension at the back, which means the travel system can manage rougher terrain but also steers very nicely on pavements and shop floors. I don’t think it would manage very rugged mountain terrain, but it's perfect for the needs of our family."

Price and availability

The Cosatto Wow 3 is priced at £999.95 for a bundle including the chassis, carrycot, pushchair seat and infant car seat, making it one of the more expensive newborn prams in our lineup, but our tester wouldn't hesitate to rate it as good value for money. "You get a huge amount in one package, and it combines beauty, practicality and versatility," says Flora. "It goes above and beyond other travel system designs, with lots of little extra features that make such a difference in terms of usability and also enjoyment using it. For example, the stylish stitched bird print, the windows in the carrycot, the hidden fly net, the no-puncture wheels and the suspension. Having used cheaper or mid-range products with previous children, I would say this is worth the extra expense. The Cosatto Wow 3 oozes quality and well-considered design."

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Design and features

Weight limit: Birth to 24kg | Dimensions (folded): L82cm x W59cm x H29cm | Weight: 11.9kg (chassis and seat unit combined)

Our tester, Flora, had high hopes for the Cosatto Wow 3. Did it meet her expectations? "Absolutely yes, my five-week-old and I would say it has far exceeded them," Flora says. "As a mother of four, I have clocked up my fair share of buggy miles, but these have been some of my favourite."

Flora was particularly impressed by the striking print. She tested the Cosatto Wow in the 'Bureau' colourway, which is designed to evoke birdsong in Paris. "The travel system parts come in a beautiful matching 'Bureau' design, which is dark green with a lovely bird pattern throughout," Flora explains. "It attracts compliments every time we go out. Ezra loves looking at the internal bird design as he travels along and drifts off to sleep. The bird detailing is also on the outside, with a few beautiful birds stitched onto the external fabric."

Other key features include puncture-proof wheels and rear suspension for a smooth ride, an extended sun hood for extra protection, and a spacious under-seat basket for your groceries and essentials.

Prams that score high on style often fall short on practical features, but that's not the case with the Cosatto Wow 3. "It has some really cute and clever features like a window you can quietly open to check if the baby is still sleeping, and a hidden pocket in the carrycot top that holds a fly net for when you’re out and about. Plus, the extended sun hood is perfect for those brighter days," Flora adds.

How we tested

At GoodtoKnow, we've developed a product review testing process that is fair, consistent, and thorough. For this review, our Deputy Editor, Heidi Scrimgeour—who brings 19 years of experience as a mum and parenting journalist—assigned one of our product testers to roadtest the travel system with their child of the appropriate age for at least ten days. Our tester then:

• Assembled the travel system to evaluate the ease of setup.
• Used the pram with the carrycot and car seat attachments daily with her newborn baby for several weeks in various scenarios, including urban areas, shopping trips, and off-road in muddy environments.
• Assessed the safety, durability, and comfort of the pram, as well as its manoeuverability and ease of folding and storage.

Things you won't find on the box

Most prams might initially impress, but over the review period, testers often uncover design flaws. The Cosatto Wow 3, however, stood up impressively to scrutiny. "It's hard to fault this travel system, as its advantages outweigh any minor issues," says Flora. "Accessing the basket can be a bit tricky with the carrycot attached because the gap is quite small. It would be improved by widening this space to accommodate larger items more easily. Also, while you can unfold the chassis with one hand, folding it down requires both hands, unlike some smaller buggies we've used in the past."

Despite these minor points, Flora found more to love about the Cosatto Wow 3 upon closer inspection. "The adjustable handle is a fantastic feature, especially for my 6-foot-5-inch husband and me," she explains. "It's effortless to change heights, making it comfortable for both of us to push. Switching between the carrycot and the infant car seat using the adapters is also seamless, which has been incredibly convenient during shopping trips when Ezra stays asleep moving from car to pram."

Who's it best for?

Overall, Flora enthusiastically recommends the Cosatto Wow 3 to any parent seeking a stylish and versatile travel system packed with practical features. "It's a fantastic all-rounder that handles urban settings, school runs, and countryside day trips with ease," she says. "The thoughtful extras make using it a delight, and it truly lives up to its name. It stands apart from other travel systems and we've had numerous compliments. For our family, it combines everything we need for our newest addition."

Need an alternative?

The Cosatto Wow 3 is an impressive, versatile travel system that's likely to tick all of your boxes if it's within your budget. But if it's more than you were planning to spend, we have the perfect alternative; the Ickle Bubba Altima travel system has similar functionality but is a little more affordable at £599 for the chassis, car seat, carrycot and pushchair seat.

Looking for more? Discover our range of baby gear buying guides covering everything from the best travel systems to the best baby walkers.

With so many models now available, finding the right pushchair, buggy or stroller can feel like a bit of a daunting – not to mention expensive – task.

Do you want one that is forward- or world-facing, or both? Do you need something sturdy or light? Compact or compatible with a travel system? There are so many decisions to make but they usually come down to two things: your lifestyle and your budget. While some pushchairs cost the same as a second-hand car, there are great affordable options too and, in this guide, we’ve included a range of strollers to suit all budgets and lifestyles, whether you live in a flat in the city or a farm in the country. 

Making an informed choice on the pushchair you buy will make those first couple of years much easier, so we’ve included buggies with a range of features, including reversible seats, off-road wheels, adjustable handles and even LED lights. Read on to decide what features you'd consider essentials or just extras, and to find the best pushchair for you and your baby.

You can also find out how we test and review products to learn more about how we selected the best strollers to feature in this guide.

Best pushchairs 2024: the quick list

No time to read the full reviews? Choose from our summary of the best prams: 

Best pushchairs 2024 - tried and tested by parents 

Best pushchair overall

Tested by: Katie Archer and her son Rory, aged seven months.

Our baby gear expert says: With a reversible seat unit and a compact, lightweight frame, this pushchair converts easily to a travel system with the addition of the carrycot or one of the compatible car seats. It has a leatherette height-adjustable handlebar – handy for parents of different heights – plus all-wheel suspension and front swivel wheel locks for a smooth ride on all types of terrain. 

Parent tester, Katie, says: "We both loved the Nuna Triv, which offers the best of a traditional travel system and a compact city stroller," says our tester Katie. "You can tell it's a premium pushchair from the quality of the materials and the design details but it doesn't just look good – it's also incredibly easy to use. It really delivers on its promise of being compact and easy to fold one-handed. It's light to lift and feels much sturdier than other compact strollers. It's marketed as a city stroller, but it feels much more capable of taking on bumpy parks or countryside walks than other products in this category. It has great suspension and tough wheels, so it tackled potholes and uneven curbs with ease. Rory loved being able to face me and seemed very comfortable in the padded merino wool insert."

Our tester's favourite features are the sturdy, extendable sun canopy and the huge shopping basket. She also rates the rain cover, calling it the best she's seen because of a cleverly-designed pocket which folds over the pushchair frame to protect it from splashes. 

GoodtoKnow verdict: Although pricey, we feel the Nuna Triv is worth the investment for such a robustly-designed travel system that ticks every box in what we look for in a buggy, and is one which can carry you through many years of use.

Read more: Nuna Triv pushchair review

Best premium

Tested by: Emily-Ann Elliott, mum to two-year-old Betty and two-month-old Ted.

Our baby gear expert says: This stylish travel system is available to buy as a complete bundle consisting of the pushchair frame with seat unit (which can be parent-facing or front-facing) and carrycot, as well as a changing bag and cosy foot muff. It also comes with rain covers, car seat adaptors (so you can easily attach a car seat to the chassis) and elevator adaptors, which allow you to position the parent-facing seat closer to you. It folds compactly compared to other travel systems, which is handy for fitting it neatly in your car boot or storing it at home when it's not in use.

Parent tester, Emily-Ann, says: "It's very stylish and everything feels really well made and easy to use – it's sturdy to push, without being too heavy, and the suspension makes it easy to manoeuvre on rough ground," says our tester Emily-Ann.

Our tester's standout features are the integrated ride-on board – brilliant if you have two little ones because a tired toddler can hop aboard – and the fact that the carrycot can be used for overnight sleeping. "That saved us having to take an extra cot with us when travelling away overnight," she says. "I also love the big shopping basket, and the fact that the changing bag can be carried as a backpack."

GoodtoKnow verdict: This is an ideal travel system for busy parents who want a high-quality pushchair that's built to last and which can adapt as your family grows – it's a great choice for a first baby if you're hoping to have another baby in the not-too-distant future. 

Read more: iCandy Lime Lifestyle pushchair

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Best budget

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Tested by: Charlotte, mum to two-year-old Betty and two-month-old Ted.

Our baby gear expert says: This versatile 4-in-1 pushchair can be used in multiple modes. The lie-flat pushchair seat can be used rear-facing or parent-facing, and you can attach the Joie ramble™ XL carrycot or a compatible infant carrier car seat – both sold separately. We like the height-adjustable handlebar, built-in carry strap, and the fact that it's freestanding when folded – handy for storing it in the hallway.

Parent tester, Charlotte, says: "The simple one-handed fold system is useful for parents who have their hands full, although it's a little on the heavy side to lift into the car. The large rubber tyres and all-wheel suspension with front swivel wheels make this pushchair really easy to steer and a smooth ride, even on rough terrain. The seat padding and straps are comfortable for little ones, and my toddler enjoyed holding onto the bumper bar."

Charlotte particularly likes the spacious shopping basket and the fact that it can be accessed from the front or the back. "No more discovering that whatever you need from beneath the buggy is stuck at the front, and unloading everything to reach it," she says. The basket also has a zip-up pocket and water bottle holder inside – nice extra touches. We like the expandable hood with ventilation windows, too – perfect for warm weather.

Verdict: This is a really versatile and smart-looking pushchair. We think it's a great price given all the useful extra design features, such as the one-handed folding system, large storage basket and expandable hood.

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Best urban running buggy

Tested by: Oli Oakley and her baby daughter.

Our baby gear expert says: If you're an active, sporty parent who sees no reason to stop running just because you've had a baby, this is one of the best pushchairs you could buy. Our tester was excited to try it out - she'd heard lots of hype about it - and found it more than lived up to her expectations. Designed for urban environments, it's an impressively versatile 4-in-1 multisport running pushchair. You can choose whether to push the stroller in front of you while running or attach it to your waist and pull it behind you. It's also suitable for cycling or cross-country skiing.

Parent tester, Oli, says: "It's lightweight and the wheels are a great size, plus the seat is very comfortable for the child," she says. "It runs very smoothly and it's easy to put together. It also folds down smaller than any of the other buggies I've used, so it would fit easily in the boot of a car."

Verdict: Overall, this is a brilliantly designed pushchair for sporty parents. "I love the Cybex Zeno - it's very comfortable for my baby and she seems happy in it," adds Oli. "I think it will only get better to use as she gets older. I love the way it looks and have had lots of compliments about my stylish buggy. My favourite function by far is the pushing element as I find I have more control and it feels more comfortable, but it's great to have options in terms of how you use it."

Read more: Cybex Zeno pushchair review

Best lightweight pushchair

Tested by: Lynsey Hope and her daughter Ivy, aged 18 months

Our baby gear expert says: The Airo is the lightest pushchair yet from Mamas and Papas. It's sleek and streamlined, light enough to carry backpack-style, and suitable from birth. 

Parent tester, Lynsey, says: "Both my husband and I really loved this pushchair. It's incredibly light - the lightest pushchair I've ever used - and it folds up very easily. We've always used an iCandy which is great for off-road walks. But it takes up a lot of space so we keep it stored in the car boot. The Airo takes up so little space that we're able to keep it in the hall without it getting in anyone's way. That saves lots of time as we're not fetching in and out of the car for the school run every day."

Verdict: If you're looking for a travel-friendly pushchair that's plush enough for a newborn, able to weave through narrow shop aisles or dodging crowds on busy pavements, the Mamas and Papas Airo is the perfect pushchair for city life. And if you're thinking of trading in a heavy travel system for a lighter, nippier buggy for a growing toddler, this pushchair ticks all the boxes. 

Read more: Mamas & Papas Airo Pushchair review

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Best for city-living

Tested by: Emily-Ann Elliott, mum to Betty, two, and Ted, two months.

Our baby gear expert says: Easy to fold, carry and manoeuvre, this travel-friendly pushchair fits into the overhead storage compartment on an aeroplane and has an integrated carry strap with a leather shoulder pad. It comes with a quilted seat liner, footmuff, cup holder, rain cover, buggy organiser, and a protective storage bag. You can recline the seat easily with one hand – useful when your baby nods off in the buggy– and you can attach a compatible infant carrier car seat to the frame to create a travel system.

Parent tester, Emily-Ann, says: "This is truly lightweight compared to other pushchairs, so it's perfect for travel use or for parents who use public transport. The storage bag has straps so you can wear it like a backpack – useful if your hands are full when travelling. Once assembled, it's easy to fold and unfold. It's best suited to smooth ground but it's really easy to manoeuvre and feels stable when pushing. The black and rose gold colour combination is very stylish – for such an affordable option, this looks really good."

Verdict: Overall, this is an excellent buggy at a really affordable price. Emily-Ann commented on the extra accessories and thoughtful design details, such as the hood viewing window for keeping an eye on your baby; the adjustable leg rest for comfy naps; and the handy storage pouch for your valuables. "My toddler loved holding on to the bumper bar across the front and although the shopping basket could be bigger, I think that's a fair price to pay for something so compact," she adds. 

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Best for longevity

Tested by: Katie Archer and her son Rory, aged seven months.

Our baby gear expert says: With a lie-flat seat recline, airflow backrest and a newborn head hugger, this is a good choice if you're looking for a sturdy but light stroller that's suitable for use from birth. You can attach a Silver Cross infant carrier car seat to create a travel system.

Parent tester, Katie, says: "This stroller was a hit with Rory – he found this extremely comfortable, had some long naps in it and was obviously very happy sitting in it, thanks to the supportive backrest and plush, padded newborn insert."

Our tester found the pushchair a little unwieldy going over curbs, up steps, and when pushing it uphill. "It also felt wide for narrow streets and doorways, and difficult to fold for public transport and storage – you definitely can't fold it with one hand, so you need another adult around to hold the baby while you fold it," she says.

GoodtoKnow verdict: This pushchair is very well made – robust and sturdy, and clearly designed to withstand years of everyday use. It's also smooth to push, offering surprisingly good suspension over bumpy ground for something reasonably light. The extendable sun canopy hood is effective at blocking out the sun and offering an extra layer of cosiness for naps. The leather bumper bar is articulated to fold with the stroller, which our tester thinks is a nice touch.

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Best for easy storage

Tested by: Lisa Harris and her baby Juno, aged five months.

Our baby gear expert says: This is a super-stylish pushchair designed in collaboration with singer Paloma Faith. It's really lightweight and folds easily, plus it's free-standing for easy storage. We like the handy extra features for busy parents – a secure pocket in the hood and basket, a large rain cover and a cup holder. The bold, striking print makes it a hit with kids and a talking point with parents.

Parent tester, Lisa, says: "I felt like I'd slipped into a designer outfit when pushing this stylish pram out and about! Friends loved the bold tiger print and cool, rose gold finish. It's easy to steer with one hand, and the swivel front wheels navigated narrow shop aisles and busy streets easily. The secure and well-hidden back pocket in the hood is really convenient for a mobile phone, wallet, face mask and other essentials."

"This is a cool, city-slicker style pushchair that's simple to fold and unfold with one hand. The rear foot brake and front wheel controls are easy to operate with one foot. The safety straps release all at once, which makes it quick to get my baby out, although it's a little more fiddly to strap her in.  The large rain cover is very secure, even in high winds on the beach, and the cover carries the same bold print as the pushchair so it still felt smart even in a downpour. It kept things in the bottom basket dry too! The seat reclines almost horizontal, which is great for baby naps in the middle of the day, and the inside of the pram is dark, so she slept really well too."

Verdict: This pushchair is so stylish, our tester opted to take her sleeping baby out to a restaurant one evening. "There's also a large viewing window in the hood to quietly check on your sleeping (or not!) baby," Lisa says. What's not to love?

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Best for one-hand fold

Tested by: Lisa Harris, mum to five-month-old Juno.

Our baby gear expert says: The Cybex Melio Carbon Stroller is a super-light stroller with a reversible seat that's designed for city living. It's a doddle to fold and extremely compact when folded – ideal for travel use or taking on public transport. We love the excellent suspension and nippy swivel wheels. The frame is compatible with the Cybex Melio cot and the Cybex Cocoon S car seat, to create a complete travel system.

Parent tester, Lisa, says: "This stroller would be great for a holiday as it's so compact and light, plus it has a removable seat liner and an open mesh back for keeping cool in the heat. The sun canopy is huge – it goes all the way down to my daughter's feet – which is useful for daytime naps and keeping the sun out of my daughter's eyes. The full recline position is also practically flat like a first class airline seat. The rain cover gives good protection and has velcro tabs to keep the rear dry against splash-back from the pavement. The rain cover peekaboo hatch makes it easy to pull the visor down for sleep whilst it's raining – or to feed snacks through!"

Verdict: Lisa felt the basket was a good size but open to the elements and there are no pockets to stash your phone, wallet or baby essentials. "The light, sleek carbon frame and precision swivel steering make this feel like manoeuvering a high-end speed bike rather than pushing a pram," she says. "The one-handed collapse is very convenient, although it doesn't have a catch to hold the wheels together once it's folded down, which made it slightly unwieldy to carry. It did stand up on its wheels whilst folded though, which makes it easy to store."

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Best for all terrain

Tested by: Lisa Harris, mum to Juno, five months.

Our baby gear expert says: Ideal for travel use but robust enough to use every day, this lightweight buggy is compatible with selected infant car seats to create a highly affordable travel system. The lockable front swivel wheels also make it easy to manoeuvre on different types of terrain.

Parent tester, Lisa, says: "This is excellent value for a pushchair that ticks all the boxes for functionality without fuss. It was a bit fiddly to assemble and you need two hands to fold it by pushing two buttons on the side, but it opens up with one hand, and in one swift movement, once you release the side clip. 

When collapsed, it's compact and stays together so it's easy to put away in the boot of the car or under the stairs. The visor gives great coverage in the sun and rain and has a firm front section and a handy peekaboo flap to check on your sleeping baby. 

GoodtoKnow verdict: Lisa felt that the handlebar had a good grip and she found this buggy easy to manoeuvre, thanks to the front swivel wheels. The back brake can be operated from either side, which she mentioned her boyfriend found useful as he's left-handed. "The reclining seat was easy to operate, even with a baby in, which isn't always the case," she added. But our tester loved the "capacious" basket, which she found easy to access. "The basket has a protective bottom which stopped our fruit and veg getting wet in the rain too," she says. 

Best for ergonomic design

Tested by: Katie Archer, mum to Rory, seven months.

Our baby gear expert says: This ergonomically designed stroller is seriously lightweight and compact enough to count as airline carry-on luggage. It's easy to fold with one hand. A newborn kit, footmuff, and carry bag are available to buy separately. It's ideal for smaller homes or those with limited storage space, as well as for fitting in small car boots.

Parent tester, Katie, says: "Rory and I both loved this stroller. I had been looking for something lightweight and compact to handle crowded streets in London and this fits the bill perfectly. It has a sleek, pared-back design which I love – no fussy design features – and it can easily fit through the narrowest of spaces. This is by far the easiest stroller I've used in terms of folding – it couldn't be simpler to fold one-handed and takes up minimal space on public transport. Even when I was out with both children, it didn't feel cumbersome to fold whilst keeping track of them. The five-point harness is very quick and simple to fasten, so there's no time wasted. It pushes really smoothly and Rory looked very comfortable in it."

The Metro's main selling point is its ergonomic design – as you might expect from a company known for its supportive baby carriers. Our tester feels the back support is truly impressive and every bit as good as the Ergobaby carrier. "Rory found it very comfortable and nodded off to sleep nearly every time we used it, and the height of the handlebar makes it easy on the adult's back – something that had previously put me off very compact strollers as they seemed a bit too low and looked like they might put stress on your back," she says. 

GoodtoKnow verdict: This was smooth and easy to push, but our tester says it jolted a bit over curbs and uneven ground so recommends it as a city stroller rather than one for countryside walks. The shopping basket is more spacious than she expected and was easily accessible from both the front and back. "This is great value for money as it can be used at home and on holiday right up until Rory outgrows needing a pushchair," our tester added. 

Best for luxury design

Tested by: Aileen Farrell and her two-year-old daughter, Isla.

Our baby gear expert says: This stylish pushchair comes with both a luxurious carrycot for use from birth and an upright pushchair seat, which reclines easily for naps on the go. The pushchair is designed so that you can use it as a highchair at the right height for a table when dining out. We like the integrated LED lights for night-time visibility and the fact that it comes with a lifetime warranty.

Parent tester, Aileen, says: "There are so many lovely features on this pushchair. I particularly love the one-handed seat recline with multiple positions – it's so easy to tilt my toddler back when she falls asleep. The seat unit is large and comfortable and so easy to switch from rearward to forward-facing, and the bassinet is really luxurious for a newborn, with a comfortable mattress. The wheel locks are very easy to use. You don't have to bend down and push a button, you just tap it with your foot. The harness is particularly handy for getting my child out – you just press a button and all the straps detach – no more fiddling with getting arms out of the straps. I also really appreciated the ease of making the straps longer or shorter. Some buggy seat straps are so fiddly and annoying but these are super easy to adjust."

GoodtoKnow verdict: Aileen particularly liked the LED lighting and found it useful on evening walks. "I felt confident that drivers could see me when I was walking on dark seaside roads," she says. Folding the buggy was a little challenging, and lifting this into a car boot definitely requires some muscle.

Best for parent-facing

Tested by: Becky Magill, mum to two-year-old Isaac.

Our baby gear expert says: This is a modern, stylish pushchair with a really sleek finish. It folds compactly with one hand and handles well, whilst only taking up a small portion of boot space. The handle is simple to adjust and luxuriously padded.

Parent tester, Becky, says: "This is really easy to push – it glides along and handles really well. Isaac looked really comfy and wasn't in a rush to get out of this pushchair, although I felt like I was a long way from him. It folds really nicely, once you get the hang of the multi-step folding process, and sits flat in the car boot taking up very little room, considering the size of the pushchair when it's in use. It's a very stylish-looking pushchair – I especially like how large the hood is, and the magnetic peekaboo flaps so I can see what Isaac is up to. The brake is so easy to put on and very stable. The standout feature for me is the rain cover; it pops over very easily, attaches around the frame with poppers on elastic, and stays put in heavy wind and rain – but then has a middle zip, so you can get baby out without getting the pushchair seat wet – excellent!"

GoodtoKnow verdict: Becky found the shopping basket a good size – no fear of losing anything out of the sides. She likes the fact that the seat reclines to fully flat but is well protected by the hood, so it's good for a cosy sleep. "I love that it is both parent and world-facing," she says. "This would work brilliantly on public transport, and would store well in the hallway of a small apartment."

Best off-road pushchair

Tested by: Goodto parent tester Lizzy Langan and her daughter, Niamh, who was eight months old at the time. 

Our baby gear expert says: This is a sleek and stylish pushchair that will appeal to parents who don't necessarily want to invest in a sports buggy exclusively designed for running but do want the option of switching back and forth between a buggy for daily use and one that can handle some regular running on off-road surfaces. 

Designed in partnership with mum and marathon runner Robin Arzón, the Baby Jogger Summit x Robin Arzón is a three-wheeled pushchair with all-wheel suspension so it ensures a smooth ride for your baby and an easy push for you, on all types of terrain. 

Parent tester, Lizzy, says: While testing this pushchair, Lizzy felt it was a "well thought out" design and noted that it feels like a "high-end" piece of baby kit. Lizzy told GoodtoKnow she would recommend it to anyone who enjoys running and wants a stylish and functional buggy that is comfortable for parent and child for both day-to-day use and for regular gentle running.

During testing, the Baby Jogger Summit x Robin Arzón delivered "a comfortable and efficient run" for our parent reviewer. It kept her baby so comfortable and cushioned from the bumpy ground that she actually napped happily throughout Lizzy's run.

GoodtoKnow verdict: The Baby Jogger Summit x Robin Arzón is well worth buying if you want a stylish pushchair that you can use every day but that will support you in living an active lifestyle with regular off-road walks and runs. If you like the idea of squeezing in some daily exercise while your baby watches the world go by - or even naps - then this could well be the best pushchair for you.

Read more: Baby Jogger Summit x Robin Arzó review

How to choose the best pushchair for your baby

Working out which buggy, pushchair, or stroller you should buy is complicated. There are a lot of different factors to consider, from how much the pushchair weighs – especially important if you’re going to be lugging it in and out of your car boot or taking it on public transport – to whether the wheels will cope with the kind of terrain you’ll be tackling daily. These are the important factors to consider before you decide which is the best pushchair for you.

• Wheels - The first thing to consider is where you’ll be using it. You should choose a buggy with wheels specifically designed for that purpose. The best pushchair for nipping over shiny shop floors and navigating urban pavements is one with a compact frame and small wheels that swivel to help with maneuverability when tackling curbs and narrow or crowded spaces. But if you spend more time in the park than in the city and your weekends involve lots of time outdoors, you’ll need a sturdier frame with all-weather fabrics and - crucially - all-terrain wheels that can handle uneven ground.
• Storage - Think, about where you’ll keep the pushchair when it’s not in use. If you drive, choose a buggy that fits neatly in your car boot without taking up all the space. If you’ll be storing the buggy in your hallway, choose a compact model that you won't struggle to squeeze past. And to reduce the chances of the pushchair springing open and whacking you on the shins every time you open the front door, choose one that’s freestanding when folded.
• Value for money - If you haven't got hundreds of pounds to spend on a pushchair, don't fret - there are many super affordable models out there that have lots of similar functionality to the premium brands but for a fraction of the price. And if you do decide that a luxe model is the best pushchair for you, factor in things like whether it can convert to a double if your family grows in the future, so that you can be sure you're getting value for money. 
• Manoeuvrability - Pay close attention to our reviewer's comments on things like how easy it is to steer and control the pushchair you're thinking of buying. This is one of those crucial details that can make or break how you feel about getting out and about with your little one - and you won't normally know what it's like to use until you start using it. Need something easy to push uphill? Or want a pushchair that you can fold easily if you'll be doing so while keeping an eye on older siblings? See what the reviewers say about the details that are most important to you. 
• Weight  - These days you can buy a pushchair that weighs as little as 6kg which is a godsend if you have back problems or spend lots of time lifting the stroller in and out of the car boot. But if you don't need an ultra-lightweight pushchair, go for something a bit sturdier as it's likely to be a little more robust. 
• Practicality - Don't forget to consider the size of the shopping basket. There's nothing more frustrating than discovering that the pushchair basket is inaccessible when the pushchair seat is reclined. And if you're likely to pop to the shops for nappies and milk with your little one in tow, make sure the basket is big enough for your usual purchases.
• Extra features - Some pushchairs have extra design elements and these little details can really make you fall in love with your stroller. If you're wildly different from your partner in height, choose a pushchair with an adjustable handlebar. And think about whether you'd like the flexibility to change which direction the pushchair seat faces. If you can't see yourself faffing about with that, don't waste money on that extra functionality. 
• Design - It's ok to factor in how you feel about pushing the pushchair you use! In fact, if you love the design then you're more likely to take travelling with your child or toddler in you stride.  
• The bus and cobblestones tests - The ultimate test - consider our testers' comments on things like whether the pushchair stays put when you're on a bendy bus going round a corner, and if the suspension means cobblestones don't set your child's cheeks a-jiggling. 

What's the difference between a pram and a pushchair?

In a nutshell, a pram is for babies to lie flat in from birth, while a pushchair is a buggy with an upright seat suitable for older babies and toddlers to sit in. However, there's lots of overlap between prams and pushchairs these days – some buggies have carrycot attachments that you can use from birth and then remove after six months and replace with a seat unit, for example. Similarly, many pushchairs have adjustable seats that can be reclined fully flat to make them more like a pram and suitable for newborn babies and those under six months.

Pram is an old-fashioned word that's usually used to describe a pushchair that has a carrycot or bassinet suitable from birth that allows the baby to lie completely flat. Prams like this are specifically designed for newborn babies up to the age of around six months because it's vital that babies under six months old lie completely flat in a pram or pushchair (instead of sitting upright in a pushchair seat) in order to ensure unrestricted airflow and the healthy development of the spine and lungs.

A buggy, pushchair, or stroller (these are all different names for the same thing) differs from a pram because it has an upright seat unit rather than a carrycot or bassinet. A pushchair is typically suitable for use from six months onwards, once babies no longer need to lie flat, although some also can be used from birth if the seat reclines far enough. 

Lots of pushchairs are highly adjustable so that you can configure them to suit your exact requirements. A travel system is a good choice if you're looking for this kind of flexibility. That's a pushchair frame (called the chassis) with a removable pushchair seat so that you pop it off the frame and attach a baby car seat instead if when you wish. This makes it easy to move between the car and the pushchair without having to remove your baby from the car seat. Many travel systems are also designed to take a carrycot attachment, too.

Babies shouldn't sit in car seats for more than two hours at a time, and car seats shouldn't be used for sleeping. Don't worry if your baby nods off in the car – just make sure she doesn't sit in it for too long.

If you’re buying a pushchair for use from birth, choose a pram with a carrycot. Or, if you're short on storage space and don't want to store a bulky carrycot once your baby outgrows it, go for a pushchair with a fully-reclinable seat unit suitable for newborns. Some strollers aren't suitable from birth but can be adapted by purchasing a newborn accessory kit.

Which is the best pushchair, buggy, or stroller for toddlers?

We think the Nuna Triv is the best pushchair you can buy because it comes with a luxurious carrycot that's suitable from birth and a seat unit that you can replace it with after six months, so you're covered from birth well into toddlerhood.

But the answer depends on lots of factors, from your budget to your lifestyle. If you live in a small apartment in the city and rely on public transport, the best buggy, pushchair, or stroller for toddlers won't be the same as for someone who drives everywhere and lives in the country. A city-dwelling parent will need a lightweight pushchair that folds quickly and compactly and has small wheels to glide easily over shiny shop floors and urban streets. Someone who lives more rurally will need a pushchair that's light enough to lift in and out of the car and which won't take up all the space in the boot. A pushchair with robust, puncture-proof wheels and good suspension is a must to ensure a smooth ride over bumpy terrain.

The most important thing to take into account when buying a pushchair for a toddler is how much it weighs. Toddlers aren't light and they only get heavier, so choose a pushchair that feels robust enough to carry a growing child but won't be so heavy, once you add your occupant, that it's unwieldy to push.

We think the best buggy, pushchair, or stroller for toddlers is also the Nuna Triv. It's suitable for youngsters weighing up to 22kg and has a large shopping basket to stash a coat and some snacks. It's also easy to fold with one hand while you keep track of an adventuring toddler.

How we tested these pushchairs

Our product review testing process is fair, consistent and robust. 

Our Consumer Editor Heidi Scrimgeour came up with a shortlist of the best pushchairs based on her product knowledge and industry research. She looked at the latest buggy offering from the market-leading brands - and as a parenting journalist for 15 years and mother of three, what she doesn't know about baby products isn't worth knowing. She also selected products from a broad range of price points so there's something here to suit every budget. 

Next, we called on our pool of reliable parent testers and assigned each of them a pushchair to review with their baby. They tested the product rigorously for at least ten days in a variety of weather conditions and on different types of terrain. 

After this, they gave each product a rating out of five for overall performance. We also asked for comprehensive feedback on key factors including design appeal, manouevrability, functionality (how easy is it to assemble and to fold/unfold), portability (how compact it is when folded) and value for money.

 If you’re looking at other ways of transporting your baby, check out our best baby carriers guide, or our feature on the best travel strollers, if you’re planning a trip away anytime soon. If you’re thinking of buying a pram as well as a pushchair, be sure to browse our best prams guide with advice on the latest models and honest feedback about how they fare in the real world.

The best toys for six-year-olds have to do a lot. Most importantly, they have to be fun and engaging - but, it’s great if they encourage interaction with family and friends as well to help build those developing social skills.

From slime to Barbie dolls and mix and make toys there are plenty of fun options at this age. Child development expert and GoodtoKnow expert panellist Dr Amanda Gummer says: "At aged six, children are at a crucial stage of development and their curiosity and imaginations are really growing. When choosing toys or gifts for six-year-olds, opt for ones that will help foster creativity, problem-solving skills, and encourage social interaction whether as a bonding experience when you’re playing with your little one, or with their siblings or friends."

This list of the best toys for six year olds is based on a range of factors, including feedback from parents and kids, our own product testers, customer reviews and ratings as well as the top toys for 2024, as chosen by industry experts. We’ve also considered a range of price points to suit any budget or occasion.

Best toys for six year old boys and girls

1. Barbie

Barbie has seen a resurgence of late, thanks to the recent blockbuster movie, and her popularity is still riding high. Dolls make great toys for six year olds - they provide an opportunity for pretend play and problem-solving, while also building on their emotional intelligence. In a Boston University article about Barbie's popularity, clinical instructor of child life and family-centered care Ann Herzog says that Barbie 'can foster a child’s development by encouraging language and communication and by offering opportunities for pretend play and problem-solving.' She adds: 'Play with dolls, in particular, allows for emotional expression, developing empathy, and practicing problem-solving skills.'

2. Audio players

No-screen toys, like the popular audio players Yoto or Tonie, can make a great gift for this age group. These players help to encourage independent play and learning, can help with language development and are easy (and safe) enough for a six year old to operate by themselves with ease. Not sure which player is right for you? Read our Toniebox review to see how it faired in our tests. We've also put the Yoto player through its paces, and you'll be able to read that review very soon.

If you know a six year old who already has a Toniebox or Yoto player, then a new Tonie audio character or Yoto card makes a great gift (but it's always worth checking which they already have in their collection to avoid doubling up).

3. Dinosaurs

To a six-year-old, dinosaurs are seemingly other-wordly, awesome and fantastical creatures, made all the more exciting by the fact they actually used to exist! They are also prolific in a child's world - they can be seen on TV, on clothing, in books and even in food form - which only adds to their appeal.

Studies even show that intense interest in dinosaurs can have a significant benefit on a child's development, including increased knowledge and heightened attention.

4. Toy Pets

By six-years-old, kids could already be pestering their parents for a pet, but a real-life version may not be the right solution for the family at this point. But a toy pet could be a perfect way to teach some key skills that come along with pet-ownership, without the additional responsibility.

5. Mix and Make Toys

Mix and make toys tend to offer various types of play in one package - there is usually a element of experimentation or mixing of ingredients, followed by or combined with a particular process or action, before a mystery reveal of another toy inside.

Not only do toys like this spark imagination and creativity, they can help introduce the notion of delayed gratification too.

6. LEGO

You absolutely can't go wrong buying LEGO as a gift for a six-year-old. But do make sure it's age appropriate first - a LEGO set with too few or too many pieces is sure to leave them disappointed.

There are lots of reasons why LEGO is good for development, including the positive impact it has on problem-solving skills, focus and self confidence. GoodtoKnow's child development expert Dr Gummer adds: "I really like building or construction sets like LEGO that encourage spatial reasoning and fine motor skills."

7. Educational games

Kids are like sponges when it comes to absorbing information, so incorporating learning into play can be a great way to build on their cognitive development. Plus games like this are perfect for playing with friends and family, which can help children learn how to be a gracious winner or a good loser.

8. Sylvanian Families

Another toy to encourage role-play and storytelling, while also sparking creativity, is anything from the world of Sylvanian Families, which was introduced in the UK in 1987. More than just adorable animal characters, the toys on offer include playsets, accessories and more.

9. Hot Wheels

Hot Wheels toy cars date back to the later 1960s, and still hold strong appeal today, thanks to their low price point, engaging appearance, and the nostalgia they can instill in parents and grandparents alike.

10. Squishmallows

Squishmallows were the biggest selling toy of 2023 - super squidgeable and uber soft. No wonder six-year-olds love them! They come in a range of sizes and iterations (like the Fuzz-a-Mallow variant) and can cost anywhere from £5 to £50, so you can easily find one to fit any budget.

They are infinitely collectible too - and there are loads of adorable characters to choose from.

11. Board games

A good board game will help encourage interaction with friends and family members, along with encouraging a healthy dose of friendly competition. Dr Gummer, who is also the founder of The Good Play Guide, says: "I love a family board game night, or taking the time in a busy weekend to digitally detox with a puzzle or trivia game and there are loads of age appropriate options for cooperative play and strategic thinking."

12. Slime

Slime can be a bit hit and miss (often a hit with children and a big miss with their parents), but if you know a six-year-old who likes getting their hands dirty, then will love a slime-based gift. This kind of sensory play can help calm an anxious child too - it draws focus to one or more of the five senses and encourages mindfulness to promote relaxation.

However, slime should definitely be avoided if the child you know hates getting stuff stuck to their fingers - they really won't enjoy it. They might prefer the Squishmallow instead - soft and tactile without the gloopy hands.

13. Polly Pocket

Polly Pocket has had a bit of a redesign in recent years, so is more substantial than it used to be, a fact that will be music to the ears of parents who were worried about choking hazards.

With lots of sets to collect, featuring cute, bright character cases as well as the eponymous Polly and friends, these toys make great gifts for six-year-olds, without breaking the bank.

14. Jigsaws

According to parenting expert Amanda Jenner: "Jigsaw puzzles are great as they tend to have a longer attention span at six and love a challenge and this is really good for their cognitive skills and helps them to play independently."

They'll hone their problem-solving skills as they try and fit the pieces together, and feel great sense of achievement when they manage to complete it. If you know their favourite book or TV show, then you can always look for the jigsaw puzzle tie-in to win all the brownie points you can.

15. Heroes of the Goo Jit Su

Like Stretch Armstrong, but infinitely cooler, toys from the Heroes of the Goo Jit Su range can be stretched, pulled, twisted and squished before returning to their original shape.

These can make great fidget toys and be useful to encourage mindfulness and keep anxiety at bay.

Do six year olds still play with toys?

Six-year-olds definitely still play with toys - they love pretend play but are also ready for some more challenging games. They love playing with friends or family, but by the age of six, many kids have mastered independent play and are ready for a little more freedom.

GoodtoKnow's child development expert Dr Amanda Gummer adds: "Play is essential for the holistic development of six-year-olds. It’s crucial to promoting cognitive growth by encouraging problem-solving, critical thinking, and decision-making skills. Allowing children to engage in imaginative play and explore different scenarios, enhances their creativity and emotional intelligence. I’m a big fan of interactive play experiences which at six, will help children develop essential social skills such as cooperation, communication, and even resilience, laying a solid foundation for positive relationships and interactions with others as they get older."

If you've seen or heard that the six-year-old in your life doesn't play with toys anymore, it could be that they have too much choice. Like us, kids can get overwhelmed and overstimulated and this can happen if they're surrounded by too much choice and left wondering where to start.

How to choose the right toy for a six-year-old

Understanding the developmental needs of a child of six is crucial to choosing the right toy for them. Dr Gummer adds: "When choosing gifts for six-year-olds, I always recommend thinking about a child’s interests, and developmental needs. Art supplies such as paints, markers, and craft kits provide opportunities for creative expression and imagination. Outdoor toys like bikes, scooters, or sports equipment can promote physical activity and coordination, and construction toys can help with spatial awareness and reasoning.

"By making smart gift choices that align with children's interests and developmental milestones, a child can benefit from enriched play experiences that support their growth and learning journey."

How many toys should a six year old have?

The number of toys is up to you (and your little one, of course) and there is no exact number as to how many kids should have. But according to one study, when little learners had fewer toys in their environment it allowed them to play more creatively, focus and play with each toy longer.

The study tasked toddlers to engage with four toys, followed by 16 toys. The results showed that with fewer toys, participants had longer durations of toy play and played with toys in a greater variety of ways, therefore putting their creativity skills to the test, supporting their development and promoting healthy play.

Ultimately, kids don't need piles of toys to be happy, they just need a handful of the right toys for their interest, imagination and creativity to flourish.

What is the 20 toy rule?

As its name suggests, the 20 toy rule involves asking your child to select the 20 toys they want to play with over the next week or two weeks and carefully stash away all others.

Along with helping keep your living room or playroom clutter-free and tidy, the 20 toy rule gives your little one a chance to really play and engage with their toys and do so in a more focused way. This should hopefully benefit their creativity levels and kick start their imagination at the same time.

How we chose the best toys for six year olds

For this guide to the best toys for six-year-olds, we drew up a short list of suitable items based on our product knowledge and extensive research, making sure everything we picked was suitable for this age range. We spoke to parents of six year olds (and got feedback from the kids themselves) to see what toys they liked the best and why. Where possible, we also called products in and put them in the hands of six-year-old testers to try them out.

We also spoke to child development experts, including GoodtoKnow panellist Dr Amanda Gummer, to find out exactly what types of toys are suitable for six-year olds and the benefits that they, and play in general, can offer to children of this age.

Read more: How we test

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Just like how interactive baby toys can motivate your little one to crawl, the best baby walkers can encourage them to take their first steps. So, to help you find the most suitable option for your little walker, we've scoured the shelves and put the top-rated options to the test.

If your baby has gone from crawling to cruising, it might be time to invest in a push toy to help them put their best foot forward. Nowadays, many of the best baby walkers do more than just encourage movement. They're filled with musical features, rotating seats and contain brightly coloured blocks so little feet can stay entertained while on the go.

Every baby is different and reaches key child development stages at different times. For example, some babies might be ready to find their own two feet at around 9 months old. While others won't consider placing one foot in front of the other until they're around one. Either way, baby walkers can give them a confidence boost and help support their balance as they find their feet.

Our guide features a number of options suitable from 6m to 5 years — and they've all been tried and tested by parents. To help you find the most suitable option for you and your baby, it's worth noting push toys come in a multitude of designs. For example:

• Seated walkers hold a baby in an upright position so they can use their feet to scoot around the room.
• A-frame walkers are push-along toys that babies hold onto for support as they practice taking steps.
• Ride-on toys are a mixture of both designs; toddlers can push them or sit on them to move themselves around, building strength and balance.

The best baby walker for your baby will depend on price and how confident they are with walking. Just note, the NHS recommends using a baby walker for no more than 20 minutes at a time.

The quick list

If you want quick advice to help you pinpoint the best baby walker to buy, here's a quick summary of our findings and test results:

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The best baby walkers 2024 - tried and tested by babies

Best baby walker overall

Tested by: Charlie and her baby, Seb, aged 10 months. 

Our baby gear expert says: 'A brilliant feature of the Haus Projekt Walker is how incredibly light and easy to push it is. The clever piece of kit has been designed to encourage little ones to take their first steps and, based on our tester's experience, it really works.'

Our tester, Charlie, says: 'Until we had this walker to review, Seb wasn't really showing any interest in pulling himself up, but within a couple of days, he realised that he could hold on to the top bar of the walker, and from that moment he was off.' 

This is a seriously stylish baby walker, which design-conscious parents will appreciate, but it's also super functional. There is a vast array of activities for little ones to explore, including cogs, flaps, beads, and musical instruments. 'There's a little xylophone (although Seb mostly enjoys chewing on the stick to play it with), cogs to turn, a little door that opens and closes, a spinning bear/leaf, a small corrugated block, some abacus beads, a spinning mirror, three holes for shapes to go through, and a wooden hexagon that you can move along a track', says Charlie. 'They've all been designed to encourage babies' cognitive development, and it's great that you can leave your little one in front of it and they'll be captivated for ages - super handy if you want to have a sneaky coffee while you watch them play!'.

Verdict: While this walker isn't the cheapest option in our guide, Charlie thinks the  Haus Projekt is still a savvy purchase and we wholeheartedly agree. 'With all the activities and the option of using it as a walker, this would suit a wide age range of babies so would be a good investment as they certainly won't be bored of it after five minutes,' she adds.

Read more: Haus Projekt Baby Walker review

Best value baby walker

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Tested by: Katy Islip, mum to Thea, nine months.

Our baby gear expert says: 'This baby walker has a detachable two-mode panel with lights and sounds including a movable bird character, rotating gears, piano keys, and a toy smartphone, while the frame also houses a simple roller rattle. It’s easy to assemble and its compact size makes it easy to store at bedtime - bonus!'

Our tester, Katy, says: 'Thea was immediately interested in this walker when it arrived, getting very excited as I went through the simple process of putting it together.' She gave her baby the play panel to explore on the floor at first, which was an instant hit.

'Thea got straight into pushing the piano keys and opening and closing the central door,' Katy adds. 'There are loads of engaging toys in the play panel, which doubles up on the fun by offering a music mode and a learning mode. This effectively gives every feature a dual purpose, so there’s no danger of Thea getting bored with it - or of me getting fed up listening to the same old noises and tunes.'

Our tester also commented on the wide range of music and songs that this walker plays, with more natural voices than baby toys typically feature. 'The two-volume levels help keep the chaos to a dull roar when needed, too,' she adds.

Verdict: Babies seem to universally love this walker toy – I had one for my first child who is now nineteen years old! It offers brilliant value for money and our tester found it gave her daughter hours of fun play, as well as physical support which helped build her confidence as she moved towards more independent walking.

Read more: Vtech First Steps baby walker review

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Best longevity

Tested by: Katy Islip, mum to Thea, nine months.

Our baby gear expert says: A sweet little walker and activity toy with adjustable height settings. The musical effects and sounds are mainly cute and didn't annoy our tester, and the additional toys added to the fun. Although Katy thinks it's a shame the ball tunnel only comes with one ball, and the door unfortunately comes off very easily. 'That has become a bit of a game for Thea,' she explains.

Our tester, Katy says: 'This little car quickly became a firm favourite in our house – it was simple to put together and, with batteries included, it was immediately good to go.' They started using the sit-and-play mode while Thea explored the various features, particularly enjoying the car's cute rolling eyes and the amusing light and sound effects triggered when each one moved. 'As she's just started cruising, we soon moved the handle up to the stand-and-play setting, giving her a better grip as she used it to pull herself up and lean on,' Katy adds.

Verdict: Overall, this is a sturdy little toy with lots to discover and hold a baby's attention. 'I might not have considered buying this over a 'traditional' walker but I've been impressed by its stability and charm,' our tester explains. 'The shape sorter pieces are very firmly wedged in position so she's not able to remove them yet but - hilariously - she has tried 'latching' onto their protruding tops, which made us laugh.'

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Most versatile baby walker

Tested by: Tess Watkins, mum to ten-month-old Isla. 

Our baby gear expert says: 'The Babymoov 5-in-1 Progressive Baby Walker has two core functions – it’s a seated baby walker for babies weighing up to 12kg, and then a push toy for use up to 24 months. I love how versatile the design is and the fact that it's not redundant once the child no longer needs a seated walker.'

Our tester, Tess, says: 'I absolutely loved this walker – it’s very simple to assemble and took around 20 minutes to build – I'm not usually very confident building anything on my own, but even I found it super easy.'

The seat is height adjustable and has three different settings, while the learning tray features a music box with three tunes and toys. Our tester found her daughter got the hang of this walker straight away and was soon cruising all over the living room. 'I really love the freedom this walker toy gives her; it encourages her development and lets her move around and get used to being on her feet in a safe way,' she adds.

Verdict: The 360° rotating seat is a brilliant feature. 'Isla gets so excited spinning around to discover the different toys,' says our tester, Tess. 'The walker is exceptionally good quality and extremely stable, and the seat cover is easy to remove and wash. And, with three different height settings, I think we’ll get a great deal of use out of this walker, making it superb value for money too.'

Read more: Babymoov 5-in-1 Progessive Walker review

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Best ride-on baby walker

Tested by: Pippa Elmes, mum to Lara Elmes, 18 months.

Our baby gear expert says: This is a strong little wooden walker and ride-on toy made of solid wood with cute additional features including a shape sorter, space to hide things in underneath, and spinning picture blocks.

Our tester, Pippa, says: 'This is by far the most robust walker I’ve seen and it's great for a little one starting to toddle – I’d have been much more confident using this rather than the walker we had when my daughter was little, as this seems less likely to roll away, leaving her flat on her face.'

The shape sorter was an immediate hit – being low on the side makes for a different shape sorting angle than most top-down sorter toys, which adds to the challenge, according to Pippa. 'The two different heights for pushing/holding when riding is a great design idea too,' she says.

Verdict: This is a great walker and a great idea to transition to a ride-on. 'My little one always wants to ride things ‘backward’ and this works as a ride-on in either direction,' concludes Pippa. 'However, its weightiness made it harder for her to heft it around corners.' 

'It took 20-25 mins to build as it needs proper screwing together but it does make for a really solid toy as a result. It feels as though it will last us a really long time and could be passed on to younger friends or family members.'

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Best walker for boosting confidence

Tested by: Tess Watkins, mum to Isla, aged ten months.

Our baby gear expert says: 'The Little Tikes Fantastic Firsts 3-in-1 Activity Walker has an engaging activity centre that's designed to help develop curious minds and it's the perfect walker for encouraging little ones to take their first steps as it projects colourful lights onto the floor, motivating them to keep moving. It also folds down flat for floor-time fun and easy storage.'

Our tester, Tess, says: 'This is the best walker we've tried – it's so simple to put together as it all snaps into place, taking us about ten minutes to assemble in total, and it’s super easy to use – we loved it.' 

Tess particularly loves the light projector; she says it truly works to encourage first steps but also adds excitement and fun for babies. 'The activity centre is amazing; my daughter was still discovering new features days after it arrived, from piano keys which illuminate different colours to a spinning drum that features the alphabet,' adds Tess.

Verdict: Another huge plus is that this works as a standing toy and can be stored away easily if you're short on space. 'It’s also much sturdier than other walkers – in particular, the speed-restrictive wheels stopped it from getting away from Isla too much,' adds Tess. 'Most importantly, this walker toy kept Isla entertained for ages while encouraging her development. She gets so excited to see the lights illuminate and the music play when she takes a few steps. This walker has truly helped to build up her confidence when it comes to standing and it’s been amazing to watch her mobility develop.'

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Most robust baby walker

Tested by: Becky Barclay, mum to Charlie,14 months

Our baby gear expert says: Play value is maximised on every inch, with interactive moving parts to entertain and educate your little one. There's a shape sorter on the front, numbered tiles to spin around, colours to find, and even a chalkboard. We think it's guaranteed to provide hours of fun for babies and toddlers.

Our tester, Becky, says: 'Even Charlie's older brothers, aged seven and five, thought this walker looked exciting – I had to stop them from diving straight into the box when it arrived!' She found screwing it together a little fiddly, with minimal instructions and some concentration required to get the pieces the right way round and lined up. 'I was glad I'd chosen nap time to put it together or there might have been tears, but it's definitely worth the effort to assemble – it's sturdy and heavy enough not to tip, and you can tell it will withstand years of play,' Becky adds. 

Verdict: I've even pulled the walker alongside us during nappy changes – which have become rather wriggly recently – so Charlie can spin the numbered tiles as a distraction. He'll also push it the length of the room, and its rubber-covered wheels suit hard floors, making it both safe and quiet. It's too heavy for Charlie to turn on his own, but the play value of this toy is not only as a walker – it's an entire entertainment station.'

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Best baby walker for motor skills

Tested by: Grace Holliday and her 11-month-old daughter.

Our baby gear expert says: Colourful, attractive and classic in its design, the Rainbow Cloud Walker is a well-made wooden walker. It's not as hi-tech as other walkers, but it will help develop babies' fine motor skills as well as their walking. Finding a visually appealing toy that's also engaging for babies and young children isn't always easy but the Rainbow Cloud Walker nails it.

Our tester, Grace, says: 'My 11-month-old daughter beamed the first time she saw it. She was still finding her confidence in walking, so she sat down and got to work, lifting out every single block, one by one.' 

Grace particularly liked the narrow sizing of the walker. 'Those with less space or narrower hallways and doorways at home needn’t worry about trapped fingers or scuffed paintwork,' she explains. The walker holds 45 multi-coloured blocks of varying shapes and sizes. 'It's fantastic for her motor skills, the variety of colours means it keeps her engaged, and the different shapes are great for her development too,' Grace added. 'She enjoys knocking them together, offering them to me, and of course, putting them in her mouth, which I can let her do, thanks to the non-toxic paint. I built a few towers for her, which she gleefully knocked down. I know in time she'll love building towers - and I'll do my best not to get my revenge!'.

Verdict: A quality, wooden product comes at a price but this is well worth the money if your budget allows. 'It's dual use, as both a walker and a toy, thanks to the building blocks,' she said. 'Overall, I would definitely recommend this walker; as long as you aren't after something that is going to stay utterly pristine, it should tick all, if not most, of your boxes.'

Read our Rainbow Cloud Walker review

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Best musical baby walker

Tesed by: Becky Barclay, mum to Charlie, 14 months.

Our baby gear expert says: This walker demonstrates what Fisher-Price does really well: bright, fun, good-quality plastic toys which last. It's designed to grow with your baby from sitting up through to first steps, and it doubles as an entertainment centre as well as a walker.

Our tester, Becky, says: 'As soon as the box was open, Charlie was attracted by the bright colours of this walker and crawled over to investigate – thankfully assembly took just a few minutes, with easy-to-follow instructions and large parts to click together.' 

You’ll need a screwdriver to take off the battery cover, and two AA batteries which aren't included, so don’t forget those. The zebra’s friendly smile, flashing buttons and catchy tunes immediately won over our tester's son, who was keen to explore the different activities designed to support fine motor skills.

'His favourite is the page, which he can flip over to play a counting song on one side and an alphabet song on the other,' says Becky. 'He also likes pushing the walker around, and while its wide-set wheels make it nice and sturdy, it’s light enough for him to turn corners.'

Verdict: While Charlie’s a fan, Becky says she can’t pretend the zebra’s giggle and chatter don’t grate on her a little. Happily, there’s an easy-to-find off switch. 'Good news if you want a break from the tunes or don’t enjoy being urged, in a sing-song voice, to ‘go for a walk’ when you accidentally nudge it with your foot after bedtime,' adds Becky. 'The walker is good quality and not at all flimsy. It feels like it would survive plenty of rough play, and provide a lot of entertainment for the price.'

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How to choose the best baby walker for you

Before you choose which baby walker to buy, consider these factors:

Your baby's age - Most baby walkers are designed for babies aged six months or older. However, all babies develop at different rates so a good indicator that your little one is ready for a walker toy is when they start using the furniture to pull themselves up to a standing position. Some walkers double as activity tables or sit-and-play units so if you choose one of these types of walker toys, you can expect your baby to enjoy playing with it even if they're not yet ready to use it practicing their steps.

Wooden or plastic - Many plastic baby walker toys have battery-operated features such as games, lights, and sound effects for your baby to explore. Babies love to interact with these elements - but you might get tired of hearing the same sounds endlessly on repeat! 

Wooden walkers don't have these 'noisy' electronic elements but usually have play elements, such as stacking blocks or shape sorters, built into the design. Most baby walkers are brightly coloured to capture a baby's interest but wooden walkers in neutral, muted tones are popular with design-conscious parents.

How much room you've got: Some walkers have a very wide wheelbase which means you need a generous amount of floor space to maoeuvre them around. Your baby may get frustrated if they can't pick up much speed before crashing into a wall or piece of furniture. So if you're short on space, choose one of the walkers that we've highlighted as being practical for that scenario, such as the Rainbow Cloud Walker.

Are baby walkers good for babies?

Before they're ready to walk, babies need lots of tummy time to help strengthen the muscles they'll eventually use for rolling over, crawling, and walking. Once your baby starts pulling up to standing and holding on to the furniture to cruise around the room, a baby walker can be a useful tool to help develop those skills. The best baby walkers help build your baby's confidence, ready to take those important first steps.

Some types of baby walker toys are associated with a risk of injury, however. In particular, your baby shouldn't spend long periods in the type of seated baby walker that encourages standing on their tiptoes. You should never leave your baby unattended in a baby walker and experts recommend not using a baby walker for more than 15 or 20 minutes at a time.

What age is best for a baby walker?

This depends on which type of baby walker you choose. Many baby walker toys are suitable for use from six months, but check the age recommendations for the walker you're thinking of buying, to make sure it's safe and appropriate for your baby's age and your child's stage of development.

Having a baby walker among the toys in your baby's playroom or nursery means your little one is likely to gravitate towards it when the time comes for taking those memorable first steps.

How we tested these baby walkers

Our product review testing process is fair, consistent and robust. 

Our Consumer Editor Heidi Scrimgeour came up with a shortlist of the best baby walkers based on her product knowledge and industry research. She looked at the latest offering from the market-leading brands - and as a parenting journalist for 15 years and mother of three, what she doesn't know about baby products isn't worth knowing. She also selected products from a broad range of price points so there's a baby walker toy on this list to suit every budget. 

Next, we called on our pool of parent testers and assigned each of them a baby walker to review with their baby. They tested the product rigorously for at least a month. 

After this, they gave each product a rating out of five for overall performance. We also asked for comprehensive feedback on key factors including design appeal, functionality (how easy is it to assemble and use), portability (how easy is it to carry around the house and how compact when stored), and value for money.

If all that walking is getting a bit tiring, why not check out our round-up of the best pushchairs and best baby carriers. If you’re after other baby kit for your home, we’ve also got a guide to the best high chairs and the best baby food makers to make weaning that little bit more easier.

Comfy, easy to put together and packed full of style, the best cot beds keep your baby snug, safe and (hopefully) sleeping easily. 

Any new parent will know, there are hundreds of baby must-haves to consider. From the best newborn prams and the best sleepsuits to the best baby monitors and the best Moses baskets. And choosing between the best bed for your little one joins this list. 

First up: you might be wondering what’s the difference between the best bedside cribs and the best cot beds. Well, the former can only be used up until your baby can sit up or raise themselves up onto their hands and knees. Whereas, a cot bed lasts longer than a traditional cot which needs to be replaced with a bed once your child is around two or three years old. That’s because, as its name suggests, a cot bed converts to a first toddler bed once your baby is ready to leave the bars behind.

In today’s market, there is a never-ending amount of cot beds to choose from. Some come with clever under-the-bed storage where you can stash bedding or nighttime essentials, like nappies. While others come with an adjustable base to prevent your baby from climbing out. Then comes the overall style of the sleep solution. 

Using our more than 20 years' of knowledge in the industry, we've compiled a list of the best cot beds you can buy in 2024. So keep scrolling to find out our pick of the best tried and tested cot beds, all suitable from birth. 

The quick list

In a hurry to find the best cot bed? Here's a quick overview or you can scroll further down the page for more in-depth tried-and-tested reviews.

Best cot bed 2024 — tried and tested by parents 

Best cot bed overall

Tested by: Donna and her seven-month-old Daisy.

Our baby gear expert says: Suitable from birth to four years old, the Little Wren Cot Bed from the Great Little Trading Company is built from solid pine with a white painted finish. It has three mattress height settings, so you can lower the base as your baby gets older. This makes it easy to reach your newborn but also guards against an adventurous toddler from climbing out. The cot has fixed side panels and converts to a first bed, with a toddler rail included. The recommended mattress is sold separately (£125).

This is a timeless, stylish, and robust cot bed. It will look beautiful in any nursery, according to our tester Donna, who is mum to seven-month-old Daisy.

Our tester, Donna, says: "There is a real sense of class about it. It oozes quality and you can tell it will last many years." Donna found the instructions easy to follow when it came to assembling the cot bed. "I put it together on my own during one of Daisy’s shorter naps," she says. "After putting the base too low to start with, I had practice changing the height. It was really straightforward to adjust."

To convert the cot into a toddler bed, you simply remove one of the cot’s side panels and attach the toddler rail supplied. Under-cot storage drawers and a range of matching furniture are available to buy separately if you like the coordinated look.

Verdict: “The stand-out feature of this cot is how robust it is,” says Donna. “It's sturdy but light enough to move around when I'm changing Daisy’s cot sheets. And it really is beautiful to look at.” What more could your little sleeper need?

Read more: Great Little Trading Company Little Wren Cotbed review

Best premium cot bed

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Tested by: Gemma who is mum to Boden, 13 months.

Our baby gear expert says: This is a sturdy and stylish cot bed with three adjustable heights so that you can adjust it as your baby grows. Eventually, you can remove the bars altogether to create a bench-style bed. Our tester Gemma built the cot bed in an hour and found the instructions easy to follow. "The Willox Adjustable Cot Bed is available in two colours – off-white or green – and we opted for green as it looked very unique," she explains.

Our tester, Gemma, says: "I was curious to see the colour in real-life as colours can look different online but I wasn't disappointed. It's a beautiful shade of green. Previously, I had only ever considered a traditional white cot bed but this has totally changed my mind. And even though it's described as vintage, it's a stunning, stylish piece that would look great in a modern nursery."

At bedtime, the cot bed easily stood up to the ‘trampoline test’ inflicted on it by our little tester. "Like many other little ones, Boden loves to hold onto the frame and bounce up and down," says Gemma. "He also uses the bars to pull himself up to a standing position, so the frame takes a lot of his weight. From an online description or photo, you can't always judge how robust baby furniture will be, but the Willox seems very sturdy and well made."

Verdict: Overall, Gemma was wowed by this cot. "Boden seemed very happy and content in it – he drifted off easily and slept well," she says. "The cot is a beautiful, unique addition to our nursery. The only problem is that now we're tempted to buy all the matching furniture!"

Read more: La Redoute Willox Adjustable Cot Bed review

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Best for longevity

Tested by: Kate and her son, Blake, aged six months.

Our baby gear expert says: The SnüzKot Skandi Cot Bed is an elegant cot bed available in 16 different designs and an array of different colours. Longevity is its standout feature, as it can be used from birth up to age four, or until your child is 10 years old if you buy the extension kit (sold separately). The cot has three mattress settings, so you can adjust the height as your little one grows.

Our tester, Kate, says: "It took a while to assemble, but it was worth the effort. It took two of us about 90 minutes to put together but now it's assembled, it goes really well in our nursery and looks amazing. 

"We're really happy with it. My baby seems to like sleeping in it. I feel she's really safe as it's so sturdy. The recommended mattress (£150) is an expensive additional expense but it is very good quality." Although this is a fairly expensive cot bed, our tester thinks it compares well with other similar designs. "It's significantly less expensive than many other similar Scandi-inspired cots, but the fact that it can be used up to age four (or even ten) makes it a true investment piece," she says.

Verdict: The finish on the wood wasn't flawless, according to Kate, but that's likely due to the fact that it's made from natural beech wood with no MDF or veneer.

 The assembled cot looks "really beautiful" and Kate feels it looks more expensive than it is. "This is the ideal cot bed for anyone who loves stylishly designed products - if you can cope with it being a little fiddly to assemble," she says.

 "And if you're looking for a contemporary cot bed that's the perfect balance of aesthetics and long-lasting functionality, this is it."

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Best quality

Tested by: Michelle and her son Finn 

Our baby gear expert says: Classic in its design, kitted out with a smart panelled look and painted in a timeless matt cream, we named the Nostalgia Cot bed as the best pick for build quality. And it's all thanks to the quality of the solid, sturdy wood materials used. 

Like many of the other cot beds in this guide, this nursery addition can be used from newborn to toddlerhood — but this cot will take sleepers right up until the age of four. To do so, you'll just have to adjust the height levels for your baby's safety and comfort and then, when they're ready, adapt into a cot bed for your toddler. 

Our tester, Michelle, says: "I would recommend the cot bed to friends who have boisterous toddlers this is a safe and sturdy cot that is immovable by toddlers who might grab the sides and try to rock it."

Another plus point was the assembly process. "It came with a bespoke Allen key which was really handy for the trickier-to-reach corner screws," Michelle explains. With clear instructions and a simple build, the cot was built in just twelve minutes. "I like that the slats for the mattress are fixed, that gives it a quality feel and it wasn't fiddly to line them up or secure them in place," she adds. 

However, our tester found one fault with this product and that's the extensive packaging. "The cot arrived in two tall and heavy cardboard boxes which had everything we needed to build the item," Michelle told us. 

Verdict: "The cot bed is sturdy and feels solid which is comforting to know that there is no way my toddler could tip it or rock it," Michelle says. "We were impressed by the overall finish." It comes with a £650 RRP, so it's an expensive addition to any nursery. But this is a price our tester thought was 'good value for money' when you factor in the years that it will be in use for. "Knowing it could take your baby from newborn to four years old makes it an investment piece of nursery furniture that can evolve with your family needs," she says. "Overall it is so smart and elegant to look at and I was excited for my son to get cosy and comfortable in his new bed," Michelle adds. 

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Best Budget

Tested by: Emma and her one-year-old son Charlie.

Our baby gear expert says: This simple but stylish solid pine cot bed is suitable from birth to three years. It comes with a mattress included and has an in-built storage drawer. In terms of value for money, this is one of the best cot beds you could buy.

Our tester wasn't expecting this to be a premium product. However, she was pleasantly surprised when she put it to the test with her one-year-old son, Charlie. 

Our tester, Emma, says: "The quality was beyond what I expected for the price," she says. "It's a lovely, simple design that looks great in my son's room."

The cot bed was easy to assemble, although the instructions are a little complicated. However, adjusting the base height and converting the cot to a toddler bed is very straightforward.

But the large storage drawer and adjustable base are what make this one of the best cot beds if you're on a budget. "A storage drawer is a feature I'd expect on a premium cot bed, not a budget model – it's so useful and helps make a busy toddler's mess a bit more manageable," she says. "I felt confident loading it with blankets, toys and all sorts of things I want hide neatly out of sight. I really like that there's an extra base panel for when the mattress position is higher, too. This keeps the contents of the drawer covered, so the sleek, minimal design isn't spoiled."

Emma found the cot rattled when her toddler shook the sides. The finish is also a little less luxurious than other cots – something we'd expect, given that this cot bed costs less than £150. "The screws that hold the bed together are visible on the edges of the wood, which detracts a little from the overall minimal, stylish look," she says. "The edge of the toddler bed guard also seems a little sharp on the corners."

Verdict: That said, if you're buying a cot bed on a budget and want more than the basics in terms of style and design without spending more, this is definitely one of the best cot beds for you.

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Best for assembly

Tested by: Annie and her 12-week-old Leo.

Our baby gear expert says: Mamas & Papas Franklin Cot Bed is available in white or grey. It has an under-bed storage drawer to help stash away bedding and a handy hanging rail for storing muslins or blankets. It's suitable from birth to four years, and the adjustable base has two height positions. Teething rails are included.

Our tester, Annie, says: "My first impressions were that it looked very stylish and the drawer would come in very handy. The whole process from delivery to assembly couldn't have been easier. This is a beautiful, stylish cot bed that will save you money and a lot of hassle in the long run."

Happily, putting the cot together was a doddle. "We've put together many many flat packs in the past, but none of those compares to how easy this was to assemble," Annie says. "The instructions were so easy to read and every element was labelled alphabetically, making it foolproof - even for those who've never put together flat-pack furniture!"

Our tester's favourite feature is the storage drawer. "This may seem like a minor detail, but when you have limited storage space in your home, a drawer beneath the cot is a major help. I keep bed sheets, blankets, swaddles and towels in it."

Verdict: Overall, Annie feels this is a classy and well-made cot bed. "At first glance, this seems a bit pricey, especially if you're on a budget," she says. "But you can see the quality and craftsmanship the moment you look at it. It's a real statement piece. I haven't stopped talking about it or taking photos of it. I am genuinely so happy with this cot bed and would recommend it to anyone."

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Best budget buy

Tested by: Gabrielle and her daughter Milla, aged two.

Our baby gear expert says: The Midi Cot Bed from Mokee impressed us with its longevity – it's suitable from birth up to age five. Highly affordable, it comes in four colours with lots of matching accessories available to buy separately. That's handy if you're kitting out a nursery and want to coordinate your look to match your cot. It's made from high-quality beechwood with a removable panel to transform the cot into a toddler bed. It also has an impressive range of mattress base positions (seven in total), depending on the age and size of your baby.

Our tester, Gabrielle, says:  "The open, slatted design makes it easy to check on your sleeping child, and the mattress seems very good quality and comfortable. We tested this as a toddler bed by removing the panel, and our daughter took to it really well. I think she likes the feeling of being in a cot whilst having the accessibility of a bed. She's now had six nights' undisturbed sleep, which is a miracle!"

There are times when a budget buy can be a false economy. There's little point in buying a cheaper model if you'll only end up replacing it because it doesn't stand the test of time. But that's not an issue with this cot bed. Whether you're kitting out the nursery on a budget or just don't want to spend over the odds on the cot, this is the ideal cot bed solution for saving money.

Verdict: When it comes to value for money, Gabrielle was particularly impressed with this cot bed. "It combines affordability with style and safety, which is obviously so important with baby products. It's excellent value for money but it looks great in our baby's room," she told us. 

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Best cot with wheels

Tested by: Jill who is mum to Grace, aged six months.

Our baby gear expert says: The Oasis Oval Cot by Boori is a distinctive, curved cot bed made from sustainable solid wood. It has two base heights; a high setting for babies and a lower level for pre-toddlers. It converts easily from a cot to a stylish toddler bed or sofa. Unlike any of the other cot beds we tested, this has lockable castors. This means it's easy to move between rooms. Alternatively, you can position it close to your bed at night instead of using a Moses basket or bedside crib.

Our tester, Jill, says she found the cot "exceedingly easy" to put together. "That's a real bonus for a time-stretched parent," she says. The oval design was a particular hit. "When Grace rolls around in the cot, she doesn't get stuck in a corner as she might in a rectangular cot," she says.

"The shape also means the cot bed can take centre stage in a child's bedroom, rather than being shoved up against a wall. It's also smaller than many cots, so it's good for a smaller nursery. Also, the fact that it's suitable from birth is a huge selling point. Since it's so compact, it doesn't feel too overbearing next to the bed. This means you could realistically use it instead of a bedside crib."

Another advantage of the size and shape of this cot is the fact that it fits through standard door frames. This means it's super easy to move into a nursery or toddler bedroom when the time comes for your little one to sleep in their own room.

And when your child becomes a toddler, one end can be removed and you can add a foot bar so the child can climb in and out. Later on, you'll also have the option of removing the side to turn the bed into a child's sofa. "I am a little nervous that entry via the foot of the bed may be slightly bizarre for a toddler," says Jill. "Also, it may be tricky when she needs to get out of bed quickly. However, it's great that you don't have to worry about little ones falling out of bed, or buy a separate bed guard."

Verdict: Thanks to its compact design, this Oasis Oval Cot by Boori is a great fit for those short on space and love the look of something a bit different. It will also suit little sleepers who tend to move around in their sleep, as the oval design means they won't get 'stuck'. 

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Best for small rooms

Tested by: Catherine and her son Robin, aged 19 months.

Our baby gear expert says: This 'mini' model is smaller than standard cot beds, so it's ideal for smaller bedrooms. It's also a good choice if you're looking for a neutral cot bed that will look good alongside existing nursery decor or furniture.

The Coleby Mini Cotbed is designed for use up to around four years of age. It has three mattress positions, meaning you can lower the base to prevent your little one from climbing out. When it's time to move on from a cot, it's easy to convert to a toddler bed. For extra storage, an under drawer is sold separately. A cot top changer is also available in the same range.

Our tester, Catherine liked the compact design and neutral colour. In addition, she found it easy to assemble. 

Our tester, Catherine, says: "It's a sleek and stylish cot bed that would look good in any nursery. It's also narrow enough to fit through a standard doorway without needing to be taken apart and reassembled. That means it's handy if you plan to move it into another bedroom in future.

"However, one of the screw holes hadn't been drilled all the way through and the paint finish was a little patchy in places, but I had this assembled by myself in less than 50 minutes."

If you're looking for a cot bed that's robust enough to suit an energetic toddler, this is one of the best cot beds you could go for. "It feels very solid and well built, with very little 'give' in the structure," says Catherine. "My 'wriggle bum toddler puts it through its paces by thrashing about at night and trying to wobble the sides when he wakes up. So far, it has coped with everything he's thrown at it."

Verdict: Overall, this is a good choice if you have a small nursery or bedroom. It's impressively sturdy and built to last, yet super affordable.

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10. Best sleigh bed design

Tested by: Vicky and her six-month-old baby, Alicia.

Our baby gear expert says: The Snowdon is a sleigh bed in style, but it doesn't have the bulky, chunky feel that you usually get from this type of cot bed. Instead, it has a slim, streamlined aesthetic but it doesn't skimp on space-saving storage which is neatly tucked away under the bed with a wheel-out storage drawer. 

This cot bed is also easy to assemble and it has a bed base that's adjustable through three different settings as your child grows.

Our tester, Vicky, says: "The Snowdon is a sleigh bed that doesn't take up the entire room. And it's great that it adapts to become a toddler bed, so we'll get years of use out of it. 

"My son has just turned three and is still in the bed part of his old cot, so a cot bed is a good investment for several years. I also really like the look of the Snowdon Classic when it's set up as a toddler bed."

The under-bed storage drawer also makes it a good option if you're battling with a smaller space. "Babies need so much stuff that you end up having to pack things under their cot," our tester says. "Having the drawer means you can put it away neatly and roll it back out for access, rather than scrabbling around under the cot to find things stored there."

While the Ickle Bubba Snowdon Cotbed is on the pricier side, its value comes in the years of use you'll get from it. "It's not cheap," says Vicky. "But it has a simple, stylish design, and the storage drawer is genuinely useful, particularly if you need a cot bed for a small nursery."

Verdict: The higher price point wouldn't put Vicky off from recommending it to friends: "It's stylish but not too bulky, and overall it looks and feels of good quality. It will last for years so it's good value." 

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11. Best Scandi style

Tested by: Charlie and her 13 month old, Seb.

Our baby gear expert says: Stokke is a premium brand for children's products such as high chairs and nursery equipment and the Stokke Sleepi Cot Bed is another great example of this quality-led Scandi business. 

Made from 100% beech wood and coming with a smooth oval finish, this is a premium product. Stokke produces the 'Mini' cot, which is suitable from birth. The Sleepi is the next size up, and is suitable for children up to five years old. Our tester particularly liked the look of this cot bed and also the way it can 'grow' with the child - as the side can be removed to turn it into a toddler bed.

Our tester, Charlie, says: "Once put together, the design was very stylish — the natural colourway looked great in Seb's room, and I think it would work well with most nursery palettes. The quality of the mattress felt really good - it was firm, and even withstood a few bouncing sessions from Seb!".

"The quality of the wood was also really good - again, with a toddler who has a tendency to chew on things, it retained its freshness while we were reviewing it and didn't come away with too many scratches and dents."

Verdict: This is perfect for someone who is happy to spend a little bit more on a premium product that's stylish and a long-term investment. "I have - friends who are expecting I've suggested getting the Mini and then expanding it to the Sleepi so that they have a product that'll last their little one for years and they're not spending out on multiple cots like many of us do," Charlie says. "It's more expensive than some other cots but lasts a long time and is really good quality."

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12. Best for storage

Tested by: Grace and her 11 month old daughter. 

Our baby gear expert says: It's important to note that this cot bed is very large in size. So if you have a small nursery, this might not be the best cot bed for you. Size aside,  this roomy cot bed has an impressive (and traditional) sleigh design. We love the fact that it comes with plenty of great extras like a gigantic storage drawer, a teething rail and three adjustable heights. This means it grows with your child up to the age of four.

Our tester, Grace, says: "We knew the Obaby Stamford Luxe Sleigh Cot Bed was going to be generously sized by looking at the measurements online before its arrival, but we were still surprised to see it arrived in three separate, and very large, boxes."

Despite its bulky size, Grace found the cot bed easy to assemble. "All the pieces were well packaged, with no damage or dents. It took us about ten minutes to unpack everything, and take all the empty boxes outside," she said. 

"It only took 20-30 minutes to put together, as each side piece and base can be reassembled. There were no slats to put into place ourselves. Everything we needed, aside from a screwdriver, was in the box, including an Allen key. The drawer was also easy to put together."

Grace liked the subtle teething rail - essential when little ones start gnawing on everything in sight. "On this top bar comes a plastic rail, which was already attached, and is especially made to be safe for baby or child to chew on while they're teething. This means that their teeth are protected, and the wood of the cot is protected too!" 

Verdict: It's worth noting that, while you get everything you need with this large cot, you don't need it all at the same time and there will be parts that you'll have to store away.  

Therefore, due to its relatively large size, it would be better for someone who has a larger nursery and plenty of space. Grace thought that the Obaby Stamford Luxe Sleigh Cotbed would also suit 'someone who is looking for a long-lasting cotbed that doesn't scrimp on appearance or bonus features.'

• Read more: Obaby Stamford Luxe Sleigh Cot Bed Review 

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5 things to consider before buying a cot bed

1. A cot bed saves you money
The benefit of a cot bed is obvious; it converts from a cot to a bed. This means you won't need to buy a toddler bed when your baby outgrows the cot and is ready to start sleeping in a big bed. In other words, you'll save money. And who doesn't like doing that?!

2. A cot bed helps your child cope with change
But the other advantage of a cot bed is that it can help your little one to make the transition from sleeping in a cot to moving into a bed. It's a big change for a little one, and the familiarity of going to sleep in the same piece of furniture can help to smooth this important transition.

3. Check the cot bed dimensions before you buy
Before you decide which is the best cot bed, remember that your baby should sleep in the same room as you for the first six months of life. That means it's important to check the dimensions of the cot bed to ensure it will fit in your bedroom if you plan to use if from birth. Some cot beds are bulkier than others so if you're short on space in your room, choose one of the more compact models. Alternatively, you could use a Moses basket beside your bed for the first six months and then move your baby into a cot bed in the nursery.

4. Don't forget to think about the visuals
It's easy to get caught up in the spec or the safety features when you're shopping for the best cot bed but don't forget to consider the design and style of your baby's room. Since a cot bed will be in use for longer than a standard cot, choose one that will suit the look and feel of your little one's first bedroom.

5. Location, location, location
Also, think about where you plan to position your baby's cot or toddler's cot bed. A cot or cot bed should be kept well away from radiators to reduce the risk of your baby overheating. Never place a cot near windows or looped window blind cords either if you have them, as these are a safety risk.

How to choose the best cot bed

There are three factors to take into consideration when deciding which is the best cot bed for you:

• Price - Work out your budget, taking into account that you won't need to fork out for a toddler bed at a later date if you choose a cot bed.
• Size - Measure the space where you'll be using the cot. The safest place for your baby to sleep during the first six months is in a bed of their own in same room as you, but after six months your baby can sleep in a cot in a room of their own. Don't forget to check it fits both rooms!
• Functionality - Decide which features are essentials and which you can live without. A storage drawer is handy for keeping spare bedding, nappies and sleepsuits, especially if you're short on storage space, but think carefully about this is an important design feature that you're willing to pay more for. 

Cot bed safety

• Cot bars: These should be vertical, with a distance of no more than 6.5cm between the bars. This is to ensure your baby's limbs don't get stuck between the bars.
• Depth and space: The distance between the top of the mattress and the top of the cot sides should be at least 50cm, to help prevent your baby from climbing out of the cot.
• Circulation: Some experts recommend cots with four sides that have bars (instead of just two and two enclosed sides) to allow air to circulate freely around your baby.

Not only does the cotbed need to comply with a variety of rules and regulations; the mattress does too.

• New is best: Buying a new mattress is strongly recommended. It must be clean, dry, free from cracks and tears with no sagging.
• Firm: Choose a firm mattress rather than a soft one, and make sure it's no thinner than 8cm.
• Size matters: There are two sizes of cot mattresses – standard and continental. Check which one will fit the cotbed you choose.
• Hygiene: It’s a good idea to choose a mattress with a removable, machine-washable cover. We hate to mention it, but nappies sometimes leak! A mattress protector is also a good idea for the same reason.

Our review process

Our Deputy Editor Heidi Scrimgeour came up with a shortlist of cot beds based on her product knowledge and industry research. She looked at the latest offering from the market-leading brands - and as a mum of three and a parenting journalist for 15 years, what she doesn't know about baby products isn't worth knowing. 

Next, she selected the final product line-up from a broad range of price points to ensure there's a best cot bed recommendation here to suit all budgets. Then, we called on our pool of reliable parent testers and assigned them each a cot bed to review with their baby. They tested the product rigorously for at least two weeks but often much longer.

After this, our parent testers gave each product a rating out of five for overall performance. We also asked for comprehensive feedback on key factors including design appeal, functionality, sturdiness, value for money, and how easy each cot bed was to assemble and convert to a toddler bed. We used all of this feedback to create this best cot bed buying guide and the accompanying in-depth product reviews.

Read more about how we test to see why you can rely on our guidance. 

Once you've settled on the best cot bed, take a look at our guide to choosing the best cot mattress. If you're not convinced a cot bed is right for you, read about the best Moses baskets and the best bedside cribs instead. And to prep for some seriously sound sleeping, check out the best baby monitors and the best baby sleeping bags.

More women are getting pregnant in their 40s, empowered by changes to traditional timelines and advances in fertility treatment. According to the Office For National Statistics, there are now twice as many women giving birth past their 30s as there are those having children as teenagers, in England and Wales.

While the path may not be as straightforward for those in their 40s, experts emphasise that it is still very possible to have a safe and healthy pregnancy at this age. What’s more, from greater stability to better knowledge, there are many advantages to mothering a newborn at a later stage.

But what’s it really like to welcome a child in this decade? We’ve spoken to five women about their firsthand experiences of conceiving, carrying and giving birth to a little one at this stage of life, and what they wish they’d known before embarking on their journey.

‘Try not to let the constant talk of being “high risk” worry you’

Jasmine Headley, 44, PR agency director based in Leeds

I had my first son, Milo, when I was 35. I had always wanted two children, but getting pregnant again in my 30s just didn’t happen for us, despite trying. I’d finally started to come to peace with having just one - processing a lot of guilt about him not having a sibling - when, in early January 2022, I found out I was pregnant with Jude. It was a massive surprise, because I was in my 40s by this point, although a very happy one. In fact, he was actually due on my 42nd birthday, but arrived ten days early.

Looking back, I’m really lucky that - while it took a long time - I got pregnant naturally in my 40s. I know this doesn’t happen for a lot of people, and there’s a lot of disappointment every time you discover you’re not pregnant. Both the times I’ve fallen pregnant have been when I’ve stopped trying. So my advice to other women would be to try and relax as much as you can. Although, that’s easier said than done!

Also, when it comes to pregnancy in your 40s, try not to let all the talk of being “high risk” worry you. It was mentioned every time I saw a midwife or doctor, and can be quite hard to deal with - especially if you’re already a bit of a worrier. I was put under consultant care, and had extra appointments with them alongside my usual midwife ones. Doctors also asked me to take aspirin every day.

After my first scan and blood tests, I was also told that the chance of my baby having Down’s syndrome was one in 85, because of my age. Eventually, the results came back showing that he didn’t have it, but it was a really stressful time. I had a c-section - which I had asked for due to having a bad birth with my first son - and it was a brilliant experience.

I’m not sure if it’s because I’m in my 40s, or if it’s because Jude is my second child, but I’ve definitely felt more relaxed and confident parenting this time round. I’ve also completely gone with my instinct and not followed all the ever-changing advice about every aspect of parenting, which has felt really freeing. On top of this, given that I’d wanted a second for so long, he really does feel like a little miracle and I count my blessings every day.

However, I’m definitely more tired this time round, which I do think is to do with age. It can also be a bit lonely at times, since all your close friends’ kids tend to be older. When I had Milo, there was always someone to go to baby classes with and to talk to about early motherhood, along with other little ones for him to socialise with. I haven’t had that as much this time round, although I’ve been lucky enough to meet a couple of brilliant mum friends and reconnect with some old ones.

‘You know what is important in your 40s - and when saying “no” is best’

Judy Bartkowiak, 68, child and teen therapist based in Berkshire

I was in a different headspace with each of my four children. Looking back, with my first, I was nervous and easily influenced by medics and friends, with no confidence to use my own intuition. When my second and third children arrived, I was much more relaxed. By the time I was about to give birth to my fourth child at 44, a son called Paul, I knew I wanted a home birth. It was wonderful and I think as a family we really benefited from being together. Although the other kids - then aged eight, 11 and 12 years - complained about my screaming and said they had to turn the TV up!

Pregnancy and giving birth definitely felt easier in my 40s. This was partly because it’s a familiar process for your body, and mentally and emotionally you’re already prepared. Being older, you know how to pace yourself and can easily decide what is important and what isn’t - including when to say “no” and having boundaries. You also don’t bother about being the “perfect” mum because you know that's nonsense.

Parenting a newborn was likewise more of a doddle in my 40s. I was more mature in many ways. My career was well established, so I wasn’t worried about the whole work-life balance thing. As a couple, my partner and I knew how to work really well as a team. The older children were also pretty self-reliant, getting their own breakfast and doing their homework, if I was busy with the baby. Fortunately, as parents we stayed very fit and healthy, so as a family we still enjoyed doing lots of sporty hobbies with the kids.

I’ve noticed that, having had a baby in our 40s, we are much “younger” in our thinking than our friends of the same age. I think having a 24-year-old around in your 60s is a great way to stay connected to young people and be challenged when we say daft “old people” stuff. To other women about to welcome a newborn in this decade, I’d urge you to trust your intuition, know your values, but be open to rethinking your views, be prepared to feel a failure - which goes with motherhood of any age - and maintain existing friendships as well as embrace new ones.

‘I decided to pursue motherhood solo when I turned 40 single’

Emma Halliday, 43, empowerment coach based in West Yorkshire

As I was approaching 35, I felt that the 'proverbial clock' was ticking, and I recalled reading an article some years before about women who used donor sperm from a facility in Denmark to become mothers. Their story came flooding back and I made a promise to myself that if I got to 40 and was still single, then I would do that too. As that time approached, I made the move back to my hometown, prepared family and friends for my decision, and spoke with a fertility clinic. I decided to enjoy my 40th birthday with a big party and then started down the path of becoming a solo mum by choice.

I was told with no sugar-coating by my fertility consultant that I had a 13% to 17% chance the IVF would work the first time. We had discussed having three rounds as that would bring it to around 45% success, but I was very fortunate that it worked the first time. Sadly, there are a number of women I know who had to go through more rounds or were not successful at all, and I would recommend those hoping to become mothers one day to book in a ‘fertility MOT’.

In November 2022, I welcomed my son aged 41. My pregnancy had been smooth - no sickness, barely any fatigue and no weird cravings. I was also advised to take aspirin each day, which is recommended for women over a certain age. The one thing that did bug me slightly was being pushed to have an induction, because of my age and due to my son going past his due date. I kept declining until I finally agreed on a date, and he came the day before.

I've certainly got my sh*t together now I'm older and got things like clubbing out of my system. Although I am still a lover of festivals, adventure and travelling, and hope to expose my son to that as much as possible one day. I have more money now than I did when I was younger, which is important as nursery fees do sting. I would also say I am calmer because I've worked on myself a lot, and I feel like the parenting judgement out there doesn’t affect me like I think it would have if I was younger.

As I am a solo mum by choice, there were a lot of struggles I had anticipated. For instance, only having one income, not having as much free time and having to do all the child admin on my own. What I didn't anticipate was the “I'm an older mum maths”: when he starts university I'll be 59, if he has kids when he's 30 I'll be 71, what if something happens to me because of my age?

Above all, I am so glad I have my child - who is about to turn two - and that I gave birth when I did. In my early 30s I wouldn't have been ready for a child, and I know a lot of women who have had their first or additional children in their 40s - so it doesn't feel weird to me. I’ve also created a life that works best for me - working full-time, studying part-time and launching my business as an empowerment coach, so that I have the flexibility needed to be a solo parent.

‘I’m a better parent in this decade than I would have been in my 30s’

Em Tweedie, 45, personal trainer based in Wokingham

I never wanted children in my 20s or 30s - but I’d been with my husband for 20 years when he told me he really wanted a family. I’d just turned 42 at this point, and also finally felt ready to have a child, and so we tried to get pregnant. After six months of trying, we decided to go down the IVF route, because time was of the essence as I approached 43.

We took an IVF multi-cycle programme with Access Fertility which gave us two fresh cycles and unlimited frozen cycles. The first two fresh cycles failed, and we discovered that I had cervical stenosis, a condition that meant my cervix closed after every period and which may have made it hard for me to get pregnant, even in my 20s or 30s. But we had two frozen embryos left and the first of those two was successful. Our son arrived a month before I turned 45.

My advice to other women regarding fertility at this age would be to try not to leave it too late if you do want to have children. I was naive about how significantly your chances are reduced once you’re in your 40s. However, I’m convinced that a healthy lifestyle - including sensible eating and good fitness levels - makes everything easier when it comes to conceiving and coping with nine months of pregnancy. I had an elective c-section and recovered quickly.

I believe I was treated differently compared to women giving birth before their 40s - but only in a positive way. I was closely monitored by a consultant at the hospital and had extra scans to check everything was okay with the baby. I was diagnosed with gestational diabetes at about 34 weeks, despite having a very healthy lifestyle, which was purely as a result of my age.

Having a child in my 40s has, in my opinion, also made me a better parent. Financially, we’re in a better position, which reduces a lot of stress and means I don’t have to work as many hours as I would if I was younger - allowing me to spend extra time with my son. I also believe I’m a more relaxed mum for being older too. Now he’s 21 months, it feels like the best decision I ever made, and I’m so glad my husband twisted my arm.

‘After years of feeling not good enough, I was in awe of my body’

Charlotte Gooch, 48, businesswoman based in London

I had always wanted children from an early age. My sister married her childhood boyfriend in her late 20s, and went on to have two children in her early 30s - both of whom I adore. Throughout my own 20s and 30s, I was enjoying a very successful career working in London and spending time in New York, and I just assumed I would eventually fulfill the ‘traditional fairytale’ of finding the ‘right man’ to settle down with and have kids.

However, I had an idea in my head that if I hadn’t found someone right by the age of 40 to start a family with, then I would try to have a baby on my own. In early 2015, I started doing some research and attended some seminars at the London Women’s Clinic, and also had a ‘fertility MOT’ to understand more about my options for becoming a single mother. I was told that while physically I was fine, my ovarian egg reserve was low, that it was likely IVF would be the best route and that I should ‘get a move on’ if I wanted to do it.

In tandem to this, I was reviewing my fitness routine, and joined Ultimate Performance London City in May 2015. I was clear with my trainer Dominik Szweda that I wanted to get strong and healthy in preparation for beginning IVF. I gave up alcohol, improved my nutrition and started a weight-based training programme. After a year, my muscle mass was up, my weight was down by 15kg and I felt great. In 2016 - just after my 40th birthday - I discussed my plans with my family and decided to go for it.

People don’t speak much about IVF, but it's a huge emotional and physical commitment. I used donor sperm from the London Sperm Bank, and selected a tall, sporty, music-loving lawyer. He included in his profile his belief that everyone should have a child if they wished. When it came to my egg retrieval - which I had gone to alone - I only got two eggs. It felt devastating, particularly because the woman in the next cubicle got 20 and I could hear her celebrating with her partner.

However, that one egg was fertilised and implanted, and a pregnancy test two weeks later revealed I was pregnant. I trained throughout this time, which went smoothly. My obstetrician advised me to have a c-section at 37 weeks, and my son was born in January 2017. I recovered well and six weeks later I was back at the gym, which I credit to having trained before and during pregnancy.

It’s a cliché, but knowledge is power, and I’d encourage other women to not only find out about their own fertility, but to ask themselves what they really want from life. If you truly want a baby, don’t wait for the right man or time. Another reflection I’ve had is how often I was reminded by healthcare professionals that I was 40 - I get that age is a factor in the process, but at a certain point it felt unhelpful and stigmatising. As though it was my fault for “leaving it too late” or being too career-focused to find a partner.

I tried to add to my family with four more rounds of IVF during lockdown, when I was 44, all of which were sadly unsuccessful. The failure to give my son a sibling still hurts me. Further still, being a mum is hard work - and doing it independently is even harder - while working full time and trying to stay healthy.

However, I feel super positive about giving birth in my 40s. I loved being pregnant - after years of stressing over my body not being good enough, I’m now frankly in awe of it. I was financially secure and established in my career to be able to create flexible opportunities for myself, and I also had the confidence and knowledge to better advocate for myself, which I don’t think I would have been able to do in my 30s.

Your 40s is an exciting time of life, in which you can enjoy the confidence gained in previous decades and enjoy the fruits of challenges overcome in previous decades - whether career or family. However, with your diary likely balancing many things, it is also important to be aware of your health at this age.

That’s because recent research by Stanford University has shown that humans dramatically age in two bursts - the first being aged 44. This stage, the scientists suggested, correlated with a spike in certain health issues. For women, in particular, this is a decade when physiological changes mean certain conditions are more likely.

“As women enter their 40s, ageing can accelerate - particularly due to hormones,” says GP Dr Asia Ahmed. “The onset of perimenopause, which typically begins during this decade, leads to fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone levels.” Which can have an impact on everything from skin elasticity to bone density and cardiovascular health.

To break it down for you, we’ve called on leading doctors to share their expert insight on what women might expect when it comes to factors impacting their mental and physical wellbeing during this time. If you are concerned about any aspect of your health, it is important to speak to a healthcare professional.

Additionally, make sure to follow the latest NHS guidance - including going for your routine Health Check, available from the age of 40 - and take steps to look after your body, such as diet and exercise. “Adopting healthy lifestyle habits and seeking medical advice will help manage these changes effectively,” adds Dr Ahmed.

How does ageing accelerate in your 40s?

1. Skin ageing can speed up

“As we age our skin starts to lose its collagen, which accelerates for women in our mid to late-40s,” explains Dr Leah Totton, a medical and cosmetic doctor. “Collagen is a crucial protein that acts as the building block for your skin, giving it firmness and elasticity, and is responsible for keeping your skin smooth and plump. The most significant dip in collagen level comes around the fifth year of menopause when it drops by 30%.”

Dr Totton continues: “The decline in collagen leads to common signs of ageing - such as wrinkles, fine lines and sagging skin. The main areas which sag include the cheeks, corners of the mouth, jowls and jawline.” As such, she recommends wearing a high-factor SPF daily sunscreen for your face to prevent premature ageing, avoiding smoking and speaking to a specialist doctor for personalised advice.

2. Hair may feel different

“Hair thinning is linked to hormonal changes for women, which begin in perimenopause,” notes Dr Tunc Tiryaki, founder of the London Regenerative Institute. “Oestrogen supports hair growth and follicle health, so as levels decline during this time, hair may grow more slowly and become thinner. The ratio of the male hormones called androgens, to oestrogen, increases - which contributes to hair loss or thinning, especially along the top of the scalp.” This is called female-pattern baldness.

What’s more, Dr Tiryaki points out: “Additionally, hair turns grey as melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing the pigment in the hair called melanin, become less active. This process is largely influenced by genetic factors, but accelerates with age as the number of active melanocytes declines.”

3. There’s a risk of weight gain

Women in their 40s may experience a slowed metabolism. “As women age, their basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreases,” says Dr Tiryaki. “Muscle mass, which burns more calories than fat even at rest, begins to decline naturally. As this decreases, fewer calories are needed to maintain basic bodily functions, which can contribute to weight gain.”

This may also lead to other shifts. “Hormonal changes, particularly the decline in oestrogen, alter fat distribution in the body,” continues Dr Tiryaki. “Fat tends to accumulate more in the abdomen and around internal organs - called visceral fat - rather than in the hips and thighs. This increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which includes conditions like insulin resistance, high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels.”

4. Hormonal fluctuations are likely

“Most women in their 40s experience perimenopausal symptoms,” says Dr Louise Newson, a GP and menopause specialist. “Perimenopause is the time when periods usually change - which can be heavier or lighter, or more or less frequent, The hormones oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels fluctuate and decline, with symptoms including low mood, memory problems, anxiety, muscle and joint pains, headaches, brain fog, mood swings, hot flushes and fatigue.”

Dr Newson continues: “It’s important for women to recognise these symptoms early and seek the right treatment. For instance, taking the right dose and type of hormones - called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - improves symptoms as well as future health.” Indeed, hormonal imbalances can increase the risk of conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes, dementia and cardiovascular disease.

5. Look after your bone health

“Bone density decreases as women age, especially during perimenopause and menopause,” explains Dr Tiryaki. “The decline in oestrogen, which plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health, accelerates bone resorption - the process by which bone tissue is broken down.” This loss of bone density, he notes, can be especially apparent with a loss of definition in the face, including the temples, cheekbones, eye sockets and jawline.

However, it can happen throughout the body. “Women in their 40s are at higher risk of developing osteopenia - the name for early-stage bone loss - and later osteoporosis if proper care isn’t taken,” adds Dr Tiryaki. “Strength training, as well as getting enough calcium and vitamin D, can help mitigate this.”

6. Take note of brain function

“We wouldn't necessarily expect a decline in cognitive health in a woman's 40s, and any change in cognitive function and memory should be investigated,” says Dr Adam Staten, a GP and clinical director at One Day Tests. “This could be caused by thyroid disease, deficiencies in certain nutrients or may represent the 'brain fog' that some women experience during perimenopause.

“Stress, depression and anxiety are also common causes of apparent cognitive problems in younger people.” If you are struggling with things like concentration, decision-making and memory, it is important to speak to your doctor. A healthy lifestyle - such as diet and movement - can also have a protective effect for the brain.

7. Heart health issues may arise

“There aren't any inevitable heart problems that develop in a woman's 40s but it is often around this age that lifestyle factors begin to take effect,” notes Dr Staten. “People are often first diagnosed with high blood pressure in their 40s. While it is common for it to rise as we age and high blood pressure can run in families, when it occurs in this decade it is often contributed to by lifestyle factors - such as a high salt intake, a sedentary life and being overweight.

“Ischemic heart disease is also not very common in women of this age, but might be present in those who have a strong family history of heart disease at a young age or who have a history of smoking.” Additionally, Dr Ahmed - a digital clinician at Medichecks - points out that menopause where oestrogen levels fall - can likewise raise the risk of cardiovascular issues in women.

8. Your smile may change in appearance

“Teeth are likely to change as we age, and in some cases, people’s jaw shapes can alter over time which can cause the teeth to become more crowded,” says Dr Nyree Whitley, a dentist and chief clinical officer at mydentist.

“Similarly, you may find that your enamel can get worn down as you get older, causing tooth sensitivity, which may be due to chewing, grinding your teeth or drinking acidic drinks over the years.” It is important to maintain good oral health - including regular tooth-brushing and flossing - and speak to your dentist to receive tailored advice.

9. Be aware of your vision and hearing

“Hearing problems do not usually develop in this age group unless there is a history of a lot of noise exposure over the years, for example people who work in very noisy environments or have spent a lot of time in nightclubs or concerts,” notes Dr Staten. If you are concerned, you should speak to your doctor for personalised advice.

Dr Staten continues: “Vision problems can also begin at this age as the lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity, so it is usually between the ages of 40 and 60 that people start to need reading glasses.” You should speak to an optician if you are concerned about changes in your sight, so it can be addressed as early as possible.

10. Sleep patterns may change

“When it comes to sleep quality, it’s common that women in their 40s will notice this declining with age,” says Dr Ahmed. “This is because hormonal changes during perimenopause can lead to insomnia and fragmented sleep.” Studies show that sleep efficiency decreases by about 3% per decade in adults over 40, and unfortunately women are usually affected more.

Dr Staten adds: “Much of it is due to the fact that this is often a very busy and stressful time in life. Women of this age are often balancing a career and family, and may also by this point have responsibilities for caring for their own ageing parents. All these things can disrupt sleep and sleep is a habit - once you fall out of the habit of good sleep, it can be difficult to regain it.”

11. Having a baby becomes trickier

Women wanting to become mothers for the first time, or again, in their 40s may need to consider a range of routes. “Fertility often declines in the 40s as the quality and number of eggs diminish,” notes Dr Newson. “Ovulation becomes less consistent, and women may find it more difficult to conceive.”

Dr Newson points out: “Although pregnancy may still be possible, the chances decrease significantly during this decade, and the risk of complications rises. Women trying to conceive at this stage should consult a healthcare provider about fertility options​."

12. Mental health may suffer

“A woman’s wellbeing in her 40s can be negatively impacted by hormonal changes during perimenopause and menopause,” notes Dr Newson. “Declining hormone levels can be associated with mood disturbances - including anxiety, depression, and irritability. Many women also experience brain fog, memory issues and difficulty concentrating. These changes can affect daily life and work performance.

“Addressing mental health symptoms through lifestyle changes, support networks and treatments - including HRT - can help. It's important to remember that antidepressants won't improve your symptoms if they're caused by a drop in hormones - if you suspect you could be perimenopausal or menopausal, make sure to discuss this with your doctor.”

We spoke to the following experts

Puberty and menopause are two huge health milestones, where our bodies go through some of the most challenging and significant changes. These transitions mark the beginning and the end of our reproductive cycles and for most people can be something of a hormonal roller coaster. To add in a bit of extra stress, in many households, teenagers and their mums will be going through these changes at the same time.

Women usually start the shift to perimenopause during their mid-to late 40s and then reach menopause a few years later. The NHS says the average age for puberty to start in girls is 11 and age 12 for boys. If you had your children in your 30s, as many women in the UK do, this means a decade or so later, hormones could be raging among a large proportion of your household.

Mood swings, anxiety and low self-esteem, plus the bodily changes associated with both puberty and menopause, mean that while both the child and parent are going through similar issues, they might struggle to support each other. We spoke to some mums to find out their tips for coping with this complex time in their lives.

Coping when menopause and puberty clash

1. Communicate

Puberty is a time when teenagers can be notoriously reluctant to communicate. If you combine this with peri-menopausal and menopausal symptoms like mood swings and anxiety then it can cause resentment and anger to build, on both sides. As with all challenging times as a parent, sitting down to have a rational and honest conversation will help avoid conflict.

Mum Emily Beckloff says: “My daughter started her periods just after mine stopped, which, quite irrationally, made me feel very old and sad.” Beckloff’s experience is really common, but speaking to your child about these feelings will hopefully help them understand what you’re going through.

Menopause specialist Dr Louise Newson says there are ways to avoid tense times at home: “Open communication is crucial here. By discussing what you're both going through, you can foster mutual understanding and patience. Explain that while hormones might be causing emotional ups and downs for both of you, it’s important to remain respectful and supportive.”

Beckloff says this is something she did: “Our teens are unusually lovely, and I’ve always made keeping communication open a priority, which I think helps all of us. For me I’ve really welcomed the opportunity to talk with our teens about how to deal with annoying situations or behaviour in a kind and empathetic way.”

2. Laugh about it

We know pubescent teenagers can be quite sensitive, especially when it comes to things like spots, hair growth or otherwise, but keeping things light will help everyone.

Beckloff says keeping a sense of humour really helped her and her family: “They've been really understanding and patient, even though they get frustrated listening to me repeat myself. In between moments of exasperation, we’ve had some good laughs about my hot flashes, ridiculous choice of words (because I can’t remember the word I’m looking for), and my obsession with having a portable fan in every corner of the house!”

3. Share how you’re feeling

As we said above, you and your child will probably be experiencing similar symptoms so why not talk to each other about it? Dr Newson says: “Acknowledging that you’re both in challenging phases of life can bring you closer together. Also talking together about ways of seeking help and treatment may be useful.”

Mum of three, Lucy Baker, who blogs as Geriatric Mum, says, while getting to grips with her symptoms has been tough, it has also been nice to go through it with her teenage daughter. “I can read the signs in her so clearly so I know what she needs and when. I feel more in tune with her than I ever have, which is actually quite beautiful. I am not sure she would describe it as that, but I feel like our moods match and so we know how to look after each other,” she says.

Dr Newson says it’s important teenagers know about menopause, especially as it was something of a taboo subject for many women growing up in the 1970s and 80s. “We now openly talk about menopause and hormones which really helps and have conversations with each other and more importantly with their friends and other people. My older two daughters, who are 21 and 20, are constantly talking to their friends’ mothers about the important role of hormones and often educating them about how safe and effective HRT is,” she says.

4. Accept it’s not going to be easy

Many of us are used to trying to put a brave face on things when life is so busy. But it’s important to accept that this is going to be a tough stage of your life. Baker says it took her some time to work out what was happening to her body and it affected her relationship with her kids.

“I have, at times, lost my sense of humour and my usually relaxed, carefree attitude to life and this comes at a cost,” she says. “I have stormed out of the house, driven to a local place and sat in the car and cried in the past, and my daughter brings that up occasionally. I clearly remember once being in the car and having a tete-a-tete with my eldest and telling her to get out of the and driving off! I look back with a sense of humour now at how quickly I lost my temper (it was done safely btw) but at the time, I was full of anger and I actually couldn’t cope. I was taking everything personally and feeling like her typical teen behaviour was too much to bear.”

Parenting expert Kirsty Ketley says telling your kids what you’re struggling with really helps. “When I’ve had a menopausal moment, I own it and my kids understand that they need to take on some of the remembering responsibilities, that they can’t always rely on me! This has really not helped them become much more responsible, but taken the pressure off me, too and it is definitely something that I recommend to other mums, who struggle with the yukky brain fog and memory loss,” she says.

Share your feelings and struggles with your partner and friends. There will be times when it will feel overwhelming so having a good support network around you is important.

5. Look after yourself

This follows on from the point above. It is not going to be an easy time so it’s important you look after yourself mentally and physcially - and to have some space from your teenager. This could mean carving out time every week to exercise or do something just for you, or going out with your partner or friends. Speak to your GP about the treatment options open to you so you can manage your symptoms, and tell your work if you need time off or to make changes to the way you work.

Mum of two and menopause trainer and therapist Louisa Hussey went through early menopause at age 37. She has a 13-year-old stepson and seven-year-old daughter, who was born via an egg donor. She says: “We as working mums are knackered from trying to do everything, and society dictates we must. However, I reject all of that - take something off your plate, cross off half of your to-do list and take time away from everyone regularly!”

Ketley agrees that time away from your family can be really beneficial: “This really helps when your tween or teen is hormonal. It helps you have more empathy for them, while reducing those hormonal clashes with each other. I think it’s good to make your tween/teen aware if you’re having a particularly bad day, as most will have some level of understanding, as they are going through similar.”

6. Embrace the changes

Menopause is no walk in the park but seeing the positive side to finishing your periods and moving into the next phase of life is something a lot of the mums we spoke to believed was important. Baker says: “The main thing I want to share here is it has helped me to understand myself and work on my understanding of life and being a woman and a mother. I love to talk and share and I work hard on making sure my children, and the people around me know it is ok to talk – no matter how bad or ridiculous you think something is. This process has made me a better, more grounded person and a better talker.”

Hussey says one of the positives for her “is that it's forced me to choose an easy life. I don't argue over homework at all. If they put up a fight, then that's that. I am not prepared to argue or battle anything that will exhaust me. So I guess I'm a pretty chilled parent now!”

Speak to your GP if you’re worried about any of your symptoms or want to discuss treatment options. You can also seek advice through The Menopause Charity or Menopause Matters.

We spoke to the following experts

The coming year could see some seriously cool and also incredibly wacky baby names doing the rounds, according to experts in the field. 

Choosing a baby name is a huge deal - the moniker you settle on will be one of your child's defining features. It will be written on every important document, and called out daily in classrooms and by friends. Unusual baby names are increasingly common, as parents want something a little different to the top trending baby names that end up dominating class registers up and down the country.

For those looking for something truly unique, 2025 could be your year. Baby name experts at Nameberry carefully analysed baby name data to predict which names could rise in popularity next year - and some are pretty out there. Inspiration is taken from everything from Gen Z to Femininomenal names - yes, we were baffled by this too, and also found it a huge tongue twister. Read on, and we'll break down each trend and the meaning behind it. 

Baby name trends 2025

Landscape names

Not too much explanation required for this one - these are nature inspired names with a clean and simple sound. Not already popular, but not too unique they sound a bit silly, these landscape names can also be gender-neutral, which might be a consideration for some parents. 

• Cove
• Coast
• Creek
• Field
• Reef
• Valley

Gen Z names

If you're wondering how Gen Z are providing inspiration for baby names, it's really just taking the 'Z' from Gen Z and adding it to some names to replace another letter. Or, it involves names you've already heard of that happen to have a 'Z' in them, and popularising them because of their link to the letter.

• Azalea
• Hazel
• Mazie
• Ozzy
• Zephyr
• Zuri

Country inspired names

Beyonce’s album Cowboy Carter turned the country music genre on its head, and now country inspired baby names are getting the same rebrand. These names showcase diversity, while offering nods to traditional country tropes such as cowboys and farming culture.

• Abner
• Clover
• Elsie
• Harlan
• Mabel
• Waylon

Safe haven names

In a world that feels very unsettled, names evoking comfort and safety are set to become popular. This will be in the form of names bringing a sense of peace, or a play on words that actually mean 'peace.'

• Arcadia
• Dove
• Eden
• Foster
• Harbor
• Pax

Fast fashion names

Slightly misleading this one, because nobody wants to call their child Primark or Shein, or be so closely associated to fast fashion amid a climate crisis. However, what this name trend really alludes to, is synthesising a range of current styles to create original names. Parents look to a variety of name trends and pull together a name that reflects things that are important to them, such as honouring a relative, ethnic heritage and their favourite animal all in one name.

• Aven
• Hollyn
• Luxton
• Novalie
• Scottlynn
• Wrenlee

Global Americana

These names are said to honour a particular cultural heritage or combine different ethnic backgrounds. This can include names with roots all over the world and can be used by different cultures. 

• Casper
• Elio
• Hassan
• Idalia
• Kenzo
• Shai

Femininomenal names

Ok, so this one might require the most explanation (or not, if you're down with your Gen Z, American, synth-pop artists.) This trend takes inspiration from Chappell Roan’s 'Femininomenon' album, with names embracing the power of femininity, with a 'tinge of drama, camp and witchiness.' Monikers come from history, mythology and other well known legends about badass women.

• Circe
• Echo
• Guinevere
• Juno
• Lilith
• Ophelia

Baby names - actually

These names take inspiration from real babies, usually those of notable influencers. Think, Whimsy Lou, Benny and Blue, names that sound like nicknames, given to their children by popular social media figures. 

• Blossom
• Gio
• Lilibet
• Lottie
• Nori
• Posey

Croc names

Wait, what? Crocs are shoes, so how on earth are they inspiring baby names? Let's take a look. So, like Croc shoes, croc monikers might seem unpopular, ugly and uncool at the moment, but could become the next big hit. 

• Enid
• Gilbert
• Golda
• Murray
• Oswald
• Rita

Otherworldly names

Like mythical baby names inspired by Netflix's Kaos, otherworldly baby names nod to the fact the universe is full of mysteries. They often combine elements of sci-fi heroes or fantasy villains. 

• Altair
• Aura
• Cosmo
• Ender
• Lumen
• Lyra

For even more baby name inspiration, check out these beautiful sounding baby names, space inspired baby names, and the viral trend helping people looking for baby names that's a bit eerie. 

Education experts have identified six early indicators of dyslexia, and strategies to support your child if they receive a diagnosis.

Differences in children are becoming widely accepted and understood, as awareness about them continues to grow. It's so positive to look at the upsides of ADHD instead of the downsides, and find that there's support available for parents with ADHD raising children with the condition. Similarly, parents and educators are now more aware of patterns of conversation in children that could indicate autism, meaning young people can get the diagnosis and help they need.

Now, with eight in ten dyslexic students leaving school undiagnosed and Dyslexia Awareness Week taking place between October 7-13th, education experts are highlighting the importance of recognising dyslexia early. With 43 per cent of schools in the UK believed to struggle to understand dyslexic challenges, it's vital to identify early signs of this difference and provide appropriate support to young people.

Tutoring provider Explore Learning has found six early and subtle signs a child could be dyslexic, offering expert advice on how to support them if dyslexia is suspected or a diagnosis given. Charlotte Gater, Head of Education from Explore Learning, says: "It's crucial to remember that dyslexia is not a reflection of intelligence. With the right support, children with dyslexia can achieve remarkable success. The key is to recognise each child’s unique learning needs, and ensure their educational strategies are adapted accordingly."

6 early signs of dyslexia

• Difficulty learning nursery rhymes. Children may struggle to remember or recite simple rhymes like Humpty Dumpty. This is because children with dyslexia may find it challenging to recognise rhyming words or break words into individual sounds.
• Slow speech development. Some dyslexic children might start speaking later than their peers or have trouble expressing themselves clearly. Children with dyslexia often struggle with phonological processing, which can affect their ability to produce speech sounds accurately.
• Difficulty learning to recite the alphabet. Remembering the order of letters or associating letters with their sounds may be challenging for dyslexic children. This is related to difficulties in sequential memory and phoneme-grapheme correspondence, which are common in dyslexia.
• Struggles to carry out more than one instruction. Forgetting parts of instructions or mixing up the order of steps can be a sign of dyslexia in children. This can be due to challenges with working memory and sequencing, which are often associated with dyslexia.
• Confusion with directional words. Words like 'left' and 'right' or 'up' and 'down' may be consistently mixed up in those with dyslexia. This spatial and directional confusion is a common feature of dyslexia, often persisting into adulthood.
• Difficulty with short-term memory. Children may struggle to remember information they've just been told, such as a friend's name or simple instructions. This is because dyslexia can affect working memory, which is responsible for temporarily holding and processing information.

How to support children with dyslexia

Charlotte Gater suggests the following strategies:

1. Use multiple senses for learning. Combine visual, hearing, and hands-on activities. For younger children, use playdough to form letters or sing alphabet songs. Older students can benefit from colour-coding different parts of speech or creating mind maps for story structures. 
2. Break tasks into smaller steps. Large assignments can be overwhelming for dyslexic learners. Visual checklists are helpful for younger children, while digital task management apps can be useful for older children and teenagers. Celebrate when steps are completed for all age groups, to maintain motivation.
3. Allow extra time for reading and writing. Reduce time pressure to help children process information more effectively. For younger pupils, extend storytime or use sand timers for writing tasks to make time visual. For older children, allow more time for homework and reading assignments. Create a quiet, distraction-free space at home for study and encourage regular breaks to maintain focus.
4. Use helpful technology. Leverage age-appropriate assistive tools to support learning. For younger pupils, interactive phonics apps like Nessy and digital storybooks can make reading more engaging. Older children can benefit from text-to-speech software for reading assignments and spell-checkers for writing tasks. Secondary school students might find voice recognition tools helpful for note-taking, while grammar-checking software is useful for refining written work.
5. Focus on strengths. Identify and nurture areas where your child excels to build confidence and motivation. For primary school pupils, this might involve praising their creativity in storytelling or their skills in hands-on activities. Older children could be encouraged to join clubs or take on projects related to their strengths, whether in science, art, or sports. For secondary school students, guide them towards optional subjects and extracurricular activities that align with their talents and interests.

For more on differences in young people, we look at PDA in children and exactly what it looks like. We also share the three different types of ADHD, and the top five ADHD personality traits in kids.

Although praising our children with words such as 'good boy' and 'good girl' come naturally to parents, research suggests this is outdated and needs to be reworded.

When your child does something you're really proud of, your first instinct could be to say 'good girl!' or 'good boy!' without even thinking about it. However, child psychologists believe parents need to rethink how we give praise, if our kids are to become the resilient and emotionally intelligent adults we want them to be.   

You're not alone if your first question to this proposed change, is 'why?' This is a very valid question - exactly why are we dropping the habit of a lifetime? The answers are rooted in psychology and the way it evolves as knowledge in the area expands. According to The Conversation, praise has been a key part of parenting for decades, with 1950s psychologists asserting the benefits of how it positively reinforces desired behaviours.

This notion continued into the 1970s, as psychologists and child development experts continued to emphasise the importance of praising children with phrases such as 'good boy' and 'good girl.' However, in the 2000s, research moved forward, and away from praise and boosting self-esteem being central to nurturing a child’s wellbeing.

Modern psychologists now believe that praise does foster a strong opinion of themselves in children, but the real focus should be on helping them develop a positive sense of identity - rather than thinking highly of themselves, we need to shift towards a sense of safety and belonging in kids. The end result of this should be children feeling capability in their own ability to feel comfortable with their actions, rather than relying on outside forces such as parental praise. 

It's thought that constant praise could lead kids to believe they need to act and make choices to gain adult approval, rather than for themselves. This can negatively affect their sense of self by hindering skills of self-regulation and positive sense of their own identity. 

Similarly, adults offering an abundance of praise, could find their children constantly need this validation to do the right thing, hindering the child's ability to make good choices on their own. Some research has even pointed to inflated praise, including words such as 'amazing' and 'incredible,' resulting in narcissism in kids who end up with an unrealistic sense of what they can actually achieve. 

Instead of inflated praise, here's what parents can say instead:

3 phrases to say instead of 'good boy' and 'good girl'

1. Give realistic feedback. You could say "Well done. I can see you’re trying there with your handstands," instead of "Incredible handstands! You are absolutely amazing at gymnastics!" 
2. Focus on learning or improvement. Don't pit your child against others. You could say: "Next time when you look for the pass in your rugby match, how about getting there as fast as you can?" This can be instead of "You're not quite as quick as some of the others at looking for the pass."
3. Use praise that shows children they are valued. You could say "Well done, you tried your best to study for that test," instead of "I got straight As at school, that's what you need to aim for." 

For more advice on raising emotionally healthy kids, we share how to raise happy kids, how to raise confident kids, and five things kids should never have to do just because an adult expects it of them.

The Burger King 'Bundles of Joy' ad has to be one of the most divisive advertising campaigns of recent times - the negative reactions also send a very clear message to new mums.

The internet is currently working itself into a frenzy about a Burger King ad campaign featuring new mums chomping down on burgers moments after giving birth. There's been an outpouring of negative reactions to the advert, but we think it's brilliant - judging by the support from mothers who identify with the content, we aren't alone. Named 'Bundles of Joy,' the concept of the ads is actually really clever - a series of fabulously real images placed on billboards and bus stops featuring mothers in those heady, surreal moments after birth eating a Burger King while cradling their new baby.  

Released on September 26, the series of ads marks a special day in the UK - the day more babies are born than any other day of the year. The fast food giant conducted a survey and found a burger and chips were amongst the most desired post-birth treat for those who've just gone through one of the mos gruelling experiences of their lives. 

Accompanied by a film displayed across social media showing the mothers in labour before cutting to footage of them with hospital gowns akimbo being delivered the burger by their partner, each mother has a delivery time next to her image - a fun play on the time she was given the food, rather than the delivery time of her baby. Proving that perfection in motherhood is a very real requirement of society, the campaign has been branded everything from 'disgusting' to 'disturbing,' with calls to have it banned. 

Some of those who work in the advertising industry have slammed the campaign. Writing on LinkedIn, brand strategist Will Poskett, says "It's an ad that promotes cancer and obesity-causing ultra-processed foods next to the birth of a newborn baby. Promoting UPFs like this is cynical and disgusting."

Commenting on the Burger King UK Instagram account, another outraged person wrote "This is disgusting! Mothers need proper nourishment after going through birth! Nobody should eat this c**p, least of all New mothers and the baby that she will likely feed from her own body. Ads glorifying junk should be banned the same way they banned smoking ads."

A lot of the negativity appears to stem from the mystifying notion that once a woman becomes pregnant, she is expected to be nothing less than perfect and give up her whole self and everything she wants, for her baby. Some people seem unable to cope with an exhausted, bloodied woman looking less than perfect, mouth open wide to receive something that isn't green and organic - because that's what expected of her now she's brought life into the world.

In this Handmaid's Tale style society we live in, a lot of the negative commentary comes from, ahem, men. Posting to LinkedIn, entrepreneur Leela Cosgrove, wrote "The real reason so many men hate this ad is because they can't cope with any image of a woman that's not tailored to the male gaze. Anything that isn't for them infuriates them. That's it. That's the post." And wow, is she correct.    

Creative director Rodd Chant sums this up by adding "Burger King’s latest campaign in the UK has certainly outraged its target audience. Oh, hold on, sorry my mistake, it mostly outraged the people it was not aimed at – men.

The overwhelming outpouring of anger, moral stances, and postnatal health advice mixed in with a decent helping of mansplaining was confusing, to say the least. But when you look at the comments and reactions from women, you know, the people it was aimed at and who can actually give birth, the majority were either positive and supportive – or at least not morally outraged."

The women putting forward their case to be able to eat whatever the heck they wanted in the moments after birth, really stepped up - in their droves. The comment sections of negative posts about the ad was filled with women describing what they first ate after birth, and for most, it was something fried and high in carbs. There was also an undertone of 'hands off,' and the implication that anyone who hasn't already been denied a plethora of foods for nine months or not been able to eat during labour, had absolutely no say in the food choices of postpartum mothers.

Mum-of-two, Lucy says "I was given plain toast just after birth, and as I'd given birth at 2am, couldn't wait for the morning and some real food - I'm aware some mums felt high on the NHS buttery post-birth toast, but it did nothing for me. I was disappointed that plain cereal and more toast was on offer when the food trolley arrived at 7am, although I shouldn't have been really. Then, like a beautiful vision, my husband arrived with a McDonald's breakfast and half the M&S food court - and none of the healthy stuff.

I sat holding my baby, delightedly munching on all of it, and it's one of my best ever food memories. I'm well aware of the value of healthy eating, and knew I had years of good choices in front of me. But in the battle-worn, exhausted moment, the ecstasy of fried carbs, meat and other treats, was just what my body needed. And nobody gets to have any say in what I wanted to eat in that moment."

The moral of the story? Let's just give mums a break shall we.

For more on the unrealistic expectation placed on mothers, carrying the mental load is placed at the feet of most, often leading to depression, stress and burnout. Unsurprisingly, the heavy burden of motherhood can lead to mum rage - but help is available.

Joolz, one of the fastest-growing premium stroller brands in the world known for its oh-so-stylish yet functional designs, is launching its latest masterpiece - the Joolz Hub² today - and I got my hands on one of the very first models, hot off the production line.

Joolz developed this new urban pushchair - which launches officially on 1st October - with the input of 5,000 parents and designed it specifically for modern, city-living families who need a compact yet versatile buggy.

It’s been a while since I was in the market for either a newborn pram or a lightweight travel stroller, but I’ve just had the pleasure of getting an early look at the brand-new Joolz Hub², and if you’re an urban parent, I think you'll fall head-over-heels for this one. Having got my hands on one of the very first review models of the Joolz Hub², I can honestly say it's one of the best pushchairs I've laid eyes on in ages, for a few key reasons.

Firstly, at just 9kg, it's incredibly lightweight and therefore easy to manoeuvre which, as any parent knows, is high on the list of must-have features in the perfect pram or pushchair. Secondly, the lie-flat seat is suitable from birth so you're good to go with this from day one, plus the ventilated cot can actually be used for overnight sleeping, so you won't even need to pack a travel cot with you when you're visiting the grandparents or enjoying a family getaway.

I'm usually a bit sceptical when a brand tells me they've designed the perfect pushchair but in this case, I think it's a fair claim. The Joolz Hub² is a solid choice for any parent looking for comfort and convenience in a pram from the newborn stage through to toddlerhood. It ticks all the boxes for parents looking for comfort and convenience in one stylish package.

The Hub² had me at hello - or at least the moment I unboxed it, in mere seconds by the way - thanks to its compact and stylish design. At just 52cm wide, it’s a dream for navigating narrow shop aisles, weaving through crowds, and nipping in and out of tight spaces. I can already see how it will make popping in and out of cafés and shops so much more manageable – it's been parked in my tiny office for almost a week now and navigating my way around it has been no hassle. It glides wherever you want it to with just the lightest one-handed touch on the handlebar, without you having to make any serious effort. It also feels incredibly light when you’re pushing it, which is a huge plus when you’re daunted by the thought of leaving the house with a new baby and all the stuff that has to come with you. The pram is one thing that won't weight you down.

Here are 5 reasons why I love the new Joolz Hub² pushchair

You really can control it with one hand

What really sets the Hub² apart is its amazing one-handed manoeuvrability. I took it for a quick spin and was blown away by how nimble it was. Whether you’re squeezing through narrow aisles or navigating crowded streets, this stroller handles like a dream. You can steer it with one hand, which leaves the other free for important things like holding your coffee or chatting on the phone. And thanks to the 4-wheel suspension, the ride is super smooth – even over bumpy pavements. It’s not just you who’ll appreciate that; your little one will have a much gentler ride, too.

It's as comfy as can be

Joolz hasn’t held back when it comes to keeping your baby comfy. From birth, you’ve got the option of a spacious, ventilated cot that’s safe for overnight sleeping. It’s lined with fabric that feels lovely and soft, and the mattress is breathable, so you relax knowing your newborn is as snug as can be. And, as your baby grows, you can switch to the reclinable padded seat, which is not only incredibly supportive but can also be used in both parent-facing and world-facing positions. I love how easily you can swap between the two if – great if your little one suddenly wants to gaze up at you or take in more of the world around them. The seat also lies flat, so it’s perfect for naps on the go, and with the adjustable leg rest, it grows with your child up to 4 years or 22kg.

It's made for unpredictable weather

The extendable canopy on the Joolz Hub² is water-repellent and offers UPF 50+ protection, making it ideal for shielding your baby from the elements - essential when the weather can be so unpredictable. There’s even closable ventilation to help keep your baby cool on warmer days, and with the canopy fully extended, your little one is nestled in a cocoon-like space that feels wonderfully protective - perfect for autumn days and winter weather.

It's effortless to fold

One of my favourite features is how easy it is to fold. You can collapse the Joolz Hub² with a simple one-handed move - you really can, I've tested that thoroughly - and it stands upright on its own, which is super handy if you'll be storing it in a tiny hallway when it's not in use. It’s fairly easy to carry, too, thanks to an integrated shoulder strap, which could be helpful when you’re out and about on public transport or dashing up a flight of stairs.

The parent-friendly design

Joolz obviously considered the needs of parents as much as babies when they designed the Hub² because the adjustable handlebar is a standout feature, with four different height positions for the perfect fit, and it's sooo easy to adjust. The 20L basket is a decent size too – there’s room for a change bag plus a small bag of grocery shopping so you don't need to worry about lugging extra bags around with you.

And finally...

If you’re constantly nipping between nursery, playdates and trips to the shops, the Joolz Hub² is likely to be right up your street. From its light and compact design to the fact it's so easy to steer with one hand - and even easier to fold - everything about this makes it a dream to use in a busy, urban setting.

After getting my hands on it, I can honestly say the Joolz Hub² delivers on all fronts. So if you’re a city slicker looking for a stylish pushchair that's suitable from birth and which makes travelling with a little one that little bit less stressful, get your order in for a Joolz Hub² quick-smart.

Related features:

• Joolz Aer stroller review
• The Babyzen YoYo stroller is loved by celebs
• Molly Mae Hague opts for the iCandy Peach 7 pram - and we approve

Video of the week:

Even the happy shrieks of my child make me want to beg for quiet. Psychotherapist and mum of three, Anna Mathur, talks about noise sensitivity in parenting and explains why it's totally 'normal'.

My kids are playing in the garden, running, shouting, squealing. And instead of a feeling of warmth and gratitude at the happy noises of my kids, my body is tensing and I’m having to stop myself asking for quiet. I feel a wave of shaming guilt. ‘You’re a mum. They’re your kids. You should be happy they’re playing nicely’. This feeling isn’t rare for me. The riding of a hot wheels car over a radiator vent find me wanting to beg for silence. And don’t even start me on the noise of meltdowns, fighting in the backseat of the car, or the squeaky playing of a whistle given in a party bag. If this resonates in any way, you’re not alone.

So, as a Psychotherapist, I did what I always do. I applied my understanding of Psychology to my own experience hoping that I might have some insight that will help others. Read on to find out why you feel like this along with ten quick tips to help ease the feeling.

What is noise sensitivity in parenting?

It's when you feel overwhelmed by the every day - or out-of-the-ordinary - noises that being around children means. It's feeling sensitive to the steady stream of questions, their humming, laughing, whinging or singing.
When I shared a poll on social media about whether others experienced noise sensitivity out of the 2,363 respondents, 2,295 people related. So, we can conclude, that noise sensitivity is common and is not a statement of a lack of love, tolerance or gratitude for your child.

Side note: If you experience this type of sensitivity all the time, you might have misophonia - abnormally strong reactions to everyday sounds that may usually go unnoticed. Noise sensitivity can also be a sensory symptom of autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. If this is the case, this article will help, but in addition, you may need a referral to an ear specialist to explore any physiological causes, and to discuss a care plan with your healthcare practitioner/Doctor which may include CBT or other therapies.

When is noise sensitivity likely to occur?

Noise sensitivity signals that nervous system is feeling overwhelmed, or you’re depleted in some way. Therefore your brain is struggling to determine what noise is ‘safe’ or ‘threatening’. It might be that you are experiencing an overwhelming level of sensory input, and your brain and body are craving space and quiet as the antidote, but either those things aren’t available, or you are continuing to overload yourself with noise and information by choice (constant music playing a scrolling). You may find you are more sensitive to noise when:

• You’re experiencing hormonal shifts such as PMS, perimenopause or menopause
• Sleep quality is reduced by drinking alcohol, sleep deprivation, insomnia, unsettled kids!
• You have increased levels of stress hormones
• You are feeling overwhelmed
• You are feeling run down or unwell

Basically, the crux of the matter is that you haven’t morphed into a raging, intolerant, unloving person, you’re just feeling overwhelmed and overstimulated and therefore your brain is registering new stimulus as threatening and triggering the nervous system stress response further, finding you wanting to fight or flee. Knowing this fact is so pivotal. When we stop getting frustrated with ourselves, and find some clarity, we are freed up to do things that help.

What can I do to reduce noise sensitivity?

Well, as we know, the main antidote to overwhelm is rest, refuelling, recovery, re-grounding. The opportunities are few and far between, often needing to be planned or negotiated. It may well be that the things that will help increase your capacity to process the noises around you are the very things that are tricky to find in early motherhood – space, rest and quiet! But don’t fear, I have some tips for you that will help regardless as to whether you can access these things in the moment or not.

First and foremost, it is vital that you find some compassion for yourself. When you lurch into self-criticism and self-talk that sounds like ‘you should be more patient’, then you’re less likely to seek supportive tools and resources that will help give your nervous system what it needs to feel safer and less triggered. My book ‘Raising a Happier Mother’ is packed with ways to address the overwhelm that comes with parenting, that don’t include stepping away from it.

I know it’s hard to prioritize rest and space when you are constantly in demand, but think about how you might make this happen for yourself, even if it’s in a small way. Noise sensitivity over your usual tolerance level shows that your body is in a state of overwhelm and stress.

Here are some small ways to refuel:

1. Close your eyes for ten minutes to gift yourself some sensory deprivation.
2. Listen to a guided meditation or some calming music.
3. Give yourself some tech-free time each day.
4. Take a quick (or long) walk round the block, alone if possible.
5. Verbalize your feelings to someone, even if they can’t help.
6. Go to bed early and read instead of scrolling.
7. Use a single earplug, or Loop earplugs.
8. Breathe mindfully. Inhale for a count of 4, exhale for a count of 6.
9. Cut out alcohol and lessen caffeine to nurture your nervous system and increase quality of rest.
10. Offer yourself kindness. These moments of overwhelm are physiological and not about love!

So, next time you find your body bracing at the noise around you, firstly remember that it’s not reflective of who you are or how you love, but most likely a symptom of depletion or overwhelm. Softening the guilt and shame will allow you to find a small (or large) way to meet the depletion or overwhelm. You’re not a bad mum, you’re a tired one.

📱 @earsurgeonjoe to learn more about your 👂 health

📺 The Overwhelm and Burnout sofa session on my website

🎤 The Therapy Edit podcast episode ‘On why the loud parenting chaos feels stressful’

If you liked this then check out Anna's other great, and insightful articles. The most recent on mum rage will make you feel seen, and the 5 most common grandparenting fails will make you realise it's not just you. Plus her heartaching piece on regretting motherhood shares five brilliant ways to respond to that feeling.

Talking to teens about sex isn't easy, but make it less awkward with these nine straightforward things to say about it - experts also share what you need to avoid in your conversation.   

Talking to children about sex can be an uncomfortable, but entirely necessary part of being a parent. Sex itself is a broad subject matter, and needs to be broken down into smaller topics - parents will need advice on how to talk to kids about masturbation and how to broach the subject of porn.

If you are having difficulty talking about these subjects with your kids, Outspoken Sex Ed has some great advice, recently shared to Instagram. The caption reads: "If you want your teen to be sexually healthy, confident and informed, talk openly instead of letting them get ‘facts’ from friends & social media. Research shows sex ed in school and at home means teens are more likely to delay sexual activity, have consensual first-time sex, practise safe sex and seek help."

Follow these nine helpful tips when it comes to talking about sex with your young people:

1. ACKNOWLEDGE EMBARRASSMENT. Let your teen know this isn't easy for you, it doesn't matter. You could say ‘I never talked about this stuff with my parents but I’ll do my best.’
2. FORGET ‘THE TALK’. You don't have to cover every detail of sex education in one go - little and often is key to keeping conversations natural. If something related to sex comes up on TV or in the news, ask your teen what they think about it as a way of opening up a new conversation. 
3. DON’T USE EUPHEMISMS. Be frank - vague language can create confusion and possible shame.
4. USE CORRECT TERMS. Penis, vagina, use it all correctly - and your children need to know the difference between a vagina and a vulva. 
5. TALK ABOUT CONSENT. Your teens need to understand the importance of respecting their bodies, and any other body they come into contact with. Asking if they want a hug models respect for boundaries.
6. DISCUSS EMOTIONS. Teens should know that that sex involves emotional connections. Encourage them to think about values, and that they'll need time to understand how they feel. 
7. ENCOURAGE QUESTIONS. Don't make anything off limits. Always make sure they know you're proud of them for asking questions, which will encourage them to come back to you with any others they have. 
8. USE DISTANCING TECHNIQUES. Frame questions in a way that isn’t personal, this could be something like saying ‘Humans are interesting – why do you think we cover our private parts?’
9. TALK INCLUSIVELY. Make sure your kids know about different types of relationships from a young age, and understand differences in sexual orientations and identities. 

That should make talking about these difficult subjects easier, so let's move the conversation on to what you should try to avoid during these discussions. Outspoken Sex Ed suggest not including the following when chatting to teens about sex:

1. AVOID ASSUMPTIONS. Ask your teen what they know, to get a good starting off point for the conversation.
2. DON’T BE JUDGMENTAL. Shock or disapproval can shut things down. Thank them for sharing with you, and suggest keeping the conversation going to help you understand. 
3. DON’T IGNORE OR DISMISS FEELINGS. Don't rush your teen. If they're struggling to convey something to you, don't put words in their mouth. Let them go at their own pace. 
4. DON’T OVERWHELM THEM. Trying to impart everything you think they need to know in one go, can be overwhelming. Consider their maturity level and what they might find confusing - topics can be returned to later.
5. DON’T CARRY ON. If a question surprises you, gently end the conversation while you gather your thoughts. You could say: 'Give me a moment to grab a coffee, then let’s chat.' 

Mum of two, Louise, says "I always dreaded 'the talk,' but my children beat me to it by coming to me when they were fairly young, with questions about things they'd heard in the playground relating to sex and body functions. Because they were young and asked in such an unabashed way, it made it easy to answer their questions without feeling embarrassed.

I also knew this indicated they were ready to go further into sex and other topics. Since that initial question was asked, they've often randomly asked other questions, and I always give frank answers. Hopefully moving into the teenage years, they'll just continue to do this, and will be able to ask me anything at any time. I also make notes of things to bring up with them that I want them to know more about. It really hasn't been as difficult as I was expecting."

For more on this topic, we share how to model consent to your kids, and how to teach them about boundaries in relationships. We also delve into what to expect when your teenager starts dating.

If taking your teen's phone away is your first line of punishment when they need discipline, an expert shares why you might want to re-think this strategy.

Young people and smartphones seem to be the cause of endless debate in the modern world. It looks like we could be heading towards mobile phones being banned in schools, with even companies such as EE speaking out to warn against giving children phones. If your child does have a mobile, there's also the ongoing internal debate of whether you should check your child's phone - the list of parenting dilemmas these devices bring up is apparently endless.

As teens get so attached to their phones, it makes sense that when they need to be punished for a misdemeanour, parents remove it from them. However, child psychologist Dr Claire Halsey urges parents to think before dishing out this particular punishment.

Speaking to The Mirror, the expert shares "It can be tempting to take away a child's device altogether, but this all-or-nothing approach generates a lot of conflict and doesn’t help them make positive choices about where and when to have screen time." Instead, Dr Halsey has five tips for parents to manage their child's screen time as a result of conflict, instead of simply taking their phone from their possession.

1. Reduce screen time before bedtime. Instead of a blanket ban on screen time before bed, try reducing it instead. Gently implement a rule that devices aren't to be taken into bedrooms in the evening. Try a family activity before bed that gets everyone interacting with one another with no screens involved, such as playing a board game.
2. Have family limits and screen-free zones. Dr Halsey suggests agreeing on a time when the family as a whole turns all devices off. This could just be during mealtimes or car journeys to begin with. If parents are also involved, this models to children positively that switching off can be achievable.
3. Negotiate access. If your child can't put their phone down of their own accord, don't take it away. Instead, explain and encourage compromise, and why these are important skills to have for life, not just when it comes to smartphone use. Parents could try asking their child to help prepare dinner or load the dishwasher in return for getting their phone back, instead of simply removing it.
4. Look for ways to increase physical activity. If you want to take a phone away, try and provide a positive alternative. Family walks and old-fashioned games like hide-and-seek encourage family bonding while creating much-needed time away from screens.
5. Have honest conversations about phone use. In the modern world, most people rely on their phones for socialising - including adults. If you take a child's phone away, be mindful that you could be cutting them off from their friends and breeding resentment. If you're set on phone removal as punishment, you need to be prepared to explain why - outline how the alternatives on offer such as increased family interaction and time spent outside, will be better for your child.

Dr Halsey expands on the reasons why simply taking a phone away from a child doesn't work. She correctly points out that most adults struggle to modify their phone use, and if they're unable to do this, they surely can't remove a device from their child and expect them to cope with this.

The expert concludes "Banning or removing your child's device for a long period is difficult to maintain and doesn’t allow either of you to work out when it's okay and when to turn it off. It may even backfire as children might not tell you when they've gone online or share if they've seen material that is harmful or frightening."

For more on this subject, we share ways your phone addiction is affecting your children and the ten rules that most parents have in place for their child's phone use. If you are thinking of getting your child their first phone, here are some expert tips to make the process easier.

Your child refusing to go to school could be connected to intense emotions rather than being decision-based, which means getting them to school isn't as simple as some might think, right?

I’m Carly, Social Media Editor for GoodtoKnow, and a Mum of 3. This year I made a heart-breaking decision to deregister my eldest from secondary school, only six months after starting.

The reason? Emotional Based School Avoidance, or EBSA for short. Education expert Dr Britto wrote an EBSA article for us earlier this year, she shared how most parents want to see their children skipping into school, so they can ultimately get through life and be happy, but that when a child is clearly struggling with going in each day, it can leave the adults at a loss with what to do to help.

I felt this deeply; there are just so many layers to EBSA, some of which I still don’t fully know how to peel off and address. Mostly due to associated stigma, unhelpful comments from other parents, a sense of grief about what should have been, and frustrations with a system that isn’t equipped to help parents of EBSA children to the extent it needs to.

Why was my teen avoiding school?

According to the government statistics published in March 2024, 20.3% of children in the UK are reported to be persistently absent from school. It would be easy to think it’s because of lockdowns, or that parenting has become ‘soft’ (a judgement I have inadvertently experienced), yet in reality, as the world becomes more aware, it’s because we are finally listening to what our children need.

And once you realise, there’s no going back or carrying on regardless – no matter how easy others make it sound. This is my experience with Emotional Based School Avoidance…

My eldest has always been quite the solitary child, even in reception. She would happily sit on her own during break times, something which would continue throughout her primary school years. Fast forward to around year 4/ 5 however, and the masking she was no doubt hiding began to surface. Angry outbursts for one, mostly after school had finished, and something completely new yet equally – if not more – difficult to manage; school ‘refusal’. Or, a more apt description, school avoidance.

PE seemed to be the main trigger, then along came mandatory swimming lessons and it reached a whole new level. If I managed to talk her into taking the journey to school, I soon learned that it did not necessarily lead to school attendance success. There were still two hurdles to get over, and either one could topple the mission at any time;

1) Getting her out of the car, or 2) - if stage 1 was a success – getting her into the school itself, both of which often resulted in my daughter back in the car being driven back to her safe space i.e home.

No matter how much communication was had with the school, and how many ‘adaptations’ (I say this term loosely) were made – the school’s hands still ended up being tied as swimming was “part of the curriculum”. Even if them saying she had to go swimming resulted in school avoidance, it was still a non-negotiable. Until a doctor's note was obtained stating that she was not to go swimming, proving that parents can still hold power when needed.

This helped, although there was still avoidance on some days. We made it to the end of primary school, with the usual leavers’ tears shed by myself and my daughter, yet - with them – there was a sense of hope that the next chapter would be different.

Which lasted a whole four days from the day she started year 7, leading to two weeks of avoidance, then several weeks back in due to having external support finally in place. This had been a fight in itself after the school declared that ‘all year 7’s struggle in the first week’ when I raised serious SEN concerns just 2 days in, plus they would not initially add her to the SEN register due to her ASD being undiagnosed (yet very much present); with a diagnosis not being possible due to her primary school declaring that no struggles existed after they first referred (you couldn’t write it, oh ha I just did).

Secondary school finally made adjustments the best they could; fast forward by several weeks when the external support ended however, and she was off again. Despite school trying various, ineffective techniques such as telling us to “‘just get her in”- something which seemed to work until she became inconsolable once there, yet school were pushing for myself and her dad to leave (we didn’t, she was taken home).

As frustrated as her dad and I felt, it became clear that this was not just refusal; it was a cry for help. She had gone from a school of just 100 pupils, to a school of 1000, and it was too much. The noise, the hustle and bustle, the sensory demands, the social expectations, plus the overwhelm of homework which ‘could not’ be reduced. An extra frustration in this is that my daughter is extremely clever- classed as ‘hyper-intelligent’ by a professor during an assessment, yet the volume and pressure led to avoidance.

Pointers and questions to consider if you are experiencing EBSA:

1. If your child refuses school, it will more than likely go much deeper than others may suggest. While there is a long way to got before the support that’s needed is in place, it’s still worthwhile getting support via your GP and your child’s school who will need to refer
   
2. If you know other parents whose child avoids school, how can you support them (without any judgement)? A listening ear, a cuppa and/ or a hug might be just what they need. Trust me, they will need all three more than you think.

We are now attempting part-time homeschooling, along with tutoring in core subjects, while we navigate a more long-term solution.

It’s felt like an impossible situation, but the more I learn about EBSA- and the more parents I speak to who experience it - the more I understand we are not alone, and that we are simply doing the best for our children. The pay off? I no longer have to watch my firstborn walk into school looking defeated and broken. If EBSA affects your child, and you as a parent as a result, you are not alone 💚

We have lots more school content, check out Teachers reveal the best ways to get your children back-to-school ready – and why you should never pack their bags for them and Confessions from parents about what they’re most looking forward to once the kids go back to school as well as tips for how to support your child on A-level exam results day, we've got it all covered.

With the line between home and the workplace becoming increasingly blurred, is it time we finally ditch the idea of work-life balance and focus on something more realistic?

At a time when three in four mums with dependent children are working in the UK, striving for work-life balance feels like a massive group project that we’re all trying to score top marks on.

Despite the harsh reality of matrescence (the process of becoming a mother) proving otherwise, the idea that we can achieve work-life balance is still bandied about like it’s an easily achievable goal.

Add term time breaks to the mix and you could find yourself pushed to the brink, attempting to suppress a fit of mum rage while desperately trying to stay on top of the school holiday hustle. Though let’s hope not.

It’s no wonder 60% of working mums said they’d prefer to work fewer hours in favour of spending more time with their children. Or that 249,124 mothers with children aged four or under have left the workforce because of a lack of childcare support from their employer.

It’s about time we slow our pace and let go of the idea of work-life balance for good. Instead, we’re looking at how the work-life juggle can help us to live a little more meaningfully, one day at a time.

The work/life balance myth

Cambridge Dictionary defines work-life balance as ‘the amount of time you spend doing your job compared with the amount of time you spend with your family and doing things you enjoy’. With working women typically taking on most of the cleaning and childcare responsibilities in the home, the idea of work-life balance is often attached to mums by default.

This likely dates back to the 1980s when it’s thought the term was first coined, however, life for working mums looks very different today than it did in decades past. “Work-life balance is harder to maintain than ever, because work hours look very different to how they did a generation ago where you’d leave your computer at work,” says Anna Mathur, a psychotherapist, mum of three and bestselling author.

“We didn't have mobiles. Things were so much more boundaried between work and home, so there was a real stepping away from work. Now, with the flexibility that digital life offers us, the boundaries are so blurred. And unless we have a lot of discipline — which is really hard to do when you're tired, overwhelmed and stressed — it's so much harder to hold boundaries.”

Even with a set of rigid protocols in place, circumstances outside your control can easily burst your work-life bubble, leaving you with no recourse to a convenient solution. Mum of two, Zoe, learned this the hard way when she moved back home to Edinburgh from London.

“One thing we’ve found surprising is that we can’t get our oldest into an after-school club. There’s just no availability which means we have to work around it. If my husband can pick her up at 3pm then he has to do a couple of hours of work after the kids go to sleep, which takes away the possibility of having an evening.”

What needs to change and how

We all live unique lives, meaning there’s no one size fits all solution, and the answer will differ depending on who you ask. Remember when we spoke about aiming for the work-life juggle over work-life balance? Kelly Taylor, a working mum of two who you may know on social media as Kids and the Commute suggests mentally overhauling the idea of ‘balance’ to better suit the needs of yourself and your family.

“When we think about balance, we think about some kind of 50/50 split. I don't think that exists, or at least I've never experienced it. For me, every day is different — sometimes it's more work focused, and other times it's more parent focused.

“You have to be honest with yourself about what you're taking on and also what you are physically capable of doing. I know that a lot of times when I got burnt out, it was directly connected to times when I was trying to be everything to everyone all at the time, and you simply can't. You've got to pick a lane which I know isn't always a popular opinion.”

Anna suggests that one of the first crucial steps is to stand firm on the dos and don’ts that will help you get the most out of your day. “Where are your boundaries?,’ she asks. “Are you just ploughing them down all the time, despite the fact you said you weren't going to check emails after 5pm? It’s always worth reassessing and addressing this, because that's what helps you reassert boundaries and also evaluate your relationships. You might start to notice, ‘Actually I'm quite lonely and I’m not seeing friends as much anymore’.

“Another important thing to remember is that how you start your morning really sets the tone for the day. If you’re waking up, rolling over and checking your emails, your head is then at work. So every time you do something work related, imagine that you're literally stepping into an office, because that is what is happening mentally, regardless of where you are physically.”

For mum of two Michelle, being strict with boundaries has been transformational in allowing her to manage the juggle. “I try to make sure that when I’m home with the kids my laptop is off. If I have work to do then I’ll wait until they go to sleep. If I’m working from home with them I’ll set activities for them and take regular breaks during the day. Sometimes it means taking a two-hour lunch instead of one hour and then maybe making the time up later. My manager is very chill and understanding!”

No doubt it’ll take time for you to ease into a routine that works for you and your family, so while you’re figuring things out remember to give yourself some grace. The chances are you’ve got too much on your plate, and you’re trying your best to figure it out, which is something that so many mums can relate to.

“Way too much is asked of us all of the time, and it doesn't mean that if you're finding it hard at the beginning you will always find it hard,” says Kelly. “You've got to take the pressure off yourself and be realistic about what you're able to do in that particular moment."

The early years of motherhood can feel the hardest, remember you're not alone if you hate playing with your kid, struggle with toy rotation or if you don't want mum friends.... you do you. And know that no matter your choices or style, we promise you're not alone in it.

As Family editor at GoodtoKnow, I know that dealing with feeding a family for three meals a day can be overwhelming.

In today’s fast-paced world, family mealtime can sometimes feel like a hassle, with busy schedules making it hard to prepare healthy, home-cooked meals. This is where air fryers have become a game-changer. Air fryers are a versatile and healthier option to cook food quickly without sacrificing flavour.

They use rapid air technology to crisp food with little to no oil, making them perfect for families who want tasty, healthier meals without all the mess and time. And with larger capacity air fryers now on the market, even bigger families can benefit from quick and efficient cooking.

And air fryers can do so much more than cook a splendid batch of ‘crisp on the outside, soft on the inside’ potato wedges (which the Lakeland Digital Crisp has down to a tee) - they can reheat leftovers, cook from frozen, toast bagels, even bake cupcakes.

One such air fryer that I’ve been using is the COSORI Smart Air Fryer TwinFry, 10L Grandzone & Dual Zone, and after several weeks of testing, I feel well-equipped to share an honest review highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses.

Price & availability

At the time of writing the COSORI Smart Air Fryer TwinFry retails for approximately £289.99 and is available on various online platforms, including Amazon, Walmart, and the official COSORI website. Prices may vary based on sales or promotions, so it’s worth checking multiple sources for the best deal.

Good value for money? Well, I think so yes. The sleek design and look of the machine, despite being bigger than expected, at 51.7cm wide and 31.2 cm deep, ticked a lot of boxes for me visually. It was simple to set up and was really easy to navigate, particularly down to the touchscreen digital display and handy leaflet on cooking times. Everything I cooked came out wonderfully with no burnt fish finger in sight.

Design & features

Capacity: 10L (x2 5.L) | Dimensions: 33.3H x 31.2D x 51.7cmW | Wattage: 2800W | Colour: Black | Functions: Air Fry, roast, bake, reheat, grill | Style: Basket | Max temp: 240 degrees Celcius | Dishwasher safe parts: yes

The COSORI Smart Air Fryer TwinFry is pretty big, I can't, so counter space is a must. One of the first things you’ll notice about the COSORI TwinFry is its sleek, modern design. The appliance is available in a sophisticated black and silver finish that fits seamlessly into any kitchen décor. Here are some of its standout features:

• 10L Capacity: This generous capacity is ideal for large families or meal prepping, allowing you to cook multiple servings at once.
• Dual Zone Technology: The TwinFry features two independent cooking zones, enabling you to prepare different dishes simultaneously. Each zone can be set to different temperatures and cooking times, which is a game-changer for busy cooks.
• Dual Blaze Technology: This feature enhances heating efficiency and ensures even cooking, delivering perfectly crispy results every time.
• Smart Controls: The air fryer is equipped with a user-friendly touchscreen interface, making it easy to select cooking modes, set timers, and adjust temperatures.
• Recipe App Integration: COSORI’s app provides a plethora of recipes tailored for the TwinFry, allowing you to explore new culinary adventures right from your smartphone.

Cooking capabilities

• Chicken Wings: Crispy and juicy, just like fried but without the guilt.
• French Fries: Perfectly golden and crispy, a family favourite.
• Vegetables: Roast or air fry your favourite veggies for a delicious, healthy side.
• Fish: Achieve a flaky, moist interior with a crispy exterior.
• Baked Goods: From cookies to muffins, the TwinFry can handle various baking tasks.
• Reheating Leftovers: Revitalize last night's dinner without making it soggy.

Performance

Whilst cooking, both the time and temperature flash at the top of the machine on a digital display panel, alternating between the two. The time counts down in seconds so you can keep a close eye on cooking - especially if you want to stop halfway through cooking to check on or shake the food. But then you can also rely on the wi-fi smart angle to keep an eye on it - great for when my kid needed me in the living room.

Having tested the COSORI TwinFry extensively, I can confidently say that it delivers on its promises. The dual zone technology allows you to prepare meals in record time. For instance, I cooked chicken wings in one basket while air frying sweet potato fries in the other. Both came out perfectly cooked, with the wings being delightfully crispy and the fries just the right amount of tender.

The dual blaze technology plays a crucial role in ensuring even cooking, eliminating the common issue of hot spots found in some air fryers. Moreover, the preheat feature is a handy addition, allowing the appliance to reach the desired temperature before cooking begins, which further enhances cooking efficiency.

From potato wedges to chicken nuggets, from cupcakes to cookies, this machine has delivered the goodies. One of my favourite things about the Cosori air fryer is the auto-off function, which means that as soon as the timer is up, the machine beeps several times and then switches itself off. Not only does it make this appliance even more energy efficient, but it also means your food won’t continue cooking or dry out while you're dealing with the usual family dinner juggles. A simple, yet effective function.

How we tested

• Skin on potatoes, tossed in a tablespoon of oil, and cooked on the ‘Fresh Fries’ pre-set function.
• Cooked frozen chips, fish fingers, and mini pizzas using the air fryer guide book, which accompanies this machine
• Homemade chicken goujons and breaded fish cooked using the manual function where you can set the temperature and cooking time yourself
• A trio of cupcakes or chocolate chip cookies baked on the ‘Baked Goods’ pre-set function; great if you want to bake only a few cupcakes or cookies at a time, not so good for bulk baking
• Roasting vegetables such as peppers, garlic, onion, carrot, broccoli and more
• Reheating leftovers like nuggets, pizza, and bubble and squeak from roast dinner scraps - using the manual setting to adjust the temperature and time accordingly

Things you wouldn’t find on the box

Before purchasing the COSORI Smart Air Fryer TwinFry, here are some practical insights that might not be evident on the box:

Cleaning: The removable baskets and trays are dishwasher-safe, making cleanup a breeze. However, the larger size may require some rearranging in the dishwasher.

Power Consumption: It operates at 1800W, which may impact energy costs if used frequently.

Caution with Cooking Times: Some users have noted that the recommended cooking times in the recipe app can sometimes be a bit off, so it’s best to monitor your food closely during the first few uses.

Who is it best for?

The range of pre-set functions on this model makes it a great choice for family cooking - particularly for smaller families, or those with younger kids who don’t eat someone out of the house and home.

• Large Families: Its 10L capacity makes it perfect for feeding multiple people.
• Busy Individuals: The dual-zone feature allows you to prepare two different dishes simultaneously, saving time in meal preparation.
• Health-Conscious Cooks: If you enjoy fried foods but want a healthier option, this air fryer is a fantastic choice.
• Culinary Explorers: With the app providing endless recipes, it’s perfect for those looking to try new dishes and techniques.

In summary, the COSORI Smart Air Fryer TwinFry is a robust and versatile appliance that can significantly enhance your cooking experience. Its dual zones, large capacity, and advanced technology make it a worthy investment for families looking to prepare healthier meals without sacrificing flavor. While it may require some initial learning, the benefits it offers far outweigh any drawbacks. Whether you're frying, baking, or reheating, the TwinFry is ready to make your cooking more efficient and enjoyable.

Looking for more? Discover the best air fryer cookbooks as well as the best air fryer recipes.

If your child is at the age they want to attend sleepovers, a child psychologist has a lot of things she wants parents to consider to keep them safe.

Keeping our children safe is undoubtedly at the forefront of our minds from the moment they're born. How to model consent is now something parents need to be armed with and instil into their kids - our children need to know the things they should never have to do, such as feel obliged to hug family members and blindly comply with what adults expect of them.

Internet safety is always a hot topic, and parents need to put serious amounts of time into ensuring their child's safety in a sometimes murky internet world where danger seems to lurk around every corner. When your children are old enough to attend sleepovers - and this can be at a friend's house, school residential, Beavers or Brownie camp - you'll need to be alert to the safety dangers these can present, too.

Psychologist Dr Martha covers the subject of sleepovers and consent frequently on her Instagram page. She collates all the safety tips parents need to have at their fingertips if they're entrusting the overnight care of their child to somebody else. Here's Dr Martha's five things she really wants parents to consider before their child spends a night away from home:  

5 things to do, learn and teach to safeguard children

1. Gather information. Get to know what sort of household your child will be entering - do you know the family well? Have you spent extended amounts of time with them? Do they respond to misbehaviour and uphold household rules in the same way you do? What are their rules around smartphones and social media use? All of this will be useful to know and Dr Martha urges parents not to be afraid to find these things out before letting their child stay with another family overnight.
2. Teach body boundaries and consent. Make sure your child knows that nobody is entitled to touch, kiss, or take pictures of their body. If you don't want your child to have a bath or shower at somebody else's house this is completely up to you - firmly tell the family caring for them that these are your wishes.
3. Make sure your child knows what to say. If something happens that your child is uncomfortable with, make sure they have the words to effectively make it known. Arm them with phrases such as "I don't kiss anybody on the lips or anywhere else," "pants are private, only I touch them," or "I said NO." Make sure they know they can tell you absolutely anything and won't be shamed, and you'll always believe them.
4. Have a no secrets rule. Teach your child not to keep secrets - even something as small as what a present is for another adult or child. Tell your child that if anyone ever asks them to keep a secret, this is unsafe and they need to tell someone immediately. Have the rule "nobody gets into trouble for sharing a secret in our house." 
5. Give your child a way out. If your child feels unsafe somewhere, they won't want to stay there all night. Tell them they can come home anytime, no matter what the time. Preferably, do this in front of the other parent caring for your child, to prevent them blocking your child from doing this. Say to them "My child has permission to call me and come home at anytime, can you let them use your phone for this please?" 

Along with these five very important considerations, Dr Martha adds a bonus consideration into the caption of her post, writing, "BONUS CONSIDERATION: How does your child do on poor sleep? Sleepovers all have one thing in common - children tend to have less quality sleep and for a shorter duration than at home. This can be due to anxiety, excitement, ‘strange bed syndrome’, or chatting late into the night."

She adds "For some children, this may just mean a daytime nap and a long nights sleep the next day. For others, there may be behavioural repercussions the next few days (and it may look like jet lag). Sleep is an important aspect of wellbeing and how your child reacts to low sleep should be a consideration, particularly on a weekend during school term."

For more on keeping your child safe, do you know why 'stranger danger' is outdated and what to teach your child instead? Talking to children about sex can be difficult, but necessary to keep them safe, and we also share how to talk to kids about porn. 

We recently got our hands on this year's festive must-have for footie fans; the Match Attax 24/25 Advent Calendar. It's safe to say our 11-year-old tester (and a total baller) was absolutely thrilled. 

From the moment the Match Attax 24/25 Advent Calendar arrived, she couldn’t hide her excitement, immediately declaring it her “product of the year” among the many toys she’s had the chance to review during 2024. High praise indeed!

What's inside the caldendar?

As our tester opened the calendar, her face lit up at the sight of each of the 120 Match Attax cards tucked inside, including 24 festive Squadzone cards featuring stars like Joshua Kimmich, Randal Kolo Muani, Cristiano Ronaldo, and the legendary Fernando Torres. We let her dive straight in as she was reviewing this rather than using it to count down the days until Christmas, and she was eager to see who she would discover behind each door. Opening each door was like a mini treasure hunt, and her excitement only grew with every new card she revealed.

There's also a daily quiz

One of the standout features is the exclusive Gold Edge card guaranteed to be included, which had her buzzing with anticipation. Alongside that, there’s a fun daily quiz that keeps the excitement going beyond just collecting the cards. Our tester loved the chance to test her football knowledge while unwrapping her daily surprise, saying, "I love the quizzes when you have to try and guess the player." The unpredictability of what each day's door would bring definitely added an extra thrill.

The card selection is cool

What our tester particularly loved about this calendar is how it brings together two of her passions: football and card collecting. “Football cards are my favourite hobby apart from playing football,” she remarked, and she appreciated the fresh idea of an advent calendar entirely dedicated to her favourite pastime. “It’s really exciting because you don’t know what you’re going to get, and you get such good cards.”

We got a rare card

The highlight for her was pulling a Lionel Messi Hall of Fame card, which she had only ever seen on YouTube. “Let me see how much it’s worth!” she exclaimed, already envisioning the playground conversations that would follow. “If I keep it for longer, it could be worth more,” she mused, as her thoughts visibly turned to showing off her prized card to her friends.

Is it worth the price?

Overall, our tester found the card selection to be excellent, noting, “You get cards you really want.” Priced at around £30, she felt the Match Attax 24/25 Advent Calendar was worth every penny, especially with the guaranteed Gold Edge Messi card and the fact that this is an advent calendar that could truly keep you occupied every day in December. “Imagine opening new cards every single day!” she remarked. Plus, if you happen to pull a really good card, you could easily earn back the price of the calendar, making it a smart investment for any budding young card collector.

The anticipation of not knowing when the best cards would come only added to the fun. “One of the first cards I opened was the best—Hall of Fame. I always wanted that card, and they’re new this season. I’ve only ever seen YouTubers get them!”

Who's going to love it?

The Match Attax 24/25 Advent Calendar turned out to be a hit, giving our 11-year-old a fun way to count down to Christmas - although she couldn't bear to save it until then - while enjoying her passion for football and collecting. It's a well-thought-out gift that combines excitement and entertainment, making every day in the lead-up to December 25th feel special.

Related features:

• Trading cards are bringing major nostalgia vibes for Euro 2024
• Best toys for 8 year olds 2024
• Top Christmas toys

You can count on Money Saving Expert, Martin Lewis, to offer sensible, actionable advice when it comes to saving money - and his guidance when it comes to Christmas is worth making a note of.

Martin Lewis is a national treasure, whose dedication to saving the nation money knows no bounds. From the brilliant loophole for parents who want to leave kids money without paying inheritance tax, to the little known tax tip for grandparents gifting money to their grandkids, his sound advice helps millions. He's even petitioning for compulsory financial education for every child in schools, to ensure a nation of savvy money experts in the future. 

As minds turn towards Christmas, Martin has once again stepped up to try and prevent a January filled with debt and regret. He offers simple advice to stop the dream of a 'perfect' Christmas stopping the public being pragmatic and sensible with their spending - which is easily done when you're caught up in the magic and have children that want the latest expensive items.

Speaking on BBC Radio 5 Live, the Money Saving Expert says "Now, forgive me for being all bah humbug about this but Christmas is a huge proportion of the year’s annual expenditure. The average person spends £800 on it, the average family... 800 quid a year. It's getting up there with a family holiday. Most people can’t afford that out of December’s income."

To prevent overspending, he urges people to consider the following in the run up to the big day: 

• Don't make a Christmas 'lust list,' you'll only be disappointed. Martin says "One of the big mistakes many people make at Christmas is they, in their mind, come up with a lust list - what is the perfect Christmas. And if you come up with a lust list, for most people, that will either lead to one of two things: debt or disappointment because you won’t get it."
• Pre-plan throughout the year. We all know Christmas is coming - be mindful of it all year if you know it's going to be expensive. Martin adds "You need to do some pre-planning. Christmas this year will be on the 25th of December, note that down it’s not unexpected…but when I come into January, January is the biggest time for all the debt counselling agencies and when you talk to people about why they’ve gone then, they say 'Christmas, of course.'
• Make a budget and stick to it. There's no point having a miserable time after Christmas, full of money worries and woes, for the sake of one day. Martin suggests putting together a tight budget based on what you can actually afford, and basing your 'lust list' strictly on that budget. 
• Don't be sucked in by social media. It's easy to go online and see perfectly decorated trees surrounded by hordes of presents - but nobody is under any pressure to recreate that themselves. Christmas isn't about keeping up with what everyone else is doing, and showy pictures of unreachable expectations can easily push others into spending too much. Martin urges people not to fall for it.

Mum-of-three, Shelley, says "We used to overspend on Christmas and really regret it. It really is so easy to get caught up in the idea of the perfect day. Now, I keep an eye out for sales throughout the year, and buy anything that's massively reduced that someone in the family would like, and put it away for Christmas.

We also communicate better with the wider family now. I used to be really bad at saying we didn't have enough money for gifts, but now we have a discussion about it early and make decisions based on what everyone can afford. Last year we all decided to give small gifts for the adults because we could. Some of us aren't financially sound this year, so we've decided not to do that and just focus on what we can afford for the children."

For more on how to save money, we share 13 good money habits all parents should adopt, and how to save money shopping at Amazon.

The average age mothers give birth in England and Wales may be 30.9, but there are increasing numbers of women choosing to welcome babies in their 40s - and their experience will be a little different.

From pregnancy monitoring to post-birth recovery time, there are several things to take into account when it comes to carrying a child in this decade. Evidence suggests that conceiving may be harder and there is an increased risk of complications, however there are also numerous unexpected positives that are delivered when bringing a newborn into your life at this time.

We have spoken to mothers who have welcomed children in their 40s, as well as experts on what they see on the frontline of pregnancy at this age. Often, women are happier, more knowledgeable and have greater confidence bringing a little one into the world than perhaps they may have been when they were younger.

To give you the most important information about what to expect when you’re expecting in your 40s, we have called on the insight of Dr Shazia Malik, a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, Fleur Parker, a practice coordinator and antenatal teacher at the NCT and midwife Angie Willis, also known as ‘The Eco Midwife’. Additionally, it is vital to receive your own tailored medical advice, and also stay up to date with the latest NHS advice on pregnancy.

How is pregnancy different in your 40s?

1. There are some pregnancy differences

Dr Malik insists: “It's crucial to note that many women in this age group experience healthy pregnancies and deliveries, even if conception takes longer due to declining fertility.” She emphasises the importance of proper prenatal care and close monitoring to address any potential risks promptly.

However, there may be an increased risk of certain health complications compared to those pregnant in earlier decades. “The risk of gestational diabetes is approximately two to three times higher for women in their 40s,” warns Dr Malik. “Preeclampsia risk increases by about 1.5 to 2 times.” Risk of placental issues and pregnancy induced hypertension also increases with age.

Additionally, Willis, who is working in partnership with MAM, notes: “There can be a small increased chance of congenital abnormalities, and the chance of miscarriage increases slightly as women become older, as does the chance of stillbirth.” Although she notes that these risks are still small. “For clarity, one study reported that the stillbirth rate for women aged 16-25 was 4.7 per 1000 births, compared to women over 40 where the rate was 8.1 per 1000 births,” she adds.

2. Labour may be different

There may also be a greater need for birth interventions. “The likelihood of requiring a cesarean section is higher, with rates of 40-50% for women over 40, compared to 20-30% for younger women,” explains Dr Malik. If any of the aforementioned health complications occur, then induction of labour or a caesarean birth are recommended. “Many units also offer women over 39 weeks who are over 40 years old the opportunity to have an induction or a caesarean birth too, given the small increased chance of stillbirth over 39 weeks for women over the age of 40,” adds Wallis.

However, for many women, they can still give birth as they choose in this decade. “For my fourth child, when I was 44, I knew I wanted a home birth,” says Judy Bartkowiak, now a 68-year-old child and teens therapist based in Berkshire, who was already mother to children aged 8, 11 and 12. “It was wonderful and I think we all as a family really benefited from being together - although the other kids complained about my screaming and said they had to turn the TV up!”

3. You may need extra monitoring

“Women over the age of 40 will normally be advised to see an obstetrician during pregnancy,” says Wallis. “As part of this, they will have a risk assessment and a personalised care plan will be created based on their own individual medical history.”

Wallis continues: “For some women, there might be the recommendation of additional appointments, aspirin from 12 weeks of pregnancy or growth ultrasound scans – but all these additional screenings are based on the individual’s medical history and the guidelines of the hospital she is under."

4. Recovery may be the same

“This can be individual to the person,” insists Wallis. “For example, one woman may be physically healthy and fit, exercising and eating a well-balanced diet and recovery will be quicker. In contrast, another in their 40s may not exercise often or may have other health behaviours which could impact on recovery - such as smoking, obesity or other lifestyle factors. Age is less of a factor, with support from partners, friends and family also really important.”

Additionally, Parker points out: “The more complex a labour and birth then the more complex recovery may be. Tiredness is a big factor in the first few weeks and eating healthily, staying hydrated and taking moments to rest can all aid recovery for women of any age.”

However, it is important to note that postpartum recovery for women in their 40s may be slightly prolonged. “This is primarily due to the natural slowing of the body's healing processes with age,” explains Dr Malik. For Sarah Stephens, 47, her third birth experience aged 41 was stress-free compared to her first two. “It was more relaxing because I opted for an elective caesarean,” she explains. “Although I still ended up in the high dependency unit and then a private room afterwards for almost a week.”

Wallis adds: “The other aspect to consider is that stress incontinence can increase over the age of 35 due to skin elasticity changing. It is important to do your pelvic floor exercises - for woman of any age, but in particular women over the age of 35 - every day to reduce the chance of urinary stress incontinence.”

5. There are perks to giving birth later

“Many women find that pregnancy in their 40s comes with unique advantages,” says Dr Malik. “They often approach motherhood with greater confidence, emotional maturity and life experience. Financial stability is typically more established, allowing for better preparation for the costs associated with raising a child. Many women in this age group have progressed in their careers, potentially offering more flexibility in balancing work and family life. Additionally, they may have a more extensive support network in place, which can be invaluable during pregnancy and early parenthood.”

Indeed, this was the experience of Sarah. “I think the advantage in having my third in my 40s is I was more confident in arguing with medical people and standing up for myself,” she explains. “They tried to persuade me on my birthing choices, but I argued and refused to budge on them - I had been more easily persuaded in my 30s.” This continues after birth, suggests Parker: “Having spoken to many women in their 40s in the first few weeks after having a baby, the reassuring message is that their age hasn’t had any negative impact on becoming a parent, and that there is a certain calmness, resilience and certainty that comes with this decade.”

It was exactly this for Judy. “Giving birth felt easier - partly because it’s a familiar process for your body and mentally and emotionally you’re prepared,” she says. “Meanwhile, parenting was a doddle in my 40s. My career was well established so I wasn’t worried about the whole work-life balance thing, and with my partner we knew each other very well and worked as a team.” However, for others it isn’t quite so straightforward. “Being a mother in my 40s has been trickier - I have a wonderful partner but no family support, and I have struggled to make friends and find community,” says April Hunter, a Cheshire-based midwife, 45, who gave birth to her third child aged 42 after having her first two in her 20s. “I also don’t quite fit into the ‘first time mum’ group with having older children - so that’s been challenging!”

6. You tend to be better-prepared

“I think one of the biggest positives is women over the age of 40 are more likely to be

interested in the evidence and research, come to appointments armed with questions, knowledge and facts and are better able to advocate for themselves,” notes Wallis. “From experience, these are the mums more likely to attend pregnancy, babywearing, breastfeeding, antenatal groups during pregnancy too to give them a support network of people going through pregnancy at a similar gestation.”

Additionally, Wallis notes: “There is research showing that women over 35 are more likely to adjust health and lifestyle behaviours than women at other ages during pregnancy.” For example reducing or stopping alcohol consumption, quitting smoking, starting exercising or eating more healthily.

“For women embarking on pregnancy in their 40s, it is important to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a tailored care plan,” insists Dr Malik. “I recommend taking prenatal vitamins, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and not hesitating to ask questions or voice concerns.”

Dr Malik adds: “It's crucial to stay positive, as countless women have successful pregnancies and healthy babies in their 40s. It can be hard not to be made to feel that somehow you are ‘less than’ as an older mother - when in fact you can bring so much to motherhood that makes it just as rewarding and enjoyable as anyone else."

We spoke to the following expert

Having your babies turn into teens opens up a modern world to you that you might not have been privy to if you didn't have them... in this case, it's subtitles on the TV. Okay, so not 'modern' as such but using them on every programme is new.

Last year my (then) sixteen-year-old daughter and I sat down to watch a film together on a streaming platform. As we settled down with our popcorn, the film started and so did the subtitles. As a hearing person, I can’t remember ever watching anything with subtitles deliberately. I find they take my attention away from what’s happening on the screen and so I asked my daughter to turn them off, she was very reluctant to do so. It turns out that her default mode of watching anything was with subtitles turned on. She is not alone.

A recent survey of 18–25-year-olds has found that a whopping 80% watch TV and films with the subtitles turned on. In comparison, adults aged between 46 and 55 only use subtitles 37% of the time and of these, many do so because of hearing issues. Gen Z would likely score even higher than 80% if they were surveyed; I haven’t met any of my daughter’s friends who don’t watch with subtitles and don’t think I’m strange for commenting on it. Subtitles, it appears, are the norm for today’s tweens and teens.

While this may initially seem weird to us, there are several logical reasons for the rising popularity of subtitles today.

Reasons why young people are using subtitles

1. The impact of social media videos
2. Translating different languages
3. They are more used to seeing words on a screen
4. The impact of online schooling during Covid

1. The impact of social media videos

Think about the last time you watched an Instagram reel, or a TikTok video, chances are it contained captions. The exposure to these short videos, alongside what are effectively subtitles has become the norm for teens today, so it makes sense they want the same experience when watching long-form content.

2. Translating different languages

Netflix has opened the doors to content from all around the world. Gone are the days of not watching anything in your native language because you couldn’t cope with the painful overdubbing. Some of the most popular films and series of the last couple of years have been in Korean (Squid Game), German (Dark), Norwegian (Troll) and French (Lupin).

3. They are more used to seeing words on a screen

For those of us who grew up either before, or just at the dawn of, the internet we were used to seeing words only in printed materials. Today’s teens have grown up with seeing words on screens from their very earliest years, from electronic toddler toys to smart speakers, electronic words are their norm.

4. The impact of online schooling during Covid

2020 saw today’s tweens and teens move online for their schooling, entertainment and socialising. Their education took place via subtitled Microsoft Teams presentations and instead of meeting up with friends, or phoning them as we would have done, everything took place online. It’s understandable that subtitles feel natural to them given this.

The favouring of subtitles by today’s tweens and teens is not only understandable, but also beneficial in several different ways too.

How subtitles can benefit young people

1. They can improve reading
2. They can improve vocabulary
3. They can broaden cultural and foreign language exposure
4. They can help neurodivergent tweens and teens

1. They can improve reading

For tweens and teens who are reluctant to read books, frequent exposure to words on screen, particularly on a show or film that they enjoy and want to watch, can boost reading ability, particularly the speed at which they read. It can also boost a love of reading too; tweens and teens who view with subtitles are also more likely to read books than those who don’t.

2. They can improve vocabulary

It can be easy to miss a word in a show or a film if it is not a word that is familiar to us or spoken in an accent that we struggle to understand, but if the word is also there in writing it can prompt tweens and teens to look it up and ultimately add it to their vocabulary.

3. They can broaden cultural and foreign language exposure

Tweens and teens today are much more likely than our generation to watch shows and films made in different countries and when they do watch them they tend to leave the original language playing, translating with the subtitles. Not only is this brilliant for cultural reasons, but it can also encourage them to learn another language and help with languages they may already be learning at school.

4. They can help neurodivergent tweens and teens

For those tweens and teens who find it difficult to concentrate on what is happening on screen visually and also tuning in to a conversation, especially those with ADD and ADHD, having subtitles makes viewing a much easier and more relaxing experience for them.

As well as these benefits, normalising the presence of subtitles can help tweens and teens to be more inclusive of those who are deaf or blind, especially when they lobby or campaign for subtitles or sign language during theatre productions, webinars and lectures and use and call for others to use alternative text (a written description of an image) on social media posts.

With all of this in mind, perhaps we should be positively encouraging our children, of all ages, to view with subtitles, as well as considering switching them on ourselves!

For more on teenagers, here are 10 things a teen coach wishes all teenagers knew, and 11 expert-led tips on how to talk to a teenager (even when they don’t want to listen). Don't forget that parenting teenagers is as difficult as raising a baby, according to experts, while giving teens ‘space and opportunity’ to be independent helps them thrive.

There's many things kids do to that are blamed on poor parenting. However, some things children do to drive us mad are actually down to genetics, according to search.

If traits passed on by your parents such as poor memory and infertility can be blamed on genetics, there's no reason other common behaviours our kids display regularly can't be put down to the same genes - and science proves they can be. From fussy eating to school reports suggesting your child isn't applying themselves in the way you'd hoped, society can be quick to judge and blame bad parenting. Your parenting style has nothing to do with a lot of these behaviours - it's all genetics.

Psychologist and geneticist, Robert Plomin, is the pioneer of concepts relating to heritability – or, how many differences between individuals can be explained by inherited DNA. His research based on genetics being responsible for more of the psychological differences between us than anything else, found heritability plays the biggest part in everything from personality to mental ability. He also asserts that very little of our behaviours and personality traits are related to our environment, placing most of these firmly at the feet of genetic makeup. 

According to The Telegraph, public perception still holds society responsible for traits deemed difficult - or for a reason to pull out the tired trope 'let's blame the parents.' Plomin carried out a survey to compare public views on who or what is responsible for human behviour when it comes to nature vs genes, comparing this to his own findings - with very interesting results. Here's an overview of the percentage genetics are thought to be responsible for certain things our kids do (or don't do.)

• Fussy eating - genetics 80% responsible
• Reading ability - genetics 60 per cent responsible
• Spatial awareness - genetics 70 per cent responsible
• School achievement - genetics 60 per cent responsible
• Eye colour and other obviously inherited traits - genetics 96% responsible

Plomin says modern genetics offers the "Power to predict our psychological strengths and weaknesses from birth," offering fortune telling abilities when it comes to a "polygenic score." Even when it comes to the likelihood of developing a range of mental health conditions, or becoming obese, Plomin concedes "I do not know of a single psychological trait that does not show genetic influence."

Therefore, when looking at the classic nature vs nurture debate, these findings appear to cement nature as predominantly responsible for pretty much every decision and trait a person will develop. However, it will never be 100 per cent responsible, and it's worth adding that nurture will certainly be required to help individuals overcome any traits or behaviours negatively impacting their lives.

For more on this topic, research also show which parent is more likely to pass down Alzheimer's, and how you inherit your grandparent's trauma - even if you never met them. Do you often hear the phrase 'just like mum'? Further research reveals where unique traits come from; mum or dad.    

From tweaking your wardrobe to altering your diet, there’s a lot to get to grips with when you’re expecting. However, it’s often less well known that at the same time as your body is hard at work growing a baby, your dental health might also need some extra TLC.

Indeed, the natural hormonal changes experienced by women who are expecting risk having a knock-in impact on the state of your smile. While things like bad breath and tooth sensitivity are very common oral health problems at this time, there is also a greater risk of gum disease and teeth moving. This is why it’s important to attend regular check-ups with your dentist throughout the trimesters - with the NHS offering free check-ups and treatment during pregnancy and for 12 months after you give birth.

We’ve enlisted dentists Dr Tom Crawford-Clarke and Dr Smita Mehra, and dental therapist Miranda Pascucci to share their expert insight. Additionally, we discuss NHS treatment you are entitled to while you’re expecting and the common myths that dentists are desperate to bust…

11 things dentists want pregnant women to know

1. Your risk of gum disease increases

“Pregnancy can cause both direct and indirect effects on teeth,” explains Dr Crawford-Clarke, , founder and principal dentist of LUCEO Dental. “Due to hormonal changes - particularly with respect to increased oestrogen and progesterone - there can be an increase in gum inflammation and bleeding, called gingivitis.” Symptoms of which can also include swelling and soreness, according to the NHS, and it can often occur in the second trimester.

It is important to know that this is common. “It is estimated 60 to 65 per cent of pregnant women will experience gingivitis,” he notes. “If there was an underlying gum condition already present - such as gingivitis or periodontitis - these hormones will also lead to a heightened response and the condition could get worse.” Risking gum recession and exposure of the root surface, leading to sensitivity, which is why it’s important to brush properly and consult with a dentist if you are concerned.

2. Your teeth may become more sensitive

“Those who are pregnant may also experience sensitive teeth,” says Dr Mehra, principal dentist at The Neem Tree Dental Practice. There are a number of reasons why this may occur - including hormonal changes that can trigger gum inflammation, morning sickness which can risk acidity affecting the tooth’s surface, and a change of diet to include more sugary foods.

There are a number of ways to minimise this. ‘Try rinsing out the mouth with water if you are experiencing morning sickness regularly to help keep acid levels in your mouth low,” suggests Dr Mehra. It’s also key to pay attention to your oral hygiene, overall diet and go for regular dental check-ups.

3. Bad breath may become an issue

This is another unexpected pregnancy side-effect. Dr Crawford-Clarke notes that a dry mouth, caused by hormonal changes, can be to blame. “Saliva is protective in a number of ways - including helping to neutralise acids, washing away food debris and reducing plaque build up,” he explains. Certain food cravings and morning sickness can also leave a less than pleasant scent.

Fortunately, there are a number of ways to keep things fresh. These include brushing your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, and using interdental cleaning - like floss or brushes. Sugar-free chewing gum is also helpful to have to hand, and you should visit your dentist to confirm that there isn’t anything else going on.

4. It’s a myth that your baby is taking calcium

“This is often a common myth when it comes to dental health and pregnancy,” notes Dr Mehra. “Many people think that because a growing baby needs calcium for their development, this in part comes from the mother's teeth - which inadvertently causes dental problems. However, this is not the case.”

Instead, she explains: “Calcium for a baby's growth will come from diet instead - which is why it is important during pregnancy that you eat foods rich in the mineral where possible.” Items high in the nutrient include dairy products, like milk, and green leafy vegetables. Dr Crawford-Clarke adds: “It is recommended to take a calcium supplement, and vitamin D to aid absorption, but I would advise speaking to your doctor or midwife for specific advice.”

5. Certain dental care should be avoided

According to the NHS, you should inform your dentist that you are pregnant - not only because they can give you specific advice, but also because certain dental treatments will need to be postponed until after you give birth. For example, Dr Crawford-Clarke says: “Manufacturers of the teeth whitening products we use recommend waiting until the baby has arrived.”

However, it is safe for you to have a dental X-ray during pregnancy. “This is because they are highly unlikely to be pointed at the pelvic area, meaning that any risk to the baby is extremely low,” explains Dr Mehra. “Protective measures, including leaded aprons, may also be used to minimise any exposure to radiation.” Your dentist will be able to best advise, taking into account that the benefits of being able to perform the X-ray may outweigh any small potential harm.

6. Your smile may look different

“While it isn't that common, teeth may move during pregnancy,” says Dr Mehra. “This is because when we’re pregnant, our body produces a chemical - known as relaxin - which can help to soften ligaments. However, as a result, this causes the ligaments within our mouths to also soften - which can trigger the teeth to shift.”

Dr Crawford-Clarke notes: “I have quite a few patients coming in saying they felt their teeth moved a lot since having kids. However, this could also be down to the effects of the jaw tending to narrow as we age anyway.” If you’re worried about your teeth shifting during your pregnancy, it is important that you seek the advice of your dentist.

7. Good dental hygiene is key

“Most importantly, those who are pregnant should keep up an effective oral care routine,” says Dr Mehra. “This means brushing teeth twice daily, as well as making sure that you floss.” She adds that, if you suffer from morning sickness, switching to a more bland toothpaste can help reduce feelings of nausea.” Using one containing fluoride is key to strengthening the tooth enamel.

Miranda Pascucci, a dental therapist for oral health brand TePe, adds: “You don’t need to brush too hard - simply clean along the line where the gum meets the teeth. Using too much pressure - or with too firm a toothbrush - can damage the gums, causing them to recede and exposing the root surfaces.” These are not protected by enamel and are much more sensitive to changes in temperature and tooth decay.

8. Don’t forget about a healthy diet

The chances are that a combination of food cravings and sleep deprivation may have an impact on how nutritious your meals are, but eating well can also be key for dental health. The NHS notes that sugary foods and drinks can lead to tooth decay.

“It is well-known during pregnancy that some will find such items particularly appetising - while these are fine in moderation, it is important you don’t go overboard,” warns Dr Mehra. “They can make you more prone to plaque buildup and, as a result, tooth decay and gum disease.”

9. Take up any free dental care

“Make sure that you take advantage of free NHS dental care during pregnancy to look after your oral health,” insists Dr Mehra. “Visit your dentist regularly during this time, as they might be able to help identify or catch any problems early on.”

You are entitled to free check-ups and treatment during pregnancy and for 12 months after you give birth. Dr Crawford-Clarke recommends having a dental check-up and hygiene treatment every three to six months to keep on top of any issues.

10. Make sure to log any changes

“Make a note of any changes that happen to your gums and teeth during pregnancy and flag these to your dentist when you attend your check-ups,” says Pascucci. “Don’t ignore any pain or bleeding gums, as it could be indicative of gum disease – as it’s always best to catch this early.” This is the best way to look after not only your own health, but also that of your baby.

11. Go easy on yourself throughout pregnancy

“All of the dental issues that you may encounter are treatable, so do not fear,” insists Dr Crawford-Clarke. “Just remember, you are doing your best so don't be too hard on yourself.” If you’re feeling overwhelmed, he adds: “The first step is to see your dentist, they are there to help you and offer any specific advice you need to maintain your oral health throughout your pregnancy.” You’re not in this alone.

We spoke to the following experts

There's something truly special about family days out. In our busy lives, it’s often hard to find time where we can just be together without distractions. A great day out lets us bond, laugh, and create memories that last a lifetime. And what better way to do this than by getting out into nature...

If you’re looking for a place that will excite both kids and adults alike, Port Lympne Safari Park - with over 900 rare and endangered species - in Kent is just the ticket. With sweeping views over the English Channel, a variety of wildlife experiences, and loads of space for the little ones to run free, it’s an adventure worth every penny.

Port Lympne (and it's pronounced "Port Lim" not - as I thought for the last year - "Port Limp-knee"), is not your typical zoo. It’s a sprawling 600-acre wildlife reserve where animals roam in naturalistic enclosures and you can feel like you’re on a mini African safari – all without leaving the UK. Located just outside Hythe, Port Lympne is home to over 900 animals, including giraffes, rhinos, zebras, and gorillas. If your kids are mad about animals, they’ll be in absolute heaven here.

Is Port Lympne worth the money? In short yes

Okay, so tickets are not the cheapest, with adult prices starting at around £32 and children’s tickets at £28. However, under 3s go free, which is a bonus for families with toddlers. You can save a bit by booking online in advance, and they do offer family ticket bundles, which are worth looking into. For what you get – a full day’s worth of experiences, from the safari to the dinosaurs to the chance to see some incredible animals up close – I think it’s absolutely worth the price.

If you want to make the most of your visit, consider upgrading to a giraffe safari or even staying overnight in one of their luxury lodges (hello, glamping) – though that will set you back quite a bit more.

My top three reasons why you will not regret a day out at Port Lympne

1. The Safari experience - The absolute highlight of our day was the safari truck ride. Watching my kid's face light up as giraffes and zebras wandered right past the open-sided truck was worth the ticket price alone. When he saw the black tongue on the giraffe his tiny mind was blown. The excitement of being so close to these majestic animals, roaming freely in vast open spaces, made it feel like we’d stepped into a different world. It’s more immersive than a typical zoo, and the kids were talking about it for days afterward.
2. Educational and fun (just don't tell the kids) - Port Lympne combines fun with learning in a way that doesn’t feel forced. My kids learned about endangered species, conservation efforts, and even some fun facts about animals they'd never heard of before. From watching gorillas up close to exploring the life-sized dinosaur models, every corner of the park offers a new learning experience. It’s not just entertainment; it’s a chance for the kids to get curious about wildlife and nature.
3. Space and breath-taking views - One of the highlights that sets Port Lympne apart is its incredible setting. With stunning views stretching out to the English Channel, it’s a picturesque spot for both kids and adults. There’s lots of open space for picnicking, playing, and relaxing, making it a full day of fun. The kids had plenty of room to explore, run around, and burn off energy. Whether it was navigating the Dinosaur Forest or just enjoying the open fields, it felt like a real adventure.

Opening Times and parking

Port Lympne opens daily from 9:30am until 6:30pm, but be sure to check the website for seasonal changes. We found getting there was a breeze. The park is well signposted, and there’s ample parking on-site. While the parking lot is free, be aware that on busy days (like weekends and school holidays), it can fill up quickly, so it’s worth arriving early. The main car park is close to the entrance, but if you end up in an overflow area, it’s a bit more of a walk. Nothing drastic, but with younger kids or lots of gear, you’ll appreciate the proximity.

Is Port Lympne safari pram friendly?

Absolutely. However, this place is big. You’ll definitely want to bring a pram or buggy for little ones, as there's quite a bit of walking. While the main paths are pram-friendly, some areas are hilly or slightly uneven, so a sturdy pram with good wheels will make your day a lot easier. There's also a free safari truck service that drives around the park, and you can hop on and off to give the kids’ legs (and your own.) a bit of a break.

Can you take a picnic to Port Lympne safari?

You absolutely can. One of the big questions for any family day out is whether to pack your own food or treat yourself at one of the park’s cafes. Good news: you can do both. There are several picnic areas dotted around the park, including one near the dinosaur forest which is perfect if you’ve got little ones who love Jurassic Park. The picnic benches have some shade, but I recommend bringing a blanket in case you want to sprawl out on the grass.

If you’re planning to eat out, there are a few great options, like the Port Lympne Hotel’s restaurant, set in a stunning historic house, with views that stretch out to France on a clear day. However, the food here can be on the pricier side, with adult meals around £15-20 and kid’s meals around £7-10. Alternatively, there’s the Basecamp Cafe which serves sandwiches, pizza slices, chips, and ice cream, with most items costing between £5-10. Don’t miss grabbing a coffee while the kids enjoy an ice cream – the outdoor seating here offers a relaxing break with views of the beautiful gardens.

Port Lympne safari - highlights for the kids

It’s always worth knowing what the kids are going to go crazy for, and at Port Lympne, the safari experience is a firm favourite. You board a safari truck and trundle off through open plains where giraffes, antelope, and zebras wander freely. It’s about as close to an African safari as you can get in the UK. The look on my little one’s face as a giraffe wandered right past the truck? Priceless.

Another hit with the kids was the Dinosaur Forest. Port Lympne boasts one of the largest dinosaur models exhibits in Europe, and it’s impressive! Life-sized dinosaurs lurk around every corner, and the interactive elements make it a great pit stop for dino-mad little ones.

The gorilla enclosure is also a must-visit. The viewing platform is designed so you can get quite close to these majestic creatures. Watching the baby gorillas playing around will melt even the hardest of hearts.

4 things for parents to know

1. Golf buggies and Safari trucks - Throughout the park, you'll notice staff zipping around in golf buggies, and safari trucks make frequent rounds. While the paths are mostly wide, it’s a good idea to keep an eye on your kids, especially near busier areas. These vehicles move slowly but can still catch you off guard if your little ones are wandering around or distracted by the animals.
2. Lots of walking and hilly terrain - Port Lympne is set on a sprawling, hilly landscape. Be prepared for lots of walking, some of it uphill. My six year old struggled with this, and I had to contend with lots of 'my legs are tired'. While the views are stunning, and there’s plenty to see along the way, wearing comfortable shoes and bringing a pram or sturdy buggy for younger kids is a must. There’s a free safari truck service, but it doesn’t cover all areas.
3. Limited shade (be weather prepared) - The park has some shaded spots, but a lot of it is open and exposed to the elements. On hot days, bring sun hats, sunscreen, and plenty of water. If rain is forecast, pack waterproofs or an umbrella, as it can get quite muddy in some areas.
4. Animal feeding times and crowds - The animal feeding sessions can draw a crowd, especially for popular enclosures like the gorillas and big cats. If you want a good view, try to arrive early or plan to visit the animals just after the scheduled feedings when it’s quieter.

Don't miss the Port Lympne hidden gems

While the safari and dinosaurs get most of the attention, there are a few lesser-known spots you shouldn’t miss. First, take some time to explore the Port Lympne Mansion and Gardens. The mansion is beautiful, and the formal gardens are a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle.

The views from the mansion terrace stretch right across the reserve and out towards the Channel, so don’t forget your camera.

Another hidden gem is the tapir enclosure. Tucked away in a quieter part of the park, this area is often overlooked by visitors. Tapirs are fascinating animals, and it’s a great spot if you want a more tranquil experience away from the crowds.

Should we visit Port Lympne?

In short, yes. If your family loves animals, adventure, and spending time in the great outdoors, Port Lympne is a must-visit. It’s more than just a zoo – it’s a full-on experience with breathtaking views, unforgettable encounters, and enough activities to keep everyone happy. Plus if you book a staycation in one of the 82 unique on-site accommodations, from Pinewood glamping pods, treehouses, cabin and shepherd huts, up to the Lion, Tiger and Wolf Lodges you get to drive around the park after hours in your golf buggy. And, you get to enjoy two full days to explore the park when you book an overnight stay.

Make sure you pack comfy shoes, bring a pram if you’ve got little ones, and prepare for a full day of exploring. You won’t regret it.

Kids go for £10 this October half term!

Don't miss this great offer from Port Lympne - ALL kids can enter for £10, eat for £10 and enjoy an animal encounter or ranger safari for £10.

Port Lympne Hotel and Reserve is open every day from 9.30am – 6pm, adults admission tickets cost £32, kids go for £10 (offer available from 19th October - 3rd November 2024).

To book day tickets visit: www.portlympne.com

September marks the return of the new school year. For many of us, that means a return to manic mornings, pick-ups and drop-offs, packing lunches and remembering dinner money, coordinating schedules and after-school clubs, remembering parents’ evenings, school plays, extracurricular activities and inset days… to name just a few things!

If you’ve been firefighting through the last few weeks, take a deep breath and stop. Parents - it’s time for a reset. Let us help you get back into the swing of things this September without crashing to the ground. We’ll show you how to make the most of everyday tech to take the frantic out of Fridays and put the joy back into your weekends.

We’ve got tips and tricks to make you feel more in control of your calendar and easily manage the back-to-school transition. While we can’t guarantee you won’t ever get another case of the Sunday-night scaries, we can at least ensure you have every tool available to avoid them.

Plan and prep family meals for the week ahead

Take advantage of technology to streamline your family's meal planning and prep, freeing up precious time during busy weekdays. With EE's reliable 4G and 5G networks, you can access meal-planning apps and online recipes anytime, anywhere.

Start by setting aside weekend time to plan your family's meals for the upcoming week. Use meal planning apps to organise recipes, create shopping lists, and even generate meal ideas based on your family's preferences and dietary needs.

Once you've planned your meals, order groceries online for delivery or pickup. Many supermarkets and online grocery services offer the option to save your favourite items or set up recurring orders, ensuring you always have those essential ingredients.

By planning and prepping, you'll save time on weeknights, reduce stress, and create more opportunities for quality family time. Instead of rushing to prepare meals after work, you can enjoy sitting down together, sharing your day, and connecting over a home-cooked meal.

Use technology to organise and support the kids with their homework and study

Getting back into homework and study routines can be challenging after a long, lazy summer - for you and your kids! There are loads of great apps, digital tools and smart home devices to help you manage the transition back into education and learning without the stress and arguments that often follow.

EE's Learn Smart platform is full of bite-sized content, making learning fun. Curriculum-based activities and resources support homework and revision, from Mad Science to Infinity Maths. Your child can even use the platform to brush up on their coding skills or create digital cue cards.

Using digital tools to create a family revision calendar can also help. Use apps like Trello to map out project deadlines, study sessions, extracurricular activities and family commitments and share with family members to help everyone understand the schedule.

Productivity apps can help your kids manage their time effectively. Apps like Forest or Be Focused can encourage concentrated study sessions while discouraging phone use, freeing up more time for a family movie night later.

Having some tech-free times together is essential to get the right balance. Use this time for family meals, outdoor activities, or simply to relax together, providing much-needed breaks from work, studying and all the other activities that take you out of the home.

Get smart to juggle multiple schedules with ease

Synchronised digital calendars will help with essential family organisation. Platforms like Google Calendar allow you to share and coordinate your family schedules effortlessly, avoiding conflicts and ensuring everyone knows where they need to be and when. You can even share it with grandparents, childminders and your older kids to make sure everyone is on the same page.

Most of us have some kind of smart device at home these days. Whether it’s a voice assistant on your phone or an Alexa in the kitchen, you can set hands-free reminders, track chores and appointments and free up your mental load at the same time.

Use EE TV to put an end to arguments over the remote control

EE TV's multi-screen capabilities allow you to keep the kids entertained, no matter their age, and it’s free. They can enjoy YouTube along with their favourite TV channels and apps like Netflix, iPlayer and Prime from their own screens, so there are no more fights over what to watch. Just pick your main TV box and add an extra EE TV box to keep the family happy.

Prioritise family wellness and balance

With frantic family schedules and lots going on in the real world that can cause anxiety and stress, it’s never been more important to develop skills that can help with wellbeing. EE has partnered with Calm, offering science-backed audio content that strengthens mental fitness for the whole family. With guided meditations, breathing exercises, and stress relief tools, Calm can help you and your kids manage those daily pressures and find moments of peace.

EE Learn Smart is packed with loads of resources to support your child's academic, mental, and social development. From celebrity-hosted videos addressing anxiety to stress management techniques that the whole family can benefit from, your tribe can incorporate these into the daily routine to create a more relaxed home atmosphere, helping everyone navigate the challenges of modern life with greater ease and harmony.

For more information, visit ee.co.uk/home

Children are getting extra screen time due to the lack of wraparound childcare, according to research.  

It can be difficult to balance work and family life, particularly as more of us are raising children in families with two working parents. Research shows that childcare has a huge impact on parents’ careers – particularly mothers. And now, new data from childcare provider Koru Kids shows that many parents are increasing their child's screen time due to a lack of reliable, available wraparound childcare.  

According to the data, almost a third (29%) of parents struggle to access the wraparound care they require because it’s either full or because the school doesn’t offer it at all. Of those parents who can access wraparound childcare, 88% aren’t happy with the provision available to them, while over a third (35%) of parents have to have their children at home with them while they try to work. 

As a result, a third of parents have increased the amount of screen time they allow their children – just so they’re able to work more hours. Children not in after-school clubs spend an average of 1.5 hours of their time between 3pm and 6pm on a screen or device, while children with special educational needs spend an average of 1.6 hours on screens or devices in the same timeframe. 

While it might be a useful fix in a pinch, and it’s unlikely to imagine kids turning their nose up at extra tablet or TV time, just under half (45%) of parents say that the extra screen time makes it harder for children to relax at bedtime, while 27% say it makes their kids more irritable. 

It sets an unwelcome precedent, too, with over half (52%) of parents saying the increase means their kids expect more screen time in the future, while just under a third (32%) say it’s harder to entertain their children in other ways as a result. And over a fifth (22%) of parents worry that their child thinks they prioritise work over spending time with them. 

Rachel Carrell, founder of Koru Kids, says, “So much money and effort is spent on figuring out what children should be doing during school hours but hit 3pm and it’s as if no one cares. The period from 3pm – 6pm, when parents are still working, is totally overlooked. It’s as if it doesn’t exist, and what happens in those three hours doesn’t matter. 

“But it does matter. It does have an impact, especially when it’s filled with time on screens and devices. Child mental health is at an all-time low and we’re blaming smartphones, Covid – what about the lack of after-school care too?

“Parents need access to affordable, flexible wraparound care so they can work productively, knowing their children are being well cared for.”

And what about the school holidays? Let's not normalise what working mums are juggling – trying to balance things when children aren’t at school for six hours of the usual workday can be even more difficult. It’s why two mums set up the Five Hour Club, which could be a game-changer for working parents.

For related news and advice, parents say support from their potential employer is important, and there's one overlooked reason modern parents are 'burnt out' and stressed. 

As anyone raising a toddler or child will know, getting them to brush their teeth properly on a regular basis can be quite the challenge. While as adults we understand why it’s crucial to take our dental care seriously, little ones can dismiss this part of their morning and evening routine as simply time away from play.

Yet, ensuring your youngster’s teeth are properly cleaned twice daily will stand them in good stead - not just now, but particularly in the future. It will help them avoid tooth decay and hang on to their all-important baby teeth for as long as possible, while also teaching them positive life-long habits from a young age.

To give you the best advice when it comes to your children’s dental health, we’ve called on a number of top experts. Paediatric dentist Dr Jasleen Sangha, dental hygienist Hannah Ripley and dentist Cerri Mellish are here to guide you through. They share all the key steps parents can take to make dental care a tantrum-free zone at home…

Why might little ones struggle to brush properly?

Dr Sangha from Happy Kids Dental, explains that children do not have the manual dexterity to brush their own teeth until they are seven or eight years of age. “Although that does not mean they should not be encouraged to brush their own teeth before that,” she notes, while acknowledging that it can also be hard for them to stay focused. “Two minutes is a long time in the life of a toddler - particularly if they are feeling tired just before bedtime.”

There can be other more practical barriers. “Some children may have sensory issues, which could be a passing phase for some and more persistent for others,” says Cerri Mellish, a dentist at Bupa Dental Care. “They may struggle with the taste and texture of the toothbrush and toothpaste. Strong, minty toothpastes may feel ‘spicy’ to their sensitive taste buds, and they might not like the sensation of the bristles.” She adds that their teeth usually start coming through between six months and two years, and during this time it may also feel painful to brush.

11 tips to make teeth-brushing a less stressful part of family life

• 1. Give them independence - “I usually recommend allowing children to have a go and then asking them to give you the brush once they have finished so you can ensure their teeth are properly cleaned,” says Dr Sangha. “Explain that it’s the turn of ‘mummy’ or ‘daddy’ or another responsible adult.” Eventually, you can trust them to get on with it.
• 2. Use visual aids - “Toddlers are much more impressed by visual aids rather than long explanations - perhaps use a two-minute sand timer that they can watch as you or they brush their teeth to help give them something to focus on,” recommends Dr Sangha. Similarly, Mellish suggests asking them where they think their favourite character is hiding in their teeth and “scrubbing them out”.
• 3. Make it fun - “You can build your own playful routines as a family - such as clapping or dancing once the timer is finished,” notes Dr Sangha. “Once this becomes established as a habitual behaviour, toddlers will often expect this and want to go through the process of brushing their teeth to ensure their ‘reward’ at the end.”
• 4. Harness easy wins - “Using charts to tick off morning and evening brushing with a treat at the end of the week can also be useful for motivation,” recommends Dr Sangha. “It could perhaps be age-appropriate stickers for younger children, or maybe a trip to the zoo for older children.” Whatever you do, don’t give them sweets.
• 5. Consistency is key - “Toddlers crave routine and structure,” points out Dr Sangha. “This gives them stability in their busy and stimulating world. Keeping the timing of brushing consistent every day can help them to expect and accept it more easily.”
• 6. Select handy tools - “Your child will probably want to start trying to brush their own teeth from about the age of three, so choose a toothbrush they can get their little hands around,” suggests Hannah Ripley, dental hygienist at Church Street Dental Practice. “Although, they will still need help and supervision until the age of about six when manual dexterity improves.”
• 7. Add a soundtrack - “Listen to your child’s favourite song and brush for the duration of it,” recommends Ripley. Similarly, Mellish suggests: “Brushing along to a special toothbrushing song, that can be found on YouTube, means you can get some support from their favourite cartoon characters.”

• 8. Lead by example - “Children copy their parents from an early age, so brushing your teeth together as a family is a great way to encourage them to follow suit,” points out Ripley. “Just as we take the time to explain why it’s important to wash our hands regularly, telling the same to our children about teeth brushing is also key.”
• 9. Enlist different toothpaste - “Brushing with an age-appropriate toothpaste, like a strawberry-flavoured one, and applying fluoride varnish - as directed by a dental care professional - can protect teeth in multiple ways,” says Mellish. “Fluoride makes the teeth more resistant to mineral loss, it promotes faster mineral uptake and helps reduce the formation of dental plaque.” She adds that they may do better with a flavourless, non-foaming toothpaste - like OraNurse.
• 10. Check good progress - “To spot plaque in its earlier stages, you can use a disclosing tablet - available in pharmacies - which stains plaque purple,” suggests Mellish, of how you can see where you or your child could be brushing better. “This can be a really fun activity to do with kids to help them improve their brushing technique.”
• 11. Don’t give up - “I think it’s important to keep things light and playful if you can,” says Mellish. “You are trying to establish a good routine and it might not be perfect every time but keep persisting.”

Other ways to care for children’s dental health

• Fuel carefully - “Diet plays a huge role.” says Dr Sangha. “Sweet food and drinks - such as cakes, biscuits and juices - should be restricted and limited to meal times only. Plain water, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables can be consumed at any time.”
• Clean closer - “A toothbrush alone cleans just 60 per cent of the tooth, so the importance of adding interdental cleaning cannot be overstated,” insists Ripley. “Oral hygiene products, such as DenTek’s floss picks and interdental brushes, may be introduced at an early age. In fact, dentists recommend children start doing so as soon as two teeth are touching.”
• Soothe differently -”Dummies should be stopped by the age of two at the latest to ensure an open bite - where the teeth become misaligned when closed - does not develop,” warns Dr Sangha. “Even if an open bite does develop, stopping by this age will allow enough time for spontaneous tooth movement to resolve the issue.”
• Check-ups regularly - “Take your child to visit a dentist around six months of age, which usually coincides with the appearance of their first tooth, and book in regular check-ups thereafter,” says Dr Sangha.
• Prepare well - “If your child has never been to the dentist before, it can be helpful to set expectations at home about what will happen at the visit - by doing role play or reading them a story,” suggests Mellish. “It’s important you stay calm and relaxed, since your children will absorb this too.”

Why is it important for kids to practice good dental care?

“There are two main reasons,” says Dr Sangha. “Firstly, regular brushing removes the plaque biofilm that the teeth get coated with throughout the day and night, and secondly it delivers the fluoride or hydroxyapatite that is present in toothpastes to the teeth - active ingredients of which help to remineralise the acids from food and prevent tooth decay.”

It also helps protect their baby teeth. “While they will be lost eventually, they are actually extremely important,” insists Dr Sangha. “Not only do they prevent pain, ensure an aesthetic smile and allow children to enjoy eating different textures of foods - including being able to chew on hard items, such as carrots and nuts, which helps build a strong jaw - but they are space maintainers, keeping room for adult teeth to come through.” She explains that if they are lost earlier than they naturally would, then adjacent teeth may drift into the space, risking crowding.

What’s more, our experts emphasise that youngsters who learn how to look after their teeth early on will be more likely to keep doing so throughout their lives, benefiting from boosted confidence and self-esteem from their healthy smile. “Habits established during childhood become ingrained as behaviours that will follow through into adulthood,” explains Dr Sangha. Which will also save time and money on future avoidable dental issues.

Which is why it’s vital to be alert to any signs that your toddler or child’s teeth need better brushing. “Look for staining, a furry and un-smooth appearance which is actually the plaque layer, bad breath from food debris and dental decay,” says Dr Sangha. If the plaque remains on the gums, it can cause gingivitis - or inflammation of the gums - which will show up as red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed.

Additionally, Ripley adds that parents should be aware of toothache or sensitivity to hot or cold foods. “These can indicate your child has a problem with their oral health,” she reveals. “They may also start having difficulty eating, or very young children may begin sucking their thumb or experience delayed speech.”

We spoke to the following experts

How many times have you heard today's teenagers referred to as ‘snowflakes’? If you haven't, start listening, and you will come across somebody proclaiming that “kids these days need to toughen up. The real world is a harsh place, and the parents aren’t doing them any favours with this soft discipline and trying to be their friend.”

While our society may be starting to embrace gentler parenting methods for babies and younger children, when those children reach double digits in age and a height often taller than their parents, things are a different matter entirely. Teenagers today may not be subjected to the physical discipline that their parents or grandparents received, but that doesn’t mean that they’re getting off lightly. Punishments, removal of personal belongings and freedom (or ‘grounding’ as most know it) and yelling still top the list of discipline methods used on teens today.

At secondary school, discipline has been largely unchanged since the monumental move to outlaw physical discipline at UK state schools in 1986 (yes really, that late!). The standard school discipline approach still very much relies on punishment (now termed ‘consequences’ in an attempt to sound more positive) and the threat of it. Most schools utilise an escalating scale of punishments, starting with a lunchtime detention, moving to after-school detentions and finally isolations (where students spend time alone in a booth or a room) and suspensions and exclusions.

The UK Government’s ‘behaviour tsar’, Tom Bennett a fan of authoritarian behaviourist approaches to behaviour management at school believes it is a “mistake to classify all children who misbehave as being kind of vulnerable, fragile angels” and instead applies a zero-tolerance approach to behaviour. Despite his nine-year Victorian clampdown on teens, since his appointment in 2015, Bennett’s approach has yielded little to no positive results. A recent survey of 9000 teachers commissioned by the BBC found that most believe that behaviour is getting worse. The evidence for using harsh discipline at home mirrors these findings. Not only is it ineffective, but it also sets teens up for lasting mental health problems.

Alternatives to authoritarian approaches

What is the alternative then? Well, if you believe the TV shows and comments I mentioned at the start of this piece, it’s letting your teen walk over you, having zero control over them and never saying “no”. Thankfully the reality is very different. Authoritative discipline, or what I prefer to call ‘gentle discipline’ (because authoritative is hard to both say and spell and often confuses people with its similarity to ‘authoritarian’) has been proven time and again to be the healthiest way of disciplining children, from birth to young adult.

Authoritative discipline places boundaries at its core, with an emphasis on keeping everybody safe, especially teens. The difference with these boundaries is that they are set and upheld respectfully, in collaboration with the teen. If a teen breaches a boundary, instead of receiving an instant punishment, the parent (or teacher) takes the opportunity to understand what happened and discusses with the teen how they can make things right and stick to the boundary in the future. If teens understand the importance of boundaries they are far more likely to stick to them. Authoritative discipline also places huge emphasis on the adult-teen relationship. Instead of demanding respect, there is an understanding that respect has to be mutual and earned. The adult has to be a good role model.

Instead of trying to discipline through control and coercion, behaviour is managed through connection, compassion and communication. Instead of demanding obedience through ‘fear of God’ parenting (yelling, being physically forceful, or constant threats), authoritative parents or teachers work to teach the teen about the repercussions of their behaviour and help them to find solutions that are better for everyone. In short, authoritative discipline aims to teach teens the sort of conflict resolution and problem-solving skills that will set them up for life, particularly when it comes to relationships, whether romantic, platonic, or professional.

When children are small, it is easy to overpower them as an adult twice their size. When they reach their teens, however, you lose the element of fear and control, when the teen answers back, or refuses to stay in their room and parents who previously utilised harsh authoritarian discipline methods come unstuck. These are the parents who post on social media groups saying, “My teen is unruly and out of control, nothing works!”. In fact, the teen years are when those who have used more respectful, gentler, authoritative methods really reap the rewards of their work and revel in the strong relationship they have built with their child. Those who focus on harsh discipline fracture that relationship and drive their teens away, straight into the arms of peer pressure and ‘bad influences’.

The key to the most effective, healthiest, discipline in the teen years is a foundation of mutual respect, understanding, support and empathy. It is the opposite of harshness. When we nurture teens, we help to foster true resilience and confidence, the two attributes teens need to not only successfully live in our ‘harsh world’ today but hopefully grow into the kind of adults who will try to make the world a little less harsh place to live in for those who follow.

For more reading, take a look at:

How to Raise a Teen – by Sarah Ockwell-Smith

For more advice on the teenage years, we asked teenagers what they wish their parents had done differently, and their answers are surprisingly candid, while here are 11 expert-led tips on how to talk to a teenager (even when they don’t want to listen). Meanwhile, this teen expert shares why the belief 'teenagers are lazy' is a myth and how understanding this might help your relationship, and this is the biological reason teens don't listen to mums.

It's important to teach your children about consent to keep them safe, one psychologist and parenting expert has urged.

There are lots of important things we need to teach our children to help keep them safe - they seem to be surrounded by potential points of harm, from social media and violent content online, to knowing about the new phrase your child needs to stay safe to replace 'stranger danger.' 

It's vitally important to educate your kids about the idea of consent as early as possible, to help them understand that they’re entitled to privacy and agency over their bodies. Dr Martha, a psychologist who helps support parents, explains the best way to model consent at home to help keep our children safe.

“Consent begins at home with you,” she explains. “How you model it and how you respond to others gives your child a blueprint of how to be in relationships with others and what safe expectations to have around themselves.”

This can be along the lines of asking your child for permission to hug them, or asking them what photos or videos they’re happy for you to share with loved ones, and respecting their wishes. She explains that she often gets asked where things like nappy changes and medical appointments come into the discussion, and says that these fall under assent, rather consent, in younger children – and assent is often accompanied by consent from parents or legal guardians. So, while your baby may not be able to give consent to your changing their nappy, for example, it’s something that you still need to do as part of caring for them properly. 

And consent helps children learn what’s safe with their bodies and those of other people, teaching them respect, and how to deal with hearing the word ‘no’ without taking it as a rejection. This can easily be modelled at home by you. Dr Martha gives examples of things you might say, like, “I love being close to you but I don’t want you on my lap right now. Come sit next to me,” or “You don’t want a cuddle right now? That’s okay, I love you just the same.”

Just as it’s important to ask your child if they want you to pick them up, or give them a cuddle, encourage them to ask other people, too. So, things like, “Nanny, can I give you a cuddle?” or, “Daddy, can I sit on your lap?”

She continues, “If you’re listening to this and thinking, ‘But these are all things that should be natural – they’re signs of physical affection and I want my child to be affectionate with others,’ I hear you. For adults who haven’t learned about consent, weren’t taught it at school, didn’t have family members who talked to us about it or modelled how to do it, it feels awkward and unfamiliar. But trust me, this is about building a sense of agency in a child.”

She explains in the caption, “We want children to learn to trust their instincts, rather than override them to give others pleasure. And if anything were to happen, you want them to come to you because they will know what is safe and what is not.”

Another important thing to ensure is that you’re giving your children the correct and accurate information about bodies and sex – so, labelling body parts correctly, for example. Not doing so, she says, “sets up a precedent for your child that they cannot fully trust what you say and/or that some subjects are best to be avoided completely.”

By giving your children agency over their bodies, you’re empowering them and this could protect them – if something’s wrong, they’re more likely to recognise it and come to you for help and support. 

In related news, here are 5 things kids never ‘have’ to do, according to a child psychologist, and when and how to talk to your child about sex. If you're wondering how to talk to your kids about porn, it's a good idea to have these conversations no matter how hard they feel.

The mental and physical changes you go through during pregnancy can feel quite overwhelming. Almost every part of your body will be affected by hormonal fluctuations and the impact of your growing baby during the nine months, and for many women this includes their eyes and vision.

Many of the symptoms experienced during pregnancy should ease and eventually stop after your baby is born but it’s important to know which ones are normal and which ones you should seek some medical advice about. Fiona Gibb, director of professional midwifery at the Royal College of Midwives, tells Good To Know: “Eye issues during pregnancy are common and are usually a result of hormonal changes, however we would always encourage reporting any eye symptoms, including blurred vision, flashing lights or any visual disturbances to your midwife or obstetrician.”

We’ll take a closer look at all of the symptoms in this article and discuss what can be done to ease them or prevent them.

6 common eye issues during pregnancy

Pregnancy affects every woman differently and some people may not be troubled by eye problems at all. However, the changes to your metabolism, hormones, fluid retention and cardiovascular system mean it’s very normal for issues with your eyes and vision to arise. Below are some of the most common issues women experience.

1. Dry eyes

During your pregnancy, hormonal changes may mean that your body produces less tear fluid which can lead to dry eyes. This 2014 study states that this dryness is due to the higher levels of oestrogen and progesterone. As well as feeling dry, your eyes might also feel itchy, look red or have a burning sensation.

Dry eyes can be especially annoying if you wear contact lenses. However, opticians or pharmacists will be able to recommend eye drops which can ease the dryness and help keep your eyes hydrated. It may also help to take regular screen breaks and make sure you’re getting enough sleep.

2. Blurred vision

Blurred vision is another common eye problem during pregnancy. It’s caused when fluid retention temporarily changes the shape of your cornea (the outer layer of your eye which covers your iris and pupil). This can affect how light travels into your eye which is what causes the blurriness.

If the blurriness is causing issues with driving, work or reading then an optician may be able to give you a supply of different contact lenses or some temporary corrective glasses. Using eye drops and making sure your eyes don’t get overtired can help with blurred vision. It’s best to speak to your optician before you change your glasses or contact lens prescription because it’s likely that your eyes will return to normal once your baby is born.

Midwife Lizzie Zahoranksa-Earle, who runs antenatal classes for professionals and parents-to-be at Antenatal Training International, says blurred vision can also be associated with more serious pregnancy conditions such as gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and pre-eclampsia. “Your midwife will refer you for blood tests if your blood pressure is higher than normal (although it is normal to fluctuate through pregnancy anyway), but if you have any symptoms you do need to see someone straight away,” she says. We will discuss these more serious health conditions below.

3. Twitching

Eye twitching, also known as myokymia, is probably something you’ve also experienced when you’re not pregnant. It can happen when you’re tired or stressed or have had too much caffeine. It can affect both your upper and lower eyelids and while it’s not painful, it can be irritating. If you’re suffering from pregnancy insomnia you might find that your eyes feel very tired which may lead to twitching.

The NHS says that a deficiency in vitamin B12 and magnesium can also cause eye problems such as twitching so make sure you’re eating a balanced diet rich in protein like chicken and salmon, green leafy vegetables, bananas and avocado. If you’re experiencing severe twitching and vision problems, pain or your eyelids are drooping, contact your doctor as it could be a sign of something more serious.

4. Light sensitivity

GP Dr Deepali Misra-Sharp says: “Increased sensitivity to light (photophobia) can occur due to migraines (which can also be triggered by hormonal changes) or changes in the eyes’ function.” Warm compresses and eye drops may help ease

Light sensitivity is another common symptom in pregnancy, but if it’s accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling of your face and legs and a headache it could be a sign that you have preeclampsia. Speak to your doctor immediately or contact the maternity unit at your local hospital.

5. Puffy eyelids

Ophthalmologist Dr Samal Hamada, who works at Eye Clinic London, writes in this blog post that salt and water retention and fluctuating hormones can cause puffiness in your eyelids and around your eyes. While it can be frustrating and might make you feel more tired, it should not be painful. However, if you’re experiencing a severe headache along with the puffiness you should speak to your doctor immediately as it could be a symptom of pre-eclampsia.

Dr Hamada says staying hydrated, avoiding foods high in salt and a cold compress over your eyelids can all help ease this symptom.

6. Pigmentation

During pregnancy patches of skin on the face can become darker than others, including around the eyes. This is called melasma or chloasma, but it is reversible and should fade after the pregnancy. This study says that hormonal changes can lead to an increase in melanin, which is the substance that creates hair, eye and skin pigmentation. Wearing suncream and a hat can help prevent this pregnancy symptom, which is sometimes called the ‘mask of pregnancy’.

4 pregnancy health conditions that can affect vision

There are some more serious pregnancy-related health conditions which can affect your vision which you should be aware of. Your midwife will check for these during your routine antenatal appointments to make sure they’re treated properly and promptly. It’s very rare for any long term damage to be done to your eyes from these health conditions but we’ve outlined them below.

1. Hormonal changes

As we’ve mentioned above, changes in your oestrogen and progesterone levels during pregnancy can lead to changes in your tear production and corneal shape which can affect your eyes and vision. Fluctuating hormone levels can lead to dry eyes which can be uncomfortable but there are treatments that can help as we outlined above.

Higher levels of oestrogen can soften the cornea which may affect how light travels into your eyes. The change in light refraction can cause blurry vision and the dryness can make wearing contact lenses uncomfortable but again, treatment for this is available from pharmacies.

2. Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar which develops in some women during pregnancy but usually goes away when your baby is born. Women who are overweight or aged over 40 are more at risk and it usually begins in the second or third trimester. You may not know you have it which is why you will be offered a blood test (oral glucose tolerance test) if you have any of the risk factors.

If gestational diabetes has not been detected, some women may develop other symptoms and one of these relates to the eyes. Dr Misra-Sharp explains that high blood sugar “can lead to blurred vision due to blood sugar fluctuations affecting the eye lens”.

Women with gestational diabetes will be given a blood sugar testing kit and will be advised to amend their diet. They will be monitored closely and may be offered insulin tablets or injections if necessary.

Zahoranska-Earle explains more about diabetes and eyesight: “Diabetes causes retinopathy, which is basically the high levels of sugars causing damage to the retina, which over a prolonged period of time can cause bleeding blockages within the eye circulation. However pregnancy is not usually long enough in duration to cause damage in this way, plus gestational diabetes is usually caught and treated and managed very effectively”

3. Pre-eclampsia

One of the reasons your midwife will ask you to pee in a pot at every antenatal appointment is to check for protein in your urine. Protein is one of the early signs of pre-eclampsia, along with high blood pressure.

Pre-eclampsia is a dangerous condition which can lead to serious complications for both mum and baby and is most likely to happen in the second half of your pregnancy. While you may not know if you have protein in your pee or high blood pressure, you will notice if you start to get bad headaches, sudden swelling of your face, hands and feet and vision problems. Dr Misra-Sharp says these vision problems include blurred vision, the presence of flashing lights, vision loss and light sensitivity.

If you’re experiencing any of these you should seek medical attention immediately.

The NHS says people with the following conditions may be at higher risk of pre-eclampsia:

• Diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease before you were pregnant
• Autoimmune conditions such as lupus
• Pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy
• A family history of pre-eclampsia
• Aged 40 or over
• A BMI of 35 or more
• Expecting twins or triplets

4. Migraines

If you are familiar with migraines and their symptoms you will be aware that as well as a headache, they can also affect your eyesight. This is called aura and may include seeing zigzag lines or flashing lights. For many people aura is the first sign you’re going to have a migraine. Dr Misra-Sharp says migraines can also cause light sensitivity.

If you do suffer from migraines, you might be worried about whether this will affect you during your pregnancy too. The good news from the Migraine Trust is that many women experience fewer migraines during the second and third trimester of their pregnancies. The trust says: “​​This improvement may be due to the increased oestrogen levels and increased levels of natural pain-killing hormones (endorphins).” Unfortunately, this does mean that when your hormones settle back down to normal after the birth, your migraines may return, especially if you’re not breastfeeding.

The situation will be different for everyone and some women may experience migraines throughout their pregnancy, while others may not have any.

If you are planning to get pregnant and take regular medication for your migraines, you should speak to your doctor first. Some of the prescribed medicines are not safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding.

When to seek medical advice?

When you’re pregnant it’s always best to play it safe and seek medical attention if anything worries you. Your GP and midwife would always rather you tell them about any symptoms which are worrying you. When it comes to your eyesight, Dr Misra-Sharp says you should seek medical advice if it suddenly deteriorates or changes, for example with blurring, flashes or loss of vision.

If you have any symptoms of pre-eclampsia such as sudden swelling of your hands or face, severe headaches or seeing spots then you should immediately call your midwife, GP surgery or NHS 111.

Dr Misra-Sharp says if your “vision changes are accompanied by other symptoms like severe headaches, pain in the eyes, or dizziness” then you should get medical help.

Frequently asked questions

We spoke to the following experts

A new type of medical treatment has helped a toddler who was born deaf to be able to hear without a hearing aid.

Ears usually work by catching sound waves and directing them towards the ear canal, which goes in from the part of the ear that you can see. The sound waves cause vibrations inside ear. Part of the inner ear, the cochlea, looks like a snail’s shell. It is filled with lots of tiny hair cells that create a small electrical signal when they vibrate. The signal is sent to the brain, which understands it as sound.

Opal Sandy, who is 18 months old, was born with a condition called auditory neuropathy. This means that the hair cells inside her cochlea are damaged, so the sounds detected by her ear cannot be sent as signals to her brain. Auditory neuropathy can be caused by a gene that is faulty. Genes are short sections of DNA in the cells of every living thing. DNA instructs the body how to build and run itself.

Opal was chosen to take part in a medical trial called CHORD, which is testing a new form of treatment for children who have faulty genes that affect their hearing. The therapy worked by delivering a harmless virus into her inner ear. The clever virus carries a working version of the faulty gene, which then helps the damaged hair cells in the cochlea to repair themselves.

After a few weeks, Opal could hear loud sounds, such as clapping. Six months later, she had almost normal levels of hearing in the treated ear. She could even hear soft sounds, including whispers.

More deaf children from the UK, the US and Spain are going to be included in the trial so scientists can study the effects of the treatment. Their progress will be followed for the next five years. Professor Manohar Bance, who worked on the trial, said seeing the results was “very special”. He added, “It marks a new era in the treatment for deafness.”

What are cochlear implants?

Cochlear implants are electronic devices that are used by people who have damage to their inner ear. They give people the sensation of hearing. A small microphone picks up sound and a processor (tiny computer chip) converts this into a digital code. This is sent to a receiver under the skin, which then stimulates the cochlear nerve (the part of the ear that sends signals to the brain). When the brain receives the signal, it interprets it as sound.

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Parents and grandparents can help their kids become millionaires as adults with annual financial contributions that are smaller than you might think.

We all want to see our kids become financially secure adults, and this isn't quite as impossible as it might seem. Parents can save for their kids by adopting clever spending habits and learning how to save money on streaming services. There's even brilliantly savvy ways for Tesco customers to save money with clubcard vouchers.

However, none of that will make your child a millionaire though - or will it? Financial services company Hargreaves Lansdown calculated that contributing the maximum £9,000 annually to a junior ISA from the time your child is born could mean that they end up with £255,000 by the time they’re 18. 

If you were to then continue with an annual contribution of £5,000 to their ISA, they could hit £1 million by the time they’re 43. And, if £3,600 per year is put into a junior SIPP, they could have a pension pot of almost £98,000 by the time they’re 18. 

Rob Burgeman from investment company RBC Brewin Dolphin says, via TeessideLive: "A more modest pot of £50,000-£100,000 will certainly be within the reach of many. Starting at birth, a £50,000 pot could be built by the child's 18th birthday on contributions of roughly £150 a month, assuming annualised returns of five per cent after charges. Increase the contribution to £300 a month, and the junior ISA will be looking at a windfall of around £100,000."

Helen Morrissey, head of retirement analysis at Hargreaves Lansdown, says, per BirminghamLive: “Becoming a millionaire may feel like an impossible dream for most of us, but if you can start people off early on their investment journey, it's more achievable than you might think.

“Junior ISAs and SIPPs are a great way to help build the financial resilience of a child or grandchild, with the combination of regular contributions and long-term investment growth building a firm foundation upon which they can build as they get older.

"Starting your loved one's savings journey early gives them an enormous advantage over the long-term. The increased time in the market can really pay off. It can also act as an important early lesson in the power of investment in making the most of their money.

"Watching their money grow over time can boost their confidence and spark a lifelong interest in investing."

Of course, not all parents and grandparents will be in a position to contribute some of the figures mentioned above to their child’s ISA or SIPP, but smaller contributions can quickly add up, too, to give your kids a valuable nest egg as they get older. 

In related news, here are six clever ways to save for your child's future and here are the best bank accounts for kids and how to choose the right one. Here’s how to teach kids about money, while Martin Lewis has told MPs how we need financial education 'in EVERY school for EVERY child'. 

Sarah Swann, 44, and her husband spent £60,000 to fulfil their dreams of parenthood. Here, she shares their story...

Logging into my banking app, I transferred money into my savings, just like every payday. It was September 2014, and alongside working full-time in retail, I also worked part-time as a DJ. I loved hyping up crowds at parties and nightclubs. But I was very sensible when it came to finances, and so was my husband Paul, a landscape gardener.

We’d gone without holidays to buy our home together in Hertfordshire in 2009, and while we had a credit card for emergencies, we rarely used it. Now, as we checked our joint savings account, I said, "We’re building up a nice nest egg," and Paul and I exchanged excited smiles.

Having married in June 2014, after knowing each other since secondary school, we’d decided to start a family. Our savings would be invaluable for buying essentials like a cot, pram and highchair. But months passed. "It will happen soon, don’t worry," Paul reassured me in January 2015, as we stared in disappointment at another negative pregnancy test.

After two years without success, our GP referred us for fertility tests. With no clear answers, we were put on the waiting list for IVF treatment and three years drifted by before our first appointment at Bourn Hall Clinic, in February 2020, when I was 40.

The first cycle of treatment, which was NHS-funded, required medication and injections to stimulate egg production, before multiple eggs were harvested, four of which were used to create and freeze precious embryos. Sadly, they remained on ice, due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, and we had our first embryo transfer in October 2020. But a negative pregnancy test two weeks later dashed our hopes, which was so upsetting, particularly because so many of our friends were having babies.

"Why isn’t it happening for us?" I’d cry to Paul. After the NHS-funded cycle, we dipped into our savings to pay for further treatments. Over the next two years, we had three further cycles of unsuccessful IVF, costing up to £10,000 a time. By early 2022, we were researching other options including a clinic in Prague, which offered different treatment plans and protocols. However, further treatment would have serious financial implications.

Although we both worked full-time, the cost of fertility treatment was a real worry. "Our savings account will be empty soon," I sighed to Paul in February 2022 as we booked flights to Prague, withdrawing thousands of pounds to fund treatment.

An initial transfer of two embryos was unsuccessful and by summer, our fertility specialist in Prague had prescribed so many different tablets and injections that I needed to wheel a small suitcase around when I visited venues for work. That autumn, having spent around £40,000, our savings had officially run out. With our monthly earnings needed to pay our mortgage and bills, we only had one option left. 'We’ll have to pay for the next IVF cycle on our credit card,’ Paul sighed.

We’d had always worked hard to avoid debt but, then aged 42 and 46, it felt like time was running out. We flew to Prague in October 2022 for another embryo transfer, putting the £2,500 cost on our credit card. Incredibly, a pregnancy test two weeks later was positive.

However, during a viability scan at a private clinic in late November 2022, we were warned that the embryo was worryingly small and. At our 12-week scan at the Lister Hospital, Stevenage, in December 2022 there was no heartbeat. I broke down as Paul wrapped his arms around me. Days later, I miscarried at home, which was awful. But one thing kept us going. "At least now we know we can conceive," I told Paul.

Our specialist in Prague suggested a new combination of medication, and we paid for one more round of treatment on our credit card, taking our total spend to £60,000. Our quest to have a baby had decimated our savings and landed us in debt.

"If this doesn’t work, I don’t know what we’ll do," I sighed, flying out to Prague for our final embryo transfer in June 2023. But back home, a pregnancy test revealed I was two weeks pregnant.

We stopped ourselves getting too excited until an early six-week scan, which we paid for privately. I prepared myself for more heartache until the sonographer smiled and said, "Congratulations, Mama... That’s a strong, healthy heartbeat." At our 20-week scan, we saw a little face and limbs on the screen, and at 26 weeks, we shared the news with family and friends, and finally bought a cot and pram.

Feeling my baby’s kicks and seeing my bump grow felt like a dream come true. And on 1 February 2024, Paul held my hand at Lister Hospital as our daughter Lily May Eve was delivered by C-section, weighing 7lb 3oz.

"I’m your mummy," I wept, as she was placed gently in my arms. Taking Lily home the next day was wonderful. She was a dream baby, feeding and sleeping well but even the occasional difficult nights were manageable because, after all, we’d waited a long time to be able to talk about having sleepless nights with our newborn.

Now aged five months, our girl is a little smiler who brings us constant joy. She was worth the wait and expense. We know some people may judge us for spending £60,000 on getting our baby. We won’t be enjoying lavish holidays because we’ll be paying off our credit card debt for years to come, but we’re happy. Aside from the essentials, babies really only need love – and that’s something we have in endless supply.

Mum Punteha and her eight year old daughter Amelia put the new Shimmerverse Pixlings doll and pet from Magic Mixies through it's paces to feed back on what it's like to play with and if it's worth your money.

If you're not familiar with the Magic Mixies offering, it's a range of mix and make toys that require your child to complete a series of engaging steps before magically revealing a special toy. These kinds of toys are best for children aged five and over (but do check the specific toy before you buy). Toys like this are not only super engaging for kids, but they'll also spark their imagination and help introduce them to the concept of delayed gratification.

One of the newest additions to the range is the Shimmerverse Pixlings doll and pet (it works in a similar way to the original Pixlings doll that we've reviewed previously). You might also like our review of another new addition to the range, the Pixie Supreme Magic Mirror.

Packaging and set up

"It came in a vertical plastic double-layered jar with a large screw-top plastic lid, and peel away plastic wrapping. There was no further external packaging," says Punteha. "The point of the jar was for a magic liquid potion to be added, and some steps follows before you open the lid up and remove the Pixling and her Pet, a 'Pegacorn' from it.

"Afterwards, there is no need to keep the jar and it is a sizeable amount of plastic to dispose of (30x17x16cm). It is unclear if this jar section can be recycled or not, but we have chosen to reuse ours to store craft items in so the plastic doesn't immediately go to waste.

In the box, you get:

• The Pixling doll
• The Pegacorn pet (it's half pegasus, half unicorn)
• Potion ingredients including colour liquid, fizzing moon rock, and dissolvable paper shapes
• A collectors guide and instruction manual

What's the play experience like?

Punteha says: "It definitely kept my daughter's interest as it was unusual, unique, and fun to do." As you mix the potion ingredients together in the bottle (you will need to add a bit of water), they combine to create a mystical (and shimmery) navy blue potion. Then as you say the magical words 'Magicus Mixus', you press and trist the gem on the top of the bottle and watch at the dark liquid turns clear, and reveals the doll and her pet in the centre of the bottle. Don't worry, they're kept away from the potion liquid, so they're not all soggy when you get them out. Punteha adds: "I lost count of the number of times Amelia shouted, 'Cool!' throughout the process. She really was in awe at various points and I can't blame her. The toy is seriously cool."

However, for the reveal part of this toy, adult supervision may be required as there are multiple steps to follow and it may get a little messy. as Punteha explains: "Though my daughter can read very well (she is a free reader at school), she was not able to follow the steps without supervision. There was a certain amount of stiffness to the toy's lid as well which took adult supervision. An older child may well be able to do it alone but I wonder at what age a child may no longer be interested in this. We needed scissors to open the liquid magic potions, a tray to capture the liquid mess, and paper towels to clear up the spills.

"I thought it would have less steps and be simpler to setup and use. As a parent who has a full-on job, chronic pain and limited energy, having to take my child through more than a dozen steps, many of which were messy and not possible to complete without supervision, this toy was harder to get going on than expected.

"It's also not a quick process. Be prepared to spend around 45 minutes working through the steps. You have to unbox, read the instructions and not all of them will make sense until you're at the step itself. It is not entirely intuitive and some of the instructions are not as clear as I would have liked. It left room for error which resulted in bit of a mess where the adding of the liquid portion was concerned because while the twist top lid of the jar needs to be kept shut to stop the liquid spilling out, there is another separate twist function that mixes the potion together."

Once you've revealed the Pixling doll and her Pegacorn, they can be played with again and again, but the magic potion part is sadly a one time deal. But both the doll and the pegacorn are really engaging in their own right. They are incredibly detailed, posable and kids will love their other-worldliness. Punteha adds: "The doll quality is great as expected with lovely rainbow colored synthetic hair that doesn't immediately become a tangled mess!"

Is it worth the money?

Punteha definitely thinks this unique toy is worth the money, saying: "The disappearing potion element is fun for children and adults alike, and it's good value for money. The potion fun makes it a special experience to have with your child. My daughter had a lot of excitement throughout the various stages and really enjoyed playing with the items it came with. It would make a really lovely birthday or Christmas present and a nice thing to do together with a child.

"The potion is certainly a novelty and something interesting to do. It does feel a bit of a gimmicky feature but the toys it comes with are of good quality and you might expect to pay that much for a doll and her pet on their own, if not more, so with the magic potion elements added on, I think they are good value for money. A barbie horse I looked at alone was £30 recently, and a doll of this this size and quality, you can easily expect to pay at least £20 for.

Overall, both Punteha and Amelia were big fans of the toy, despite the fact it got a little messy. "I had no idea what type of 'magic' the potion element would involve and was impressed by the mystical nature of it all. The way the inky potion cleared in the outer layer of the jar was unique and impressive and I still haven't figured out how that worked!"

Whining is difficult to hear, and just as hard to get to the bottom of - psychologist, Dr Becky, shares simple tricks for parents to respond to whining positively.

Helping your child with their emotions is one of the hardest parts of parenting - teaching them how to manage their anger and remaining empathetic when learning how to handle tantrums, isn't easy for any caregiver. Whining can be particularly difficult to hear - a relentless noise that symbolises your child has a need, but sometimes even they don't know what that is. 

Role modelling how your children can talk to you and convey their needs without shame, is a good place to start when responding to whining. However, child psychologist Dr Becky outlines five great ways to try when responding to a whining child, and here's what she has to say.

1. Humour. Make light of the whining, asking “How did that whine get in here?” or ‘throwing’ the whine out. “Say, ‘Whew! It is O-U-T, OUT! Okay, sorry, what did you ask for? Ice in your water? Sure, I’ll grab you some’,” advises Dr Becky.
2. Model the request yourself. Model the request without whining. Say, for example, “Dad, can you please grab me that book? Thank you,” and then say in your own voice, “Oh sure sweetie, no problem.” Simply move on after that, with no lecture required. 
3. Permit protest. Let your child know that they’re allowed to dislike or not agree with your decision. This doesn’t mean that you’ll change their mind on the decision, but they’re perfectly allowed to have their own views on it. 
4. The Fill-Up Game. Dr Becky recommends saying something like, “Oh no! I think you’re not filled up with Mummy,” before giving your child successive hugs and adding one more for “extra Mummy.”
5. Empathy and boundary. Be empathetic, telling your child that you appreciate how difficult it can be to be a kid and not have as much control and freedom as an adult. But at the same time, they still have to do the thing they’re whining about – you can be firm and loving at the same time. 

“Whining is a sign of desire and powerlessness, and there’s not many things that are harder than feeling those two things together,” says Dr Becky. “Kids whine because they often feel alone and unseen in their desires. Of course, our job as parents is to make decisions that we feel are right for our kids, even in the face of protest—but this doesn’t mean we can’t say “No” and still connect to their feelings.”

She explains, “The other day at lunch, my son whined for a grilled cheese cut into pieces. I paused and thought, ‘Huh. My son is actually asking me to hold a boundary, so he can let out some feelings. He is whining and being so unreasonable as a way of saying to me, ‘Mommy, be firm, provide a sturdy container for me. I need a good cry’’.”

I stopped trying to make things better and just said, “These are our food choices today. Nothing feels good, huh? Nothing feels like you want it to.” He screamed and protested and cried. He needed it.

If you’d like more advice, here are six signs you’re raising an emotionally intelligent child and this is the 'incredibly helpful' 30-second rule – liked by nearly 2 million people – that your kid needs to know about. For more from Dr Becky, she explains how to support a child with ‘explosive’ emotions, and the three tips to set screen time boundaries.

Learning to think before you speak helps you to express yourself better. Besides improving your communication skills, it stops you saying things you might come to regret.

If you’ve ever shared an embarrassing story about yourself or someone else or said something mean in the heat of the moment, you’ll know how easy it is to say things you wish you could take back. Research shows this is more likely to happen during an argument because our brains release chemicals when we’re stressed or upset that make it hard to manage our emotions. This can lead us to say and do things we regret. Thinking carefully before you speak gives you time to consider your words and the effect they’ll have before saying them out loud.

Whether you’re talking face-to-face or sharing something online, it’s hard to take something back once you’ve said it. Pausing before you speak (or press “send” if you’re online) gives you the chance to choose your words carefully. It also helps you stay true to your values. Saying something unkind, for example, can hurt someone else’s feelings and make you feel guilty or embarrassed later.

Henry Ortiz is a psychologist (an expert in thoughts and feelings) who says an angry argument is like a game of tug of war. “The harder you pull your end of the rope, the more the other person resists you,” he explains. So speaking when your mind feels clear and calm helps you communicate your views and ideas more clearly.

Learn to think first

If you have something important to say, try to be aware of your mood before speaking. When you are angry you are more likely to say or send something hurtful, so Ortiz recommends waiting until you feel more calm.

If you get annoyed or upset in the middle of a conversation, communications expert Brad Bushman suggests taking a break until you feel more level-headed. “My grandma used to tell me that before you say or do anything [while you are angry], you should count to 10 before you respond” he says.

Think first to choose the right words

• True: Is what you’re saying true or just a rumour?
• Helpful: Are you giving advice or helping others?
• Inspiring: Are your words encouraging or uplifting?
• Necessary: Is there a better time to share your thoughts?
• Kind: Are your words kind?

Use the five senses game to calm down before speaking. Say in your head or out loud five things you can see; four things you can touch; three things you can hear; two things you can smell; and one thing you can taste. Take a breath in between everything you name.

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Raising a family is expensive, so knowing how to save money as a parent is crucial if you want to make your family's budget go further, and build a savings pot for the future. The last couple of years have seen budgets stretched more than ever before, leaving households scrambling to figure out how to make extra money to help make ends meet.

Even if your finances have weathered the cost of living crisis storm, it's always going to be worth cutting costs where you can. Personal finance analyst Alice Haine from Bestinvest says: "By slashing the amount you spend on everyday bills and cutting costs elsewhere, you can quickly create a small sum that will either boost your current account or be saved or invested into a separate pot for a rainy day."

Follows these family-friendly tips to reduce how much you spend on things like days out, entertainment, toys and food to ease the pressure on your budget and put more money away for your family's future.

1. Swap takeaways for fakeaways 

Takeaways are all too tempting for tired and busy parents, but they are much more expensive than cooking food at home. If you have a weekly takeaway treat, try to reduce it to once a month instead as a way to save money. You could always try making a homemade takeaway whenever you get a craving for your favourite fast food.

2. Create snack packs for whenever you leave the house

We've all been there. You nip out with your little human, packing everything you need for changeable weather and to keep them entertained, but when they utter those three little words 'I am hungry' you realise that you have no snacks in your bag and have to resort to buying them while you're out. But this can prove really expensive, especially if you are somewhere like a theme park or zoo.

Instead, make up a few snack packs using non-perishable snackarooneys that you can leave in key places, like your handbag, car or byy the front door, so you can avoid getting caught out again.

3. Start a babysitting circle

As any parent will attest, taking time away from the kids for yourself, or for you and your partner, is key to keeping on top of your own mental health and wellbeing. But forking out for a babysitter can often put parents off taking this valuable step. But setting up a babysitting circle with your friends can be a great way to help each other out, without breaking the bank. To keep it fair, try setting up a rota, or work on a token system, where you earn a token every time you babysit, and it costs a token to get a babysitter.

4. Label your child's school uniform and other belongings

Sometimes, saving money is about making what you do buy last as long as possible. When it comes to your child's belongings or school uniform, this means making sure everything is labelled with their name so it can be returned to you if it gets left at a friend's house or in a classroom at the end of the school day. You can buy simple personalised washable and no-iron labels on Amazon for around £10-15. Some even come with cute designs, like this Amazon bestsellers.

5. Make your own playdough

Looking for a really inexpensive way to keep kids entertained? Why not make your own playdough? Let kids pick their favourite colours and let them unleash their creativity. To make your own, you will need:

• 1 cup flour
• 2 tbsp cream of tartar (which you can get in the baking aisle at the supermarket)
• ½ cup salt
• 1 to 2 tbsp cooking oil
• 1 cup water
• food colouring

Mix the flour, cream of tartar and salt in a saucepan. Add the water and oil and cook over medium heat until thick. At this stage you can either add a few drops of food colouring to the mixture and kneed in. If you want two colours, split the mixture and add different colours to each half. Then hey presto, home-made playdough.

6. Swap toys and clothes with other families

Buying toys and clothes for your kids can be expensive, especially when they outgrow things so quickly. But remember, this is the same in every family, so why not team up with neighbours, friends and school mums and see if you can arrange a toy or clothing swap? This works best if you can set up a group of parents with kids of different ages, but if your kids are the same age, it's a good way to swap toys your kids no longer play with for something new to them.

7. Make packed lunches

Making packed lunches for the whole family is a no-brainer when it comes to saving money, especially when you tot it up over the course of a week. If mornings are hectic in your family (we hear ya!), then it's a good idea to get into the habit of making lunches the night before. It can also help to give everyone in the family their own colour-coded lunchbox so that there's no worry about someone taking the wrong lunch to school or work.

8. Accept hand me downs

There's no shame in accepting hand me downs if you are trying to save money. In a lot of cases, you'll be helping someone out by helping them find a new home for their belongings. As well as easing the strain on your bank balance, it's also really good for the planet and reduces the amount being sent to landfill.

9. Buy own brand painkillers

In many cases, if you choose to buy branded medicines, you're paying more for the brand name and a snazzier box, rather than for high quality or more effective ingredients. When you're looking to buy medicine, check the branded box for a nine digit code, which is called the Product Licence Code. Then take a look at the retailer's own brand version. If the two codes match, it's not just the same active ingredient, it's the exact same tablets. Check out this real life example highlighted by money saving expert Martin Lewis.

10. Shop around for fuel

While we have been benefitting from a temporary fuel duty cut since March 2022, this is due to end in March 2024, so it's vital that you keep an eye on how much you are paying for fuel, especially if you need your car for the school run and weekend activities with the family. Use this fuel prices tool from Go.Compare to find the cheapest fuel near you.

Remember there are lots of other ways to save money on fuel, including keeping your tyres inflated, accelerating and braking gently and not driving around with unnecessary cargo. Car sharing where you can and avoiding unnecessary short journeys can also help you to use less fuel.

11. Grow your own veg

Save money and start a hobby with your kids by growing your own vegetables. For beginners, veggies like beetroot, potatoes, salad leaves, peas, radishes and courgettes are a good starting point. And if you don't have the garden space to plant your seeds, according to Gardener's World there are lots of things you can grow in bags, pots and even on your windowsill.

12. Book early and in advance for any activities

Keeping the kids occupied can gouge a big chunk out of the family budget especially in the school holidays. Save money by booking big trips to the likes of zoos and theme parks online rather than rocking up on the day, or see if you can cash in supermarket loyalty points. You could also keep your eyes peeled for free adult ticket promotions that regular appear on Kelloggs cereal boxes.

13. Do you really need a TV licence?

If you exclusively use streaming services to watch boxed-sets or films on demand, but are still paying for a TV licence, you may be wasting money. You need a TV licence if you watch or record live TV, on any channel or streaming service. But if you only watch programmes on demand (with the exception of BBC iPlayer), you don’t actually need a TV licence so could save yourself £159 per year (if you pay annually), rising to £169.50 from April 2024.

14. Team up with another family for days out and holidays

Joining forces with another family on things like day trips, mini breaks or holiday can be a great way to share the cost on things like accommodation, car hire and fuel costs. You could also benefit from discounts on group entry tickets to popular attractions. Make sure you agree how joint costs will be split ahead of time to avoid any fallouts.

15. Be a savvy shopper

Whether you are shopping online or in a shop or supermarket, keep in mind that a retailer is always trying its best to make you buy things - and the more things the better. It might be that it displays more expensive items at eye level with cheaper items lower down, or sends you regular emails with multibuy or money-off offers. (We reveal the sneaky supermarket tricks to look out for!).

GoodtoKnow’s Money Editor Sarah Handley says: “If you’re looking to save money, you need to be savvy about all of the moves that retailers make to encourage you to buy things you don’t necessarily need. To avoid temptation, unsubscribe to the emails, turn off app notifications and plan purchases ahead of time and budget for them rather than buying on impulse.”

16. Try a different supermarket

Switching to a different supermarket can be a great way to save money on your food shopping, especially when you consider the price difference between the most expensive and cheapest supermarket. Buying online if possible is a great option. It’ll help you avoid impulse buys, and you can check your fridge, freezer and cupboards as you are adding items to your basket to avoid buying items you don’t need. But if you do buy online, try to choose the collection option rather than delivery to keep costs low. If you do need your shopping to be delivered, try to be flexible on the day and time you want it delivered to get the cheapest delivery price.

17. Remember your loyalty card - and your bags

If you’re shopping somewhere with a loyalty scheme, make sure you flash your supermarket loyalty card. In some cases, you’ll get exclusive discounts or coupons, and in others you’ll be able to exchange loyalty points for things like restaurant vouchers, theme-park and cinema tickets and more. Save enough points and you can get a family day out for free! Also remember to take your own bags with you - you can pay anywhere from 10p to 50p for a reusable bag from your local supermarket which can soon tot up if you are doing a big shop.

18. Try to reduce leftovers

We throw away a whopping £700 of food per household each year but there’s lots of ways to reduce food waste..

This might be:

•  Using every part of the fruit and vegetables that you buy 
•  Making your own stocks and sauces 
•  Freezing leftovers 
•  Having a ‘use up’ day once a week.

You can always try using your freezer more to increase the shelf life of your shop. You can try this cheese hack if you're wondering whether you can freeze cheese, or even try freezing avocado or cooked pasta.

19. Buy a brand level lower

If you normally buy branded products, like Walkers, Kelloggs or Coca Cola, try buying supermarket own brands instead. If you already buy supermarket own brands, then try out the value or basics range to see if you can tell the difference. In many cases, you and your family won't notice the difference anywhere other than your bank account. To test the waters, try it with the following items:

•  Rice and pasta 
•  Over the counter medications, such as paracetamol or hay fever tablets 
•  Hand soap and shower gel 
•  Canned foods like beans and chopped tomatoes 
•  Cereals 
•  Nappies 
•  Baby wipes 
•  Washing up liquid 
•  Laundry detergent

Even if you end up going back to old favourites for some items, if you stick to the new brand level for certain products, you’ll save some money.

20. Don't leave appliances on standby

Many of us tend to think of an appliance on standby as being off. But when you look at it in terms of energy consumption, ‘standby’ and ‘off’ are two very different things. Some appliances can even use as much energy while on standby as they do when they are on, which means you could be wasting money unnecessarily.

Another way to reduce your energy use is to use a smart plug, which can be really useful for devices in kids bedrooms. A smart plug will allow you to control them from your smartphone, and turn them off remotely. As well as saving energy, this can also help you if you need to impose a cut off time for your kids using specific devices.

21. Do you really need to use a tumble dryer?

When you are doing family-sizes loads of washing, sometimes multiple times per week, your tumble dryer will feel like an essential. But tumble dryers are energy-guzzling appliances, so it makes sense to use this particular appliance less, where you can. If you’re looking for how to dry clothes without a dryer, you might choose to dry your clothes outside on dry days, or dry them on an airer or on radiators indoors. We've ranked the cheapest way to dry clothes to help. If you need to dry clothes quicker, it could be worth investing in a heated airer or a dehumidifier which both cost less to run than a tumble dryer.

22. Turn the thermostat down

According to the Energy Saving Trust, you can save around £80 a year by turning your thermostat down by just one degree - and it’s likely you and your family won’t even notice a difference in your comfort levels. You could also look at how many hours a day you have the heating on, and see if you can reduce that number to help save money.

23. Bleed your radiators

Bleeding your radiators can help your heating system work more efficiently, improving how effectively your home is heated. This means you might be able to have your heating on less which can save you money. It’s an easy task to complete yourself. You just need a towel, a bowl to catch any drips and a radiator key.

24. Do you qualify for any council tax discounts?

Council tax is one of those priority bills that you must pay, however there’s still ways to save. Check what qualifies for council tax reduction and whether your circumstances mean you are eligible (if you're a single parent, definitely check out whether you could be receiving a 25 per cent discount on your bill. Even if you don't qualify for a discount, you can reduce how much council tax you pay each month by arranging to pay your annual fee in 12 monthly instalments rather than 10.

25. Save on train travel

If you’re after cheap train tickets, book in advance and see if you can save by split ticketing, where it can cost less to buy one or more tickets to cover a single journey on the same train. With rising pump prices – filling up the car is a luxury so you could save money taking the train instead of driving. Plus you’ll save on car parking too!

26. Buy second hand

Whether it’s clothes, homewares or toys and games - buying second hand is a brilliant way to spend less and save money. Local charity shops are a good choice, but you can also check out apps like Vinted, Depop and Preloved, as well as eBay and Facebook Marketplace. You can get in on the action and sell your unwanted items online too. Read our guides to how to sell clothes online and how to sell your old gadgets for clear tips to see you through the process.

27. Buy in bulk or extra value sizes

Buying extra value sizes (or buying in bulk) can be a great way to save money on household and food items, like toilet roll, surface cleaner, washing tabs, crisps and cereal. But it’ll only prove to be a bargain if you use up everything you buy. Avoid bulk buying a product you’ve never used before, even if it’s a good deal, because if you don’t like it, you're either lumbered with having to use up a product you hate, or you’ll end up buying an alternative.

28. Cut your childcare costs

Pay for child care while you work? See if you're eligible for 30 hours free childcare or claim some cash back from combination of Working Tax Credits, or the new tax-free childcare scheme that pays out up to £2,000 per child. Different options suit different people, but it’s worth wading through the Government website Childcare Choices to find what works for you.

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For many women, having a baby is the third point on their life checklist. First, you chase your dream job, next you settle into a loving relationship, then you think about having children. But, for me, things didn’t happen quite that way. I’d got to my early 30s with a good job and a lovely home – and no sign of a man. All I wanted was a baby, but how could I become a mum on my own?

Even as a little girl, I’d pictured myself as a mother, cradling my toy dolls like an adoring parent. As I got older, I loved kids and at 21, I got the job of my dreams, as a nursery nurse. It might have been hectic and exhausting, but being around children all day filled me with joy.

I’d always thought I’d be pregnant in my early 20s but, at 25, I started to feel like life was passing me by. I had a lovely flat, a job I loved and busy weekends spent with friends and family. I didn’t mind being single, my life felt full, yet I craved holding my own baby in my arms.

So I signed up for a dating app and, over the next couple of years, I met perfectly nice men, but just never found the spark I was looking for. By the time I was 30, I’d given up on dating and was no closer to finding a partner. Panic was starting to set in, as I knew it would be harder to conceive the older I got. Then when lockdown hit in 2020, the nursery closed and I used the free time I had to research fertility treatments. For a while, I’d been thinking about using a sperm donor to conceive.

It wasn’t the route I ever imagined taking to have a baby, but being a mum meant far more to me than a relationship. I was shocked to discover, though, that IVF would set me back between £15k and £30k. I’m not from a rich family and my wage from the nursery wasn’t huge, I simply couldn’t afford it. I had a bit in savings, but nowhere near enough.

Then I read about IUI – intrauterine insemination. It involved placing sperm directly into the uterus, near the fallopian tube, to increase the chances of conceiving. At £3,000, it was much cheaper than IVF and with a bit more saving, I could afford it.

Then in September 2020, I celebrated my 32nd birthday and my mum Bronwyn, then 62, and stepdad David, 72, came over with chocolate cake – and to discuss some unexpected news. I’d inherited £1,000 from my grandma, who’d passed away earlier that year. It wasn’t a life-changing sum, but instantly I knew how I wanted to spend it.

Nervously, I told my parents about the IUI treatment, expecting them to dismiss the idea as ‘ridiculous’ and try to talk me out of it. Instead, they smiled and told me they’d support whatever I wanted to do.

Just four months later, in January 2021, I had my first round of IUI. After that failed, I went ahead with a second round a month later. When the pregnancy test showed up negative once again, I was distraught. Perhaps naively, I’d not really prepared myself for it failing and I had to take some time off work and see a counsellor. I was overwhelmed with the thought that this wasn’t going to happen for me. I had no more money and couldn’t face waiting for Mr Right, who might never show.

Then a few months later, my mum rang with an idea. She’d found out about egg sharing. It involved donating half of your eggs to another patient and then you would receive a free round of IVF yourself. Immediately, I knew I wanted to do it. The chances of conceiving would be higher with IVF, plus I’d be helping someone else have their own baby.

I did worry about how I'd feel if my eggs gave another woman a baby while my own IVF failed, but I tried to focus on a positive outcome for us both.

In September 2021, 17 of my eggs were harvested. Nine I kept and the other eight were passed on to someone else. A month on, I had my first round of IVF, using sperm I’d chosen from a list of profiles. Just like with online dating, I’d spent an evening trawling through profiles – only this time, not for a date, but for a sperm donor. The man I chose was 6ft tall with brown hair and blue eyes – someone that I thought I’d likely find attractive.

Two weeks later, it was time for a pregnancy test. I woke up at 5am, full of nerves. But as I sat in the bathroom waiting for the test result, I was ecstatic when it showed a strong second line – something I’d never witnessed before.

At 5.30am I rang my mum, waking her up with the news and as we cried and squealed together, I had never felt so happy. As my pregnancy progressed, I loved seeing my bump grow. At 20 weeks, my best friend Sarah, then 33, came with me for my scan. I’d always pictured having a little girl so, to avoid disappointment, I’d been forcing myself to imagine a little boy, even thinking of boys’ names and I bought some boys’ clothes.

But when the sonographer confirmed I was having my much longed-for little girl, I cried with happiness.

My daughter Esme was born on the 15 July 2022 by caesarean, weighing 7lb 7oz. That moment I held her for the first time is one I’ll cherish forever. All those years of worry, fear and panic that I’d never be a mum disappeared and in its place was an overwhelming rush of love.

Even at home, as I juggled night feeds alone and sleep deprivation crept in, I felt nothing but gratitude, just so thankful that I finally had my baby. Besides, Esme was just perfect – sleeping through the night from six weeks old and always so happy and content. She’s two now and is a feisty, sassy little girl with beautiful curls and blue eyes.

I will always be open and honest with Esme about her conception. However, people are often curious about how she will cope without knowing her father. The truth is that she is surrounded by an abundance of love and that’s all that really matters.

Recently, I discovered that one of my eggs helped another woman have a baby – a little boy – which I am thrilled to hear. I won’t lie, it does feel a bit strange to think there’s another child out there who’s biologically mine – a brother to Esme – but he doesn’t belong to me and I know that he has parents who love him.

I still have four more frozen embryos at the clinic, but I already feel so blessed and grateful to have Esme. Being her mum is everything I’d ever wished for – and more.

From your baby smiling at you to just being able to drink a cuppa without reheating it, we rely on these little victories to get us through the day

Being a parent can be difficult, but there are things that make it all worth it – from memorable milestones like the first day of school and your baby’s first word , to those little wins that just help you get through the day. Modern parents can find themselves burnt out and stressed, but a new survey found it's the little things that keep them going the most - uncovering the top 20 parenting wins that keep parents going.  

The survey involved 1,000 new parents, with researchers asking them about their favourite small victories of parenthood. The top parenting win, perhaps unsurprisingly, was your baby smiling at you, with almost half (47%) of parents calling it a win. It’s tied at the top with 47% of parents also considering it a win when the baby sleeps through the night.

To round up the top five wins, 36% of parents described their baby finding joy in eating something new as a favourite small victory, while another 36% spoke about their babies eating all their food without complaint. 

Next up are a stranger commenting on how cute they are (34%), when they’re looking at the camera for a picture (31%), when you get to keep the house tidy for an entire day (29%), when they’ve had a good day at nursery or with their childminder or carer (28%), and making a cup of tea and drinking it hot without needing to reheat it (28%). 

Also among the top 20 are going a day without a leaky nappy, managing the transition from car seat to cot without waking the baby up, and getting through the first outing without a meltdown.

According to the study, parents experience an average of five wins each week during the baby and toddler stages, with 62% of parents saying they feel extremely proud of their child, and 53% feeling like successful parents. 

37% of parents like to capture their wins with a photo, while 20% enjoy rewarding themselves with a well-earned cup of tea. A huge 98% of parents needed to Google something related to childcare in their first year of parenting, with 70% finding having a child to be more challenging than they thought, so it’s unsurprising that 82% described these little wins as helping them through the difficult periods. 

Almost seven in 10 parents (69%) say they took sleep for granted before kids, with 59% missing the opportunity to leave the house quickly. But that said, 87% of parents agree that having a baby is the best thing to ever happen to them. 

Susanne Bisinotto, spokesperson for Vitabiotics Wellbaby vitamins, which commissioned the study, said: "When you have a baby, you start to appreciate getting the basics right and anything else is a bonus. Given how tiring days can be, it's no surprise that parents consider it a win when their child sleeps through the night. Another common concern is ensuring the baby gets all the necessary nutrients, especially as they can be fussy as they grow into toddlers.

“It's great to see how these small accomplishments, like a child eating all their food, can have such a positive impact on parents. All mums and dads deserve a celebratory cup of tea to mark the occasion... it's just a case of if they have time to."

The full list includes:

1. When the baby smiles at me (47%)
2. The baby sleeping through the night (47%)
3. When the baby giggles (40%)
4. Them finding joy in eating something new (36%)
5. Them eating all of their food without complaint (36%)
6. A stranger commenting on how cute they are (34%)
7. When they are looking at the camera for a picture (31%)
8. Keeping the house tidy for an entire day (29%)
9. When they’ve had a good day at nursery/with childminder or carer (28%)
10. Making a cup of tea and drinking it hot without having to reheat it (28%)
11. When there isn’t much clearing up to do after they’ve eaten (28%)
12. When people compliment the baby name you chose (27%)
13. Finding a convenient place to change a nappy when in public (27%)
14. A day when the nappies didn’t leak (26%)
15. Getting through the first illness (26%)
16. Nailing the nap schedule (25%)
17. Successfully managing ‘the transition’ from the car seat to the cot when they’re asleep (24%)
18. Simply washing my hair on any given day (24%)
19. The first outing without meltdowns (24%)
20. Simply finishing a day without bursting into tears (24%)

In other parenting news, 'digital soothing' for kids can cause more harm than we realise, and experts reveal how 'second best parenting' is empowering parents. Take a look at these eight foods that could harm your child’s teeth, too, while here are some simple ways to help kids build creativity and emotional intelligence.

Baby names inspired by ancient mythologies are becoming more popular according to research, often inspired by TV and film popularising historical characters further. 

Naming your children can be tricky, with so many options out there – do you go back a few decades for a 1940s baby name, plump for one from the ‘80s, or even shake those off and go for a Taylor Swift-inspired baby name? Then there are Bluey-inspired baby names, too, so how do you choose just one? 

At the risk of giving you even more food for thought, new research suggests that names from classic myths and legends could be undergoing a revival. The personalised number plate provider Regtransfers has looked at the baby names registered in the UK from 1996 to 2022, and found that names from ancient mythologies, including Greek, Norse, and Egyptian, have gradually increased in popularity.

Names like Leonidas, Odin, Osiris, Hera, Persephone and Juno were all essentially unheard of outside of mythology in the ‘90s and early ‘00s, but since then more babies have been given names along these lines. 

Film and TV could be one factor in this rise in popularity. Take the Marvel Cinematic University, with characters like Thor, Loki and Odin. Meanwhile, Leonidas rose in popularity after 2007, when Gerard Butler played the Spartan leader in 300, while Achilles became more popular after Brad Pitt played the Greek hero three years before. 

Other boys’ names to become more popular include Ares, the Greek god of war and courage, and Apollo, the god of archery, music, dance and light.

Among girls, Artemis – goddess of the hunt, wilderness, wild animals, nature, childbirth, and care of children – has risen in popularity as a name. Diana, her Roman counterpart, is also rising up the ranks - though this could in part also be down to the late princess.

Athena, the goddess of war, has become more common, as has Freya, the Norse goddess of love and beauty. And Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage and queen of the gods, has risen in popularity too, perhaps due to the 2008 movie starring Elliot Page as the titular character. 

And after Maisie Williams began playing Arya Stark in Game of Thrones in 2011, an average of just 14 girls per year being given the name increased to an average of 275 each year afterwards, while an average of 232 boys have been given the name Jax every year since 2008, when Jax Teller, the main character in the US drama Sons of Anarchy, first appeared on our screens.

These mythological names might be a tad removed from the more traditional names you might have on your list, but if you like names with a nod to history, they’re well worth considering.

In more baby names news, why not look at names going in the opposite direction with the 100 least popular baby names that have fallen out of favour in the last 30 years? Take a look at the 20 epic moments that defined the past 20 years of baby names – from the birth of Emma in Friends to the fall of Karen . Meanwhile, girls with gender-neutral baby names are more likely to succeed in traditionally 'male-dominated' careers, research says – would you choose a unisex moniker?

Growing numbers of women are having babies in their 40s, proving that falling pregnant during this decade is very much possible. There are a multitude of ways you can boost your chances of conceiving naturally, and also advances in science if you need a little assistance.

While the average age of mothers welcoming children in England and Wales is now 30.9 years old, according to the Office For National Statistics, there are now twice as many women giving birth over the age of 40 in England and Wales as there are those having children as teenagers.

That being said, experts emphasise the need to stay realistic as well as informed, since fertility is not quite as straightforward past your mid-30s. We have called on gynaecologist Dr Amit Shah, women's health expert Dr Melina Stasinou, and fertility specialist Dr Gill Lockwood to share their important insight.

They reveal why fertility may be more impacted at this stage of life, the lifestyle factors that may be having an influence, how to improve the likelihood of pregnancy, why turning to a healthcare professional is vital and the options available to those struggling to conceive naturally. As always, it is important to speak to your doctor for tailored medical advice and to keep up to date with the latest NHS guidance.

1. You can get pregnant in your 40s

“The chances of women becoming pregnant in their 40s are lower compared to earlier decades, but it is certainly possible,” says Dr Shah, consultant gynaecologist and co-founder of Harley Street clinic Fertility Plus. “However, there has been an increase in the number of women becoming mothers at this time of life, largely due to advances in reproductive technologies - such as IVF and egg freezing - which have made it easier for women to conceive later in life.’ According to the Office For National Statistics, in 2021, there were 28,478 births to mothers aged 40 to 44 and 2,064 to mothers aged 45 and over.

Indeed, it isn’t entirely accurate that women’s fertility nosedives from a woman’s mid-30s. “It is well-known that there is an age-related decline in ovarian reserve and egg quality, and this process significantly speeds up after the age of 35,” notes Dr Stasinou, a specialist in integrative women’s health at the Marion Gluck Clinic . “Nevertheless, it is a myth that a woman, even in her 20s or 30s, can get pregnant very easily - with the chance at about 25% for a natural conception every month, which drops to 20% for women over 30.” She notes that by the age of 40, the chance of getting pregnant naturally each month is just 5%.

Still, this doesn’t mean it can’t happen, as April Hunter found. “I had two children in my 20s, so had already experienced pregnancy, birth and care at that point in my life,” says the midwife, 45, who lives in Cheshire. “After I did my midwifery training, I planned for another baby with my new partner. My coil was removed and I fell pregnant a month later when I was 42.” Similarly, Judy Bartkowiak was 44 when she fell pregnant with her fourth child - her others being 8, 11 and 12. “ It was something of a shock but a lovely one,” recalls the children and teens therapist, 68, based in Berkshire.

2. It may take longer to conceive

While it is possible to fall pregnant in your 40s, it may not be as fast a process compared to those in their 30s, because fertility begins to decline. “The majority of women will be able to achieve successful pregnancies in their 40s,” says Dr Lockwood, a consultant fertility specialist at Fertility Family. “However, it is important for those trying to be aware that it may take longer to conceive at this age.”

Dr Shah explains: “This is because, as women age, the number and quality of their eggs decreases. By the time a woman reaches her 40s, her remaining eggs are fewer in number and are more likely to have chromosomal abnormalities - which can make it harder to conceive naturally. Hormonal changes, such as a decline in oestrogen levels, also contribute to the difficulty of getting pregnant during this decade.” Indeed, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists revealed that most women will have around 120,000 eggs at 32 years old, but by 37 the average egg count drops to around 25,000.

3. Lifestyle can play a part

“Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and poor diet can all negatively impact a woman’s ability to conceive,” warns Dr Shah. “Smoking, for example, accelerates the loss of eggs and can lead to earlier menopause. Meanwhile, excessive drinking can interfere with hormonal balance.” He notes that maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for overall reproductive health.

Dr Lockwood agrees: “Many of the developmental factors that may impact the baby’s health are actually under our own control and unrelated to the mother’s age.” She adds that taking folic acid and vitamin D supplements can be “game-changing in ensuring healthy babies”.

4. It’s not all down to the woman

“Male health can also impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes - it is not just the woman’s health that has an effect,” insists Dr Lockwood. “After centuries in which it was assumed that infertility was a ‘female problem’, we now finally recognise that infertility is a shared problem. In about 25% of cases, it is possible to attribute the couple’s ongoing fertility problem to a purely ‘male factor’, but in over 50% there are infertility issues on both sides.”

A man’s reproductive health can be compromised by lifestyle, including smoking, alcohol use and poor diet, says Dr Shah. Similarly Dr Lockwood highlights the emerging evidence that pollutants in the environment and highly processed food have been shown to reduce sperm count and viability, along with anabolic steroids used in ‘body building’ and some ‘anti- baldness’ medicines. She adds: “Improving male fertility really means avoiding damaging it.” Which also includes wearing boxers rather than tight pants, avoiding prolonged sitting, taking cool showers rather than sitting in hot baths and avoiding obesity.

5. There are ways to boost fertility

“Women in their 40s who wish to improve their chances of conceiving naturally can take several steps,” explains Dr Shah. “Leading a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly and avoiding smoking as well as excessive drinking is essential. It’s also important to manage stress, since high levels can negatively affect fertility.” There is likewise evidence that eliminating caffeine and recreational drugs can have a positive effect. Dr Shah adds: “Consulting with a healthcare provider to monitor overall health and address any underlying conditions, such as thyroid issues, can also be beneficial.”

Dr Stasinou insists that there is no sufficient evidence regarding a specific “fertility diet”. “Although the optimal BMI for conception is 18 and 30, which means that women that they are trying to conceive should not be too thin or obese,” she explains. “According to some studies, women should have a higher consumption of monounsaturated rather than trans fats, vegetable rather than animal protein sources, low-glycemic carbohydrates and high-fat dairy.”

While an overall healthy diet is the main goal, says Dr Stasinou, an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals is also key when trying to create the right environment for a healthy pregnancy - and which can be topped up. “Some of the most popular dietary supplements that can promote fertility in women include folic acid, co-Q10, vitamin D3, Omega 3 and myo-inositol,” she explains. Meanwhile, men can particularly benefit from vitamin C and zinc.

6. Seeking medical advice is vital

“If you have been trying for six months and have good, regular trouble-free periods, a positive family history and your partner does not have a history of undescended testes, adolescent mumps or STDs, then you should seek expert advice as to why you haven’t been able to conceive yet,” says Dr Lockwood. “Waiting two years will reduce the available treatment options.”

A healthcare professional can investigate factors that may be impacting fertility. “Women with a history of irregular periods possibly indicating PCOS, or women with heavy and painful periods probably suggesting endometriosis, may be affected,” says Dr Lockwood. “Maternal history is equally important, as a female-line story of early menopause in the mother, grandmother or aunt may also be playing a part.” Early menopause is considered to happen before the age of 45, and research suggests it affects 5-10% of women.

Taking a fertility test - usually involving a blood test and ultrasound scan - can be worthwhile for some. “They can provide valuable information about a woman’s fertility and help identify any potential issues that might be affecting it,” explains Dr Shah. This includes looking at the ovarian reserve - the number and quality of eggs left - and also testing levels of the anti-müllerian hormone. Depending on the type of test, they can be done at home or in a clinic. Dr Stasinou adds that getting the quality and quantity of sperm assessed is also of “decisive importance”.

7. You may need some assistance

“For those who discover they may have fertility issues, they need to decide as a couple whether they are content to just keep trying and ‘if it happens, it happens’ or if they really want to have a realistic chance of becoming parents,” says Dr Lockwood. “What’s more, many couples facing the baffling diagnosis of ‘unexplained infertility’ - estimated to be about 25% of all couples having IVF - should be reassured to know that modern assisted conception techniques can help.”

Dr Shah explains: “IVF (in vitro fertilisation) and IUI (intrauterine insemination) can be effective options for women in their 40s who are struggling to conceive naturally. IVF involves fertilising an egg outside the body and then implanting it in the uterus, which can be particularly useful when egg quality is a concern. IUI, on the other hand, involves placing sperm directly into the uterus to increase the chances of fertilisation.” He adds that they are not guaranteed to succeed and often require multiple attempts.

According to the latest NHS guidelines, IVF should be offered to women under the age of 43 who have been trying to get pregnant through regular unprotected sex for two years, or who have had 12 cycles of artificial insemination - with at least six of these cycles using the IUI method. However, experts warn that access to such treatments can be a “postcode lottery”, meaning that seeking private treatment may be the only option for some.

Have you frozen eggs in your 30s? Using them for IVF may be able to boost its chances of success. “The embryos that they can create are younger and more healthy,” explains Dr Stasinou. “The optimal age for egg freezing is up to 35 years old, however many women pursue it after this age due to financial and professional restrictions.” Egg freezing is not available on the NHS unless you are having medical treatment, such as for cancer, that could affect your fertility.

8. There are risks involved

When trying to conceive in your 40s, there are certain issues that can be more common. “There is an increased risk of miscarriage and other potential complications,” warns Dr Shah. “As egg quality declines with age, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities - which can lead to miscarriage - also increases.” Indeed, the risk of a miscarriage increases quite steeply after the age of 35, with a 40% risk of an early miscarriage for women aged 40 who can conceive. Dr Shah continues: “Additionally, pregnancies later in life are associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and preeclampsia.”

As such, Dr Shah adds: “It’s important for women to understand that while it is possible to conceive in your 40s, it can be more challenging and may require additional medical assistance. Women should be proactive about their reproductive health, seek guidance from healthcare professionals early on and consider all available options, including egg freezing and fertility treatments. It’s also crucial to maintain a realistic perspective and be prepared for the possibility that conception may take longer or require more interventions than it would at a younger age.”

However, Dr Lockwood is adamant that the outcomes are often a positive one. ““The vast majority of couples will get successfully pregnant without any outside help, and for the others, modern fertility medicine is very successful,” she insists. If you would like to pursue motherhood as a 40-something woman then taking informed steps - including being aware of the latest NHS advice - doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try.

If you’ve never heard of the term , you’re not alone. Most parents have never heard of adrenarche, a phase of early puberty that usually occurs between the ages of 6 and 8 years old, although it can start a bit earlier or later in some kids.

While adrenarche is a normal developmental stage, the physical and emotional changes can sometimes be confusing or concerning for children and parents alike. Tantrums and outbursts, anxiety, and a lack of self-confidence are all signs of adrenarche. However, knowing more about the process can help you reassure and support your child through this stage of their development."I'm so glad to learn about this!" says mum-of-two Anu. "My nine-year-old son's grumpy moods are really challenging at the minute. He challenges everything I say and always has to have the last word. He's eating loads too."

We’ve spoken to an expert and looked at the research to find out more about adrenarche, what the physical and emotional effects are, how you can help your child through it, and whether you need to speak to your GP.

What is adrenarche, and how does it affect kids physically and emotionally?

Pronounced ad-ruh-NAR-kee, adrenarche literally means ‘the awakening of the adrenal gland’. It’s this gland that’s responsible for making androgens, sex hormones that cause changes to your child’s body, such as more body hair, oily skin, public hair, and body odour. It’s like puberty, except that it happens earlier, typically before the age of 8 in girls and before the age of 9 in boys. It’s helping to prepare your child’s body for true puberty.

Physical effects of adrenarche

Adrenarche can have a significant impact on your child’s development, specifically in terms of body hair and odour.

• Growth of body hair: You may notice fine hair developing in areas such as the armpits or public regions.
• Skin changes: Increased oil production in the skin can lead to the development of mild acne and blackheads.
• Body odour: Hormonal shifts can cause a noticeable change in body odour, so you may notice your child needing more baths or showers than before.
• Mild growth spurt: Some kids may experience a slight increase in height and weight during this period.

Emotional effects of adrenarche

Adrenarche can also impact children's emotional and psychological states, though these changes are usually subtle.

• Mood swings: Hormonal changes can mean fluctuations in mood, so you might notice your child becoming more sensitive or irritable.
• Increased emotional awareness: Kids may start to show signs of developing a more complex emotional life, such as heightened self-consciousness or concern about their appearance.
• Social shifts: Some kids might begin to show more independence and start forming stronger friendships, while others may become more private or shy.
• Increase in anxiety: Higher levels of androgens are linked to increased sensitivity to stress, which can make children more prone to anxiety or emotional outbursts.

We spoke to Kristie Tse, a psychotherapist with a focus on child development. She told us more about adrenarche and how it can affect children emotionally.

“From a therapeutic perspective, I've observed that this period can be pivotal for children as they start to experience heightened emotions,” says Kristie. “This includes increased sensitivity and occasional mood swings. It’s a time when they may begin to confront issues surrounding their identity and body image, particularly in the context of peer relationships. For instance, a young adolescent may start expressing anxiety about their appearance, feeling self-conscious as they compare themselves with others who may be experiencing these changes differently.”

The research appears to back up Kristie’s real-life experience. A 2020 Mexico study into the timing of adrenarche in girls found that developing body hair and odour made girls more conscious of their appearance. It also found that they experienced higher levels of anxiety and stress, mood swings and feelings of insecurity and self-doubt.

How can I support my child through adrenarche?

“Parents can play a significant role in supporting their children through this transition,” says Kristie. “I've found that creating an open dialogue is essential. Encourage your child to share their feelings about the physical changes they’re experiencing. When my clients express anxiety or confusion about body changes, I emphasise that these feelings are normal. Involving your kid in discussions about self-esteem and body image can empower them.”

Kristie also says it can be helpful to talk about your own childhood experiences or share relatable stories that can help you connect with your child, normalise their experience and make them feel more secure.

“For instance, discussing how friends may react differently to similar changes helps to alleviate the feeling of isolation. I also recommend helping children find healthy outlets for their emotions, like art or sports, which can also build friendships. These steps foster an environment where children feel supported, understood, and equipped to manage their feelings during this transformative phase.”

Of course, you’ll also need to help them keep on top of their personal hygiene, as body odour can become a problem during this phase. Introduce basic hygiene habits, such as taking a daily shower, using antiperspirants or deodorants, and washing their faces morning and night. Show them how you do it, so they don’t feel singled out or ashamed, and let them know it’s something everybody does as they get older.

If their emotional outbursts affect their well-being or that of others, show them how to regulate their emotions, such as deep breathing techniques or even keeping a diary.

Should I talk to my GP about adrenarche?

While it’s not usually something to worry about, it’s worth talking to your GP if you think your child is experiencing adrenarche particularly early. That’s because certain underlying conditions can cause adrenarche to happen earlier. These include:

• Obesity
• Environmental conditions
• Metabolic syndrome
• Insulin resistance
• Polycystic ovary syndrome

According to the Cleveland Clinic, girls are nine times more likely to experience premature adrenarche than boys.

Writing for Patient.info, Dr Hayley Willis says, “Occasionally, male hormone excess can be caused by problems other than adrenarche and your child may need to have some tests. If they experience any symptoms that you are worried about, or if you have any concerns at all, it is important you seek the advice of their GP or paediatrician.”

Get more advice and information on tackling difficult subjects with your kids, from when and how to talk to your child about sex to how to talk to your kids about porn. Plus, worried your teen has stopped talking to you? Experts share five reasons why this is 'to be expected' and what you can do to help them.