Java Serialization: readObject() vs. readResolve()

1. Overview

In this tutorial, we’ll look at how to use readObject() and readResolve() methods in the Java deserialization API. Furthermore, we’ll examine the difference between these two methods.

2. Serialization

Java Serialization covers how serialization and deserialization work in greater depth. In this article, we’ll focus on the readResolve() and readObject() methods, which frequently raise questions when employing deserialization.

3. Use of readObject()

A Java object is converted into a stream of bytes during serialization to be saved in a file or transferred over the internet. The serialized stream of bytes is transformed back into the original object during deserialization using ObjectInputStream‘s readObject() method, which internally calls defaultReadObject() for default deserialization.

If the readObject() method is present in our class, ObjectInputStream‘s readObject() method will use our class’s readObject() method for reading the object from the stream.

For instance, in some cases, we can implement readObject() in our class to deserialize any field in a specific way.

Before we present our use case, let’s check the syntax for implementing the readObject() method in our class:

private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException;

Now, let’s suppose we have a User class with two fields:

public class User implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3659932210257138726L;
    private String userName;
    private String password;

    // standard setters, getters, constructor(s) and toString()
}

Furthermore, we don’t want to serialize the password in clear text, so what can we do? Let’s see how Java’s readObject() can help us here.

3.1. Add writeObject() for Custom Change During Serialization

First, we can make specific changes to the object’s fields during serialization, like encoding the password, in the writeObject() method.

So, for our User class, let’s implement the writeObject() method and add an extra string prefix to our password field during serialization:

private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream oos) throws IOException {
    this.password = "xyz" + password;
    oos.defaultWriteObject();
}

3.2. Test Without readObject() Implementation

Now, let’s test our User class, but without implementing readObject(). In this case, the ObjectInputStream class’s readObject() will be called:

@Test
public void testDeserializeObj_withDefaultReadObject() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
    // Serialization
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("user.ser");
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
    User acutalObject = new User("Sachin", "Kumar");
    oos.writeObject(acutalObject);

    // Deserialization
    User deserializedUser = null;
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("user.ser");
    ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
    deserializedUser = (User) ois.readObject();
    assertNotEquals(deserializedUser.hashCode(), acutalObject.hashCode());
    assertEquals(deserializedUser.getUserName(), "Sachin");
    assertEquals(deserializedUser.getPassword(), "xyzKumar");
}

Here, we can see that the password is xyzKumar as we don’t yet have any readObject() in our class that could retrieve the original field and make custom changes.

3.3. Add readObject() for Custom Change During Deserialization

Next, we can make specific changes to the object’s fields during deserialization, such as decoding the password, in the readObject() method.

Let’s implement the readObject() method in our User class and remove the extra string prefix that we added to our password field during serialization:

private void readObject(ObjectInputStream ois) throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
    ois.defaultReadObject();
    this.password = password.substring(3);
}

3.4. Test with readObject() Implementation

Let’s test our User class again, only this time, we have a custom readObject() method that will be called during deserialization:

@Test
public void testDeserializeObj_withOverriddenReadObject() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
    // Serialization
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("user.ser");
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
    User acutalObject = new User("Sachin", "Kumar");
    oos.writeObject(acutalObject);

    // Deserialization
    User deserializedUser = null;
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("user.ser");
    ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
    deserializedUser = (User) ois.readObject();
    assertNotEquals(deserializedUser.hashCode(), acutalObject.hashCode());
    assertEquals(deserializedUser.getUserName(), "Sachin");
    assertEquals(deserializedUser.getPassword(), "Kumar");
}

Here, we can notice a few things. First, the objects are different, and second, our custom readObject() is called, and the password field is converted correctly.

4. Use of readResolve()

In Java Deserialization, the readResolve() method is used to replace the object that is created during deserialization with a different object. This can be useful in situations where we need to ensure that only a single instance of a particular class exists in our application or when we want to replace an object with a different instance that may already exist in memory.

Let’s review the syntax for adding the readResolve() in our class:

ANY-ACCESS-MODIFIER Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException;

One thing to notice in the readObject() example is that the object hashCode is different. That’s because, during deserialization, the new object gets created from the streamed object.

A common scenario where we might want to use readResolve() is when creating singleton instances. We can use readResolve() to ensure that the deserialized object is the same as the existing instance for a singleton instance.

Let’s take an example of creating a singleton Object:

public class Singleton implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private static Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();

    private Singleton() {
    }

    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        return INSTANCE;
    }
}

4.1. Test Without readResolve() Implementation

At this point, we haven’t added any readResolve() method. Let’s test our Singleton class:

@Test
public void testSingletonObj_withNoReadResolve() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
    // Serialization
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("singleton.ser");
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
    Singleton actualSingletonObject = Singleton.getInstance();
    oos.writeObject(actualSingletonObject);

    // Deserialization
    Singleton deserializedSingletonObject = null;
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("singleton.ser");
    ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
    deserializedSingletonObject = (Singleton) ois.readObject();
    assertNotEquals(actualSingletonObject.hashCode(), deserializedSingletonObject.hashCode());
}

Here, we can see that both objects are different, defeating the goal of our Singleton class.

4.2. Test With readResolve() Implementation

To fix this, let’s add the readResolve() method in our Singleton class:

private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException {
    return INSTANCE;
}

Now, let’s test again with the readResolve() method in our Singleton class:

@Test
public void testSingletonObj_withCustomReadResolve() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
    // Serialization
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("singleton.ser");
    ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
    Singleton actualSingletonObject = Singleton.getInstance();
    oos.writeObject(actualSingletonObject);

    // Deserialization
    Singleton deserializedSingletonObject = null;
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("singleton.ser");
    ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
    deserializedSingletonObject = (Singleton) ois.readObject();
    assertEquals(actualSingletonObject.hashCode(), deserializedSingletonObject.hashCode());
}

Here, we can see that both objects have the same hashCode.

5. readObject() vs. readResolve()

Let’s see a quick summary of the differences between these two:

6. Conclusion

In this article, we learned about the readObject() and readResolve() methods of the Java Serialization API. Furthermore, we’ve seen the difference between these two.