Summary: in this tutorial, we will introduce you to the most commonly used SQLite commands of the sqlite3 command-line program.
The SQLite project delivers a simple command-line tool named sqlite3 (or sqlite3.exe on Windows) that allows you to interact with the SQLite databases using SQL statements and commands.
Connect to an SQLite database
To start the sqlite3, you type the sqlite3 as follows:
>sqlite3
SQLite version 3.29.0 2019-07-10 17:32:03
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
Connected to a transient in-memory database.
Use ".open FILENAME" to reopen on a persistent database.
sqlite>By default, an SQLite session uses the in-memory database, therefore, all changes will be gone when the session ends.
To open a database file, you use the .open FILENAME command. The following statement opens the chinook.db database:
sqlite> .open c:\sqlite\db\chinook.dbIf you want to open a specific database file when you connect to the SQlite database, you use the following command:
>sqlite3 c:\sqlite\db\chinook.db
SQLite version 3.13.0 2016-05-18 10:57:30
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite>If you start a session with a database name that does not exist, the sqlite3 tool will create the database file.
For example, the following command creates a database named sales in the C:\sqlite\db\ directory:
>sqlite3 c:\sqlite\db\sales.db
SQLite version 3.29.0 2019-07-10 17:32:03
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite>Show all available commands and their purposes
To show all available commands and their purpose, you use the .help command as follows:
.help
Show databases in the current database connection
To show all databases in the current connection, you use the .databases command. The .databases command displays at least one database with the name: main.
For example, the following command shows all the databases of the current connection:
sqlite> .database
seq name file
--- --------------- --------------------------
0 main c:\sqlite\db\sales.db
sqlite>To add an additional database in the current connection, you use the statement ATTACH DATABASE. The following statement adds the chinook database to the current connection.
sqlite> ATTACH DATABASE "c:\sqlite\db\chinook.db" AS chinook;Now if you run the .database command again, the sqlite3 returns two databases: main and chinook.
sqlite> .databases
seq name file
--- --------------- ---------------------
0 main c:\sqlite\db\sales.db
2 chinook c:\sqlite\db\chinook.db
Exit sqlite3 tool
To exit the sqlite3 program, you use the .exit command.
sqlite>.exitShow tables in a database
To display all the tables in the current database, you use the .tables command. The following commands open a new database connection to the chinook database and display the tables in the database.
>sqlite3 c:\sqlite\db\chinook.db
SQLite version 3.29.0 2019-07-10 17:32:03
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> .tables
albums employees invoices playlists
artists genres media_types tracks
customers invoice_items playlist_track
sqlite>If you want to find tables based on a specific pattern, you use the .table pattern command. The sqlite3 uses the LIKE operator for pattern matching.
For example, the following statement returns the table that ends with the string es.
sqlite> .table '%es'
employees genres invoices media_types
sqlite>Show the structure of a table
To display the structure of a table, you use the .schema TABLE command. The TABLE argument could be a pattern. If you omit it, the .schema command will show the structures of all the tables.
The following command shows the structure of the albums table.
sqlite> .schema albums
CREATE TABLE "albums"
(
[AlbumId] INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL,
[Title] NVARCHAR(160) NOT NULL,
[ArtistId] INTEGER NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY ([ArtistId]) REFERENCES "artists" ([ArtistId])
ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION
);
CREATE INDEX [IFK_AlbumArtistId] ON "albums" ([ArtistId]);
sqlite>To show the schema and the content of the sqlite_stat tables, you use the .fullschema command.
sqlite>.fullschemaShow indexes
To show all indexes of the current database, you use the .indexes command as follows:
sqlite> .indexes
IFK_AlbumArtistId
IFK_CustomerSupportRepId
IFK_EmployeeReportsTo
IFK_InvoiceCustomerId
IFK_InvoiceLineInvoiceId
IFK_InvoiceLineTrackId
IFK_PlaylistTrackTrackId
IFK_TrackAlbumId
IFK_TrackGenreId
IFK_TrackMediaTypeIdTo show the indexes of a specific table, you use the .indexes TABLE command. For example, to show indexes of the albums table, you use the following command:
sqlite> .indexes albums
IFK_AlbumArtistIdTo show indexes of the tables whose names end with es, you use a pattern of the LIKE operator.
sqlite> .indexes %es
IFK_EmployeeReportsTo
IFK_InvoiceCustomerIdSave the result of a query into a file
To save the result of a query into a file, you use the .output FILENAME command. Once you issue the .output command, all the results of the subsequent queries will be saved to the file that you specified in the FILENAME argument. If you want to save the result of the next single query only to the file, you issue the .once FILENAME command.
To display the result of the query to the standard output again, you issue the .output command without arguments.
The following commands select the title from the albums table and write the result to the albums.txt file.
sqlite> .output albums.txt
sqlite> SELECT title FROM albums;Execute SQL statements from a file
Suppose we have a file named commands.txt in the c:\sqlite\ folder with the following content:
SELECT albumid, title FROM albums ORDER BY title LIMIT 10;
To execute the SQL statements in the commands.txt file, you use the .read FILENAME command as follows:
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> .header on
sqlite> .read c:/sqlite/commands.txt
AlbumId Title
---------- ----------------------
156 ...And Justice For All
257 20th Century Masters -
296 A Copland Celebration,
94 A Matter of Life and D
95 A Real Dead One
96 A Real Live One
285 A Soprano Inspired
139 A TempestadeTempestade
203 A-Sides
160 Ace Of SpadesIn this tutorial, you have learned many useful commands in the sqlite3 tool to perform various tasks that deal with the SQLite database.