VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Community Efforts

Vaccine Ontology: A community-based effort to develop the Vaccine Ontology (VO) for vaccine data standardization and automated reasoning.

To support vaccine safety and registry, the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) and Vaccination Informed Consent Ontology (VICO) are also developed.

VIOLIN News >>

01/14/2026: A paper titled "SEA CDM: Study-Experiment-Assay Common Data Model and Databases for Cross-Domain Data Integration and Analysis" (PMID: 41535301) was published in Sci. Data online ahead of print. SEA CDM was used for vaccine immune response studies. See more about SEA CDM: https://sea-cdm.github.io/SEA-CDM/.
07/15/2025: Oliver presented a talk titled "SEA CDM: An Ontology-Based Common Data Model for Standardizing and Integrating Biomedical Experimental Data in Vaccine Research" in ISMB/ECCB 2025 NIH-ELIXIR Session (See more: Here), Liverpool, UK. View: the talk video in YouTube.
07/15/2025: A paper titled "Evaluating the safety of XBB.1.5-containing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines using a self-controlled case series study" (PMID: 40664645, PMCID: PMC12264068) was published in Nature Communications.
2/6/2025: Viral vaccines in VIOLIN was systematically introduced and analyzed for pattern detection, which was published in Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol today.
11/15/2024: A paper titled "Impact of climate change on vaccine responses and inequity", was published in Nature Climate Change.
11/8/2024: A paper titled "Assessing acute kidney injury risk after COVID vaccination and infection in a large cohort study" (PMID: 39516206, PMCID: PMC11549351) was published in npj Vaccines. Congratulations!

Latest Vaccine Publications >>

Molinos-Albert LM, Rubio R, Martín-Pérez C, Pradenas E, Torres C, Jiménez A, Canyelles M, Vidal M, Barrios D, Marfil S, Aparicio E, Ramírez-Morros A, Trinité B, Vidal-Alaball J, Santamaria P, Serra P, Izquierdo L, Aguilar R, Ruiz-Comellas A, Blanco J, Dobaño C, Moncunill G. Long-lasting antibody B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 three years after the onset of the pandemic Cell reports 44(4):115498 2025 [PMID: 40173043]
Adams K, Garg S, Tartof SY, Irving SA, DeSilva MB, Klein NP, Natarajan K, Dascomb K, Grannis SJ, Ong TC, Salas SB, Sy LS, Lewin B, Qian L, Naleway AL, Koppolu PD, McEvoy CE, Akinsete O, Essien I, Fireman B, Zerbo O, Jacobson KB, Timbol J, Neelam V, Reeves EL, Dickerson M, Ray C, Link-Gelles R, Mak J, Ball SW, O'Reilly M, Olsen SJ, Tenforde MW. Patterns in prescribing and dispensing of influenza antivirals among adults with influenza presenting to urgent care and emergency department settings, VISION Network, 2023-2024 Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2025 [PMID: 40184184]

Vaccine News >>

A deadly bacterial disease is returning, doctors warn, as vaccination rates fall
NBC News - Apr 2, 2026
How the US and Israel are waging war on Iran’s medicines, vaccines
Al Jazeera - Apr 3, 2026
Exclusive: Pfizer, BioNTech halt US COVID vaccine study after recruitment struggles
Reuters - Apr 1, 2026
BioNTech telegraphs closure of Singapore vaccine facility amid efforts to 'align capacity'
Fierce Pharma - Apr 2, 2026
Valneva CEO on Pfizer-partnered Lyme vaccine: Why a phase 3 miss doesn’t tell the whole story
Fierce Biotech - Apr 1, 2026

Statistics: The VIOLIN vaccine database contains 6190 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 219 pathogens by manual curation from 4990 peer-reviewed papers. It also contains 24,345 vaccine-related abstracts and 10,317 full text documents.

Please cite this publication for VIOLIN:

He Y, Racz R, Sayers S, Lin Y, Todd T, Hur J, Li X, Patel M, Zhao B, Chung M, Ostrow J, Sylora A, Dungarani P, Ulysse G, Kochhar K, Vidri B, Strait K, Jourdian GW, Xiang Z. Updates on the web-based VIOLIN vaccine database and analysis system. Nucleic Acids Research. 2014. 42 (D1): D1124-D1132. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1133. First published online: November 19, 2013. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 24259431] [PDF] [PMCID: PMC3964998]

Or the previous VIOLIN manuscript:

Zuoshuang Xiang, Thomas Todd, Kim P. Ku, Bethany L. Kovacic, Charles B. Larson, Fang Chen, Andrew P. Hodges, Yuying Tian, Elizabeth A. Olenzek, Boyang Zhao, Lesley A. Colby, Howard G. Rush, Janet R. Gilsdorf, George W. Jourdian, Yongqun He. VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D923-8. [NAR] [PubMed PMID: 18025042] [PMCID: PMC2238972] [PDF].

More publications for citing specific VIOLIN programs