Standard Units
- Similitude
- UnitSystems.jl and the Unified System of Quantities
- The UnitSystem
- Physics Constants
- Unit Conversions
- Standard Units
In 2019 the SI2019 standardization was completed, based on the 7 physics dimensions specific to the Metric system. That is actually an inadequate and insufficient unit system standard, as it is mathematically impossible to unify all historical units with that standard. In 2020, Michael Reed set out to work around that impossibility with a new project called UnitSystems.jl, which ended up completely solving the problem with a brand new 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) for physics.
Similar to how SI defines standardized units of
kilogram, meter,
second, kelvin,
coulomb, candela, and
mole; the following is a comprehensive
selection of generated standardized physics units defined
by UnitSystem defaults useful for scientists
and engineers.
Prefix Units
MeasureSystems.centi
— Constant
julia> deci # 𝟏𝟎^-1
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1
julia> centi # 𝟏𝟎^-2
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002
julia> milli # 𝟏𝟎^-3
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001
julia> micro # 𝟏𝟎^-6
2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 1.0×10⁻⁶
julia> nano # 𝟏𝟎^-9
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹
julia> pico # 𝟏𝟎^-12
2⁻¹²5⁻¹² = 1.0×10⁻¹²
julia> femto # 𝟏𝟎^-15
2⁻¹⁵5⁻¹⁵ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁵
julia> atto # 𝟏𝟎^-18
2⁻¹⁸5⁻¹⁸ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁸
julia> zepto # 𝟏𝟎^-21
2⁻²¹5⁻²¹ = 1.0×10⁻²¹
julia> yocto # 𝟏𝟎^-24
2⁻²⁴5⁻²⁴ = 1.0×10⁻²⁴
MeasureSystems.kilo
— Constant
julia> deka # 𝟏𝟎
2⋅5 = 10.0
julia> hecto # 𝟏𝟎^2
2²5² = 100.0
julia> kilo # 𝟏𝟎^3
2³5³ = 1000.0
julia> mega # 𝟏𝟎^6
2⁶5⁶ = 1.0×10⁶
julia> giga # 𝟏𝟎^9
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹
julia> tera # 𝟏𝟎^12
2¹²5¹² = 1.0×10¹²
julia> peta # 𝟏𝟎^15
2¹⁵5¹⁵ = 1.0×10¹⁵
julia> exa # 𝟏𝟎^18
2¹⁸5¹⁸ = 1.0×10¹⁸
julia> zetta # 𝟏𝟎^21
2²¹5²¹ = 1.0×10²¹
julia> yotta # 𝟏𝟎^24
2²⁴5²⁴ = 1.0×10²⁴
MeasureSystems.byte
— Constant
julia> byte # 𝟐^3
2³ = 8.0
julia> kibi # 𝟐^10
2¹⁰ = 1024.0
julia> mebi # 𝟐^20
2²⁰ = 1.048576×10⁶
julia> gibi # 𝟐^30
2³⁰ = 1.073741824×10⁹
julia> tebi # 𝟐^40
2⁴⁰ = 1.099511627776×10¹²
julia> pebi # 𝟐^50
2⁵⁰ = 1.125899906842624×10¹⁵
julia> exbi # 𝟐^60
2⁶⁰ = 1.152921504606847×10¹⁸
julia> zebi # 𝟐^70
2⁷⁰ = 1.1805916207174113×10²¹
julia> yobi # 𝟐^80
2⁸⁰ = 1.2089258196146292×10²⁴
Mechanics Units
Angle Units
MeasureSystems.turn
— Constant
turn(U::UnitSystem) = 2π/angle(U)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ = 6.283185307179586) [ϕ] Unified
Complete rotation angle of revolution
from a full circle.
julia> turn(Engineering) # rad
τ = 6.283185307179586 [rad] Engineering
julia> turn(MetricDegree) # deg
2³3²5 = 360.0 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> turn(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁵3³5² = 21600.0 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> turn(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁷3⁴5³ = 1.296×10⁶ [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> turn(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁴5² = 400.0 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.radian
— Constant
radian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,Metric)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which is dimensionless
(rad).
julia> radian(Engineering) # rad
𝟏 = 1.0 [rad] Engineering
julia> radian(MetricDegree) # deg
τ⁻¹2³3²5 = 57.29577951308232 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> radian(MetricArcminute) # amin
τ⁻¹2⁵3³5² = 3437.7467707849396 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> radian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 206264.80624709636 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> radian(MetricGradian) # gon
τ⁻¹2⁴5² = 63.66197723675814 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.spatian
— Constant
spatian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricSpatian)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ¹ᐟ²2¹ᐟ² = 3.5449077018110318) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which is dimensionless
(rad).
julia> spatian(Engineering) # rad
τ¹ᐟ²2¹ᐟ² = 3.5449077018110318 [rad] Engineering
julia> spatian(MetricDegree) # deg
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2⁷ᐟ²3²5 = 203.1082500771923 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> spatian(MetricArcminute) # amin
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2¹¹ᐟ²3³5² = 12186.495004631537 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> spatian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2¹⁵ᐟ²3⁴5³ = 731189.7002778922 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> spatian(MetricGradian) # gon
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2⁹ᐟ²5² = 225.67583341910253 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.gradian
— Constant
gradian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricGradian)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.015707963267948967) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which divides a
turn into 400 parts
(rad).
julia> gradian(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.015707963267948967 [rad] Engineering
julia> gradian(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻¹3²5⁻¹ = 0.9 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> gradian(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⋅3³ = 54.0 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> gradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2³3⁴5 = 3240.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> gradian(MetricGradian) # gon
𝟏 = 1.0 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.bradian
— Constant
bradian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(τ/𝟐^8,U,Metric)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁸ = 0.02454369260617026) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which divides a
turn into 𝟐^8 or
256 parts (rad).
julia> bradian(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁸ = 0.02454369260617026 [rad] Engineering
julia> bradian(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻⁵3²5 = 1.40625 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> bradian(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁻³3³5² = 84.375 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> bradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁻¹3⁴5³ = 5062.5 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> bradian(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻⁴5² = 1.5625 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.degree
— Constant
degree(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricDegree)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻³3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.017453292519943295) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which divides a
turn into 360 parts
(rad).
julia> degree(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻³3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.017453292519943295 [rad] Engineering
julia> degree(MetricDegree) # deg
𝟏 = 1.0 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> degree(MetricArcminute) # amin
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> degree(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> degree(MetricGradian) # gon
2⋅3⁻²5 = 1.1111111111111112 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.arcminute
— Constant
arcminute(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricArcminute)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 0.00029088820866572163) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which divides a
degree into 60 parts
(rad).
julia> arcminute(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 0.00029088820866572163 [rad] Engineering
julia> arcminute(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> arcminute(MetricArcminute) # amin
𝟏 = 1.0 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> arcminute(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> arcminute(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻¹3⁻³ = 0.018518518518518517 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.arcsecond
— Constant
arcsecond(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricArcsecond)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁷3⁻⁴5⁻³ = 4.84813681109536×10⁻⁶) [ϕ] Unified
Unit of angle which divides a
arcminute into 60 parts
(rad).
julia> arcsecond(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁷3⁻⁴5⁻³ = 4.84813681109536×10⁻⁶ [rad] Engineering
julia> arcsecond(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁻² = 0.00027777777777777783 [deg] MetricDegree
julia> arcsecond(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [amin] MetricArcminute
julia> arcsecond(MetricArcsecond) # asec
𝟏 = 1.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> arcsecond(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻³3⁻⁴5⁻¹ = 0.00030864197530864197 [gon] MetricGradian
Solid Angle Units
MeasureSystems.spat
— Constant
spat(U::UnitSystem) = 4π/solidangle(U)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A²⋅(τ⋅2 = 12.566370614359172) [ϕ²] Unified
Complete spherical solidangle around
point from a full sphere.
julia> spat(Engineering) # rad²
τ⋅2 = 12.566370614359172 [rad²] Engineering
julia> spat(MetricDegree) # deg²
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5² = 41252.96124941928 [deg²] MetricDegree
julia> spat(MetricArcminute) # amin²
τ⁻¹2¹¹3⁶5⁴ = 1.485106604979094×10⁸ [amin²] MetricArcminute
julia> spat(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
τ⁻¹2¹⁵3⁸5⁶ = 5.346383777924738×10¹¹ [asec²] MetricArcsecond
julia> spat(MetricGradian) # gon²
τ⁻¹2⁹5⁴ = 50929.58178940651 [gon²] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.steradian
— Constant
steradian(U::UnitSystem) = solidangle(𝟏,U,Metric)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A² [ϕ²] Unified
Unit of solidangle which is
dimensionless (rad²).
julia> steradian(Engineering) # rad²
𝟏 = 1.0 [rad²] Engineering
julia> steradian(MetricDegree) # deg²
τ⁻²2⁶3⁴5² = 3282.8063500117446 [deg²] MetricDegree
julia> steradian(MetricArcminute) # amin²
τ⁻²2¹⁰3⁶5⁴ = 1.181810286004228×10⁷ [amin²] MetricArcminute
julia> steradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
τ⁻²2¹⁴3⁸5⁶ = 4.254517029615221×10¹⁰ [asec²] MetricArcsecond
julia> steradian(MetricGradian) # gon²
τ⁻²2⁸5⁴ = 4052.8473456935117 [gon²] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.squaredegree
— Constant
squaredegree(U::UnitSystem) = solidangle(𝟏,U,MetricDegree)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A²⋅(τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087) [ϕ²] Unified
Unit of solidangle which is a
degree squared (rad²).
julia> squaredegree(Engineering) # rad²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [rad²] Engineering
julia> squaredegree(MetricDegree) # deg²
𝟏 = 1.0 [deg²] MetricDegree
julia> squaredegree(MetricArcminute) # amin²
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [amin²] MetricArcminute
julia> squaredegree(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
2⁸3⁴5⁴ = 1.296×10⁷ [asec²] MetricArcsecond
julia> squaredegree(MetricGradian) # gon²
2²3⁻⁴5² = 1.2345679012345678 [gon²] MetricGradian
Time Units
MeasureSystems.second
— Constant
second(U::UnitSystem) = time(𝟏,U,Metric)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2 = 7.7634407063(24) × 10²⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of time defined by
hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133
atom (s).
julia> second(Metric) # s
𝟏 = 1.0 [s] Metric
julia> second(MPH) # h
2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁻² = 0.00027777777777777783 [h] MPH
julia> second(IAU) # D
2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.1574074074074075×10⁻⁵ [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.minute
— Constant
minute(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^2*𝟑*𝟓*second(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2³3⋅5 = 4.6580644238(14) × 10²²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of time defined by 60
second intervals (s).
julia> minute(Metric) # s
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [s] Metric
julia> minute(MPH) # h
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [h] MPH
julia> minute(IAU) # D
2⁻⁵3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.0006944444444444445 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.hour
— Constant
hour(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^2*𝟑*𝟓*minute(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁵3²5² = 2.79483865428(86) × 10²⁴) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of time defined by 60
minute intervals (s).
julia> hour(Metric) # s
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [s] Metric
julia> hour(MPH) # h
𝟏 = 1.0 [h] MPH
julia> hour(IAU) # D
2⁻³3⁻¹ = 0.041666666666666664 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.day
— Constant
day(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^3*𝟑*hour(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 6.7076127703(21) × 10²⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of time defined by 24
hour intervals (s).
julia> day(Metric) # s
2⁷3³5² = 86400.0 [s] Metric
julia> day(MPH) # h
2³3 = 24.0 [h] MPH
julia> day(IAU) # D
𝟏 = 1.0 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.year
— Constant
year(U::UnitSystem) = aⱼ*day(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²aⱼ⋅τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 2.44995556434(75) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of time defined by Julian
calendar year interval (s).
julia> year(Metric) # s
aⱼ⋅2⁷3³5² = 3.15576×10⁷ [s] Metric
julia> year(MPH) # h
aⱼ⋅2³3 = 8766.0 [h] MPH
julia> year(IAU) # D
aⱼ = 365.25 [D] IAU☉
Length Units
MeasureSystems.angstrom
— Constant
angstrom(U::UnitSystem) = hecto*pico*meter(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁹5⁻¹⁰ = 258.960507484(79)) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Metric unit of length (m or ft).
julia> angstrom(CGS) # cm
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [cm] Gauss
julia> angstrom(English) # ft
ft⁻¹2⁻¹⁰5⁻¹⁰ = 3.280839895013123×10⁻¹⁰ [ft] English
julia> angstrom(IPS) # in
ft⁻¹2⁻⁸3⋅5⁻¹⁰ = 3.937007874015747×10⁻⁹ [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.inch
— Constant
inch(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IPS)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁻¹3⁻¹ = 6.5775968901(20) × 10¹⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
English unit of length (m or ft).
julia> inch(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.0254 [m] Metric
julia> inch(English) # ft
2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.08333333333333333 [ft] English
julia> inch(IPS) # in
𝟏 = 1.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.foot
— Constant
foot(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,English)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2 = 7.8931162681(24) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
English unit of length (m or ft).
julia> foot(Metric) # m
ft = 0.3048 [m] Metric
julia> foot(Survey) # ftUS
ft⋅ftUS⁻¹ = 0.9999980000000002 [ft] Survey
julia> foot(IPS) # in
2²3 = 12.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.surveyfoot
— Constant
surveyfoot(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,Survey)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ftUS⋅τ⋅2 = 7.8931320544(24) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Survey unit of length (m or ft).
julia> surveyfoot(Metric) # m
ftUS = 0.3048006096012192 [m] Metric
julia> surveyfoot(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ftUS = 1.0000020000039997 [ft] English
julia> surveyfoot(IPS) # in
ft⁻¹ftUS⋅2²3 = 12.000024000047997 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.yard
— Constant
yard(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟑*foot(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⋅3 = 2.36793488043(73) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
English unit of length (m or ft).
julia> yard(Metric) # m
ft⋅3 = 0.9144000000000001 [m] Metric
julia> yard(English) # ft
3 = 3.0 [ft] English
julia> yard(IPS) # in
2²3² = 36.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.meter
— Constant
meter(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,Metric)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2 = 2.58960507484(79) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Metric unit of length (m or ft).
julia> meter(CGS) # cm
2²5² = 100.0 [cm] Gauss
julia> meter(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ = 3.280839895013123 [ft] English
julia> meter(Meridian) # em
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹5⁷ = 0.9985540395(10) [em] Meridian
MeasureSystems.earthmeter
— Constant
earthmeter(U::UnitSystem) = greatcircle(U)/𝟐^9/𝟓^7
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 2.5933549636(27) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Meridian unit of length as originally
defined in France (m or ft).
julia> earthmeter(CGS) # cm
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁵ = 100.144805430(10) [cm] Gauss
julia> earthmeter(English) # ft
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹5⁻⁷ = 3.2855907293(33) [ft] English
julia> earthmeter(Meridian) # em
𝟏 = 1.0 [em] Meridian
MeasureSystems.mile
— Constant
mile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,MPH)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁶3⋅5⋅11 = 4.1675653896(13) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Statute English mile (m or ft).
julia> mile(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 1609.344 [m] Metric
julia> mile(English) # ft
2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.0 [ft] English
julia> mile(Nautical) # nm
ft⋅ftUS⁻¹2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5279.989440000001 [ft] Survey
MeasureSystems.statutemile
— Constant
statutemile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^5*𝟑*𝟓*𝟏𝟏,U,Survey)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ftUS⋅τ⋅2⁶3⋅5⋅11 = 4.1675737247(13) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Statute Survey mile (m or ft).
julia> statutemile(Metric) # m
ftUS⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 1609.3472186944373 [m] Metric
julia> statutemile(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ftUS⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.010560021119 [ft] English
julia> statutemile(Survey) # ftUS
2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.0 [ft] Survey
MeasureSystems.meridianmile
— Constant
meridianmile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^4*𝟓^5/𝟑^3,U,Metric)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁵3⁻³5⁵ = 4.7955649534(15) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Historic nautical mile as defined by naive meridian assumption (m or ft).
julia> meridianmile(Metric) # m
2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 1851.8518518518517 [m] Metric
julia> meridianmile(English) # ft
ft⁻¹2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 6075.6294352094865 [ft] English
julia> meridianmile(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹5⁷ = 0.9985540395(10) [nm] Nautical
MeasureSystems.admiraltymile
— Constant
admiraltymile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^6*𝟓*𝟏𝟗,U,English)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁷5⋅19 = 4.7990146910(15) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Historic nautical mile as defined by the Clarke authalic radius (m or ft).
julia> admiraltymile(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁶5⋅19 = 1853.1840000000002 [m] Metric
julia> admiraltymile(English) # ft
2⁶5⋅19 = 6080.0 [ft] English
julia> admiraltymile(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹¹3³5³19 = 0.9992723594(10) [nm] Nautical
MeasureSystems.nauticalmile
— Constant
nauticalmile(U::UnitSystem) = greatcircle(U)/𝟐^5/𝟑^3/𝟓^2
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ²2⁻⁴3⁻³5⁻² = 4.8025091919(50) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Standard nauticalmile as defined by
earthradius (m or ft).
julia> nauticalmile(Metric) # m
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 1854.5334339(19) [m] Metric
julia> nauticalmile(Meridian) # em
2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 1851.8518518518517 [em] Meridian
julia> nauticalmile(English) # ft
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 6084.4272766(61) [ft] English
MeasureSystems.lunardistance
— Constant
lunardistance(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAUE)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅14237 [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Standard distance between the Earth and the Moon (m or ft).
julia> lunardistance(Metric) # m
2³3³5³⋅14237 = 3.84399×10⁸ [m] Metric
julia> lunardistance(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁸3⁶5⁵⋅14237 = 207275.31409(21) [nm] Nautical
julia> lunardistance(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹2³3³5³⋅14237 = 1.2822170463007445 [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.astronomicalunit
— Constant
astronomicalunit(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAU)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²au⋅τ⋅2 = 3.8739940515(12) × 10²³) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Standard astronomical unit from the International Astronomical Union (m or ft).
julia> astronomicalunit(Metric) # m
au = 1.495978707000(30) × 10¹¹ [m] Metric
julia> astronomicalunit(English) # ft
au⋅ft⁻¹ = 4.908066624016(98) × 10¹¹ [ft] English
julia> astronomicalunit(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹au = 499.004783836(10) [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.jupiterdistance
— Constant
jupiterdistance(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAUJ)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅259493 [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Standard distance between the Sun and the planet Jupiter (m or ft).
julia> jupiterdistance(Metric) # m
2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 7.78479×10¹¹ [m] Metric
julia> jupiterdistance(IAU) # au
au⁻¹2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 5.20381069836(10) [au] IAU☉
julia> jupiterdistance(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 2596.726432657622 [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.lightyear
— Constant
lightyear(U::UnitSystem) = year(U)*lightspeed(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²aⱼ⋅τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 2.44995556434(75) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of length defined by distance
traveled by light in 1 year unit.
julia> lightyear(Metric) # m
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅2⁷3³5² = 9.4607304725808×10¹⁵ [m] Metric
julia> lightyear(English) # ft
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅ft⁻¹2⁷3³5² = 3.103914197040945×10¹⁶ [ft] English
julia> lightyear(IAU) # au
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅au⁻¹2⁷3³5² = 63241.0770843(13) [au] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.parsec
— Constant
parsec(U::UnitSystem) = astronomicalunit(U)*𝟐^2*𝟑^4*𝟓^3/τ
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²au⋅2⁸3⁴5³ = 7.9906863243(25) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Unit of length defined at which 1
astronomicalunit subtends an angle of 1
arcsecond.
julia> parsec(Metric) # m
au⋅τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 3.085677581491(62) × 10¹⁶ [m] Metric
julia> parsec(English) # ft
au⋅ft⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 1.012361411250(20) × 10¹⁷ [ft] English
julia> parsec(IAU) # au
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 206264.80624709636 [au] IAU☉
Speed Units
MeasureSystems.bubnoff
— Constant
bubnoff(U::UnitSystem) = meter(U)/year(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹aⱼ⁻¹2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.0570008340246154×10⁻¹⁶) [𝘤] Unified
Reference unit of erosion speed
(m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> bubnoff(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
aⱼ⁻¹2⁻⁵3⁻³ = 3.1688087814028946×10⁻⁶ [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss
julia> bubnoff(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
aⱼ⁻¹ft⁻¹2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.0396354269694536×10⁻⁷ [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.fpm
— Constant
fpm(U::UnitSystem) = feet(U)/minute(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 1.6945056036066124×10⁻¹¹) [𝘤] Unified
Feet per minute unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹
or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> fpm(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅3⁻¹5 = 0.508 [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss
julia> fpm(IPS) # in⋅s⁻¹
5⁻¹ = 0.2 [in⋅s⁻¹] IPS
julia> fpm(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.ips
— Constant
ips(U::UnitSystem) = inch(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹ = 8.472528018033061×10⁻¹¹) [𝘤] Unified
Inch per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹
or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> ips(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅3⁻¹5² = 2.5399999999999996 [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss
julia> ips(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.08333333333333333 [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.kmh
— Constant
kmh(U::UnitSystem) = kilo(U)*meter(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹3⁻²5 = 9.265669311059779×10⁻¹⁰) [𝘤] Unified
Kilometers per hour unit of speed
(m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> kmh(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹3⁻²5 = 0.2777777777777778 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric
julia> kmh(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
ft⁻¹2⁻²3⁻¹5²11⁻¹ = 0.6213711922373338 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
julia> kmh(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁸3³5⁵ = 0.53921918134(54) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.fps
— Constant
fps(U::UnitSystem) = feet(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft = 1.0167033621639674×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified
Feet per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹
or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> fps(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
ft = 0.3048 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric
julia> fps(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2⋅3²5⁻¹ = 1.09728 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH
julia> fps(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
2⁻¹3⋅5⋅11⁻¹ = 0.6818181818181819 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
MeasureSystems.mph
— Constant
mph(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⋅3⁻¹5⁻¹11 = 1.4911649311738188×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified
Miles per hour unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹
or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> mph(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅2⋅3⁻¹5⁻¹11 = 0.44704 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric
julia> mph(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2²3⋅5⁻²11 = 1.6093440000000003 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH
julia> mph(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹⁰3⁴5³11 = 0.86778915418(87) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.knot
— Constant
knot(U::UnitSystem) = nauticalmile(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹3⁻⁵5⁻⁴ = 1.7183493525(17) × 10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified
Nautical miles per hour unit of speed
(m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> knot(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹3⁻⁵5⁻⁴ = 0.51514817608(52) [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric
julia> knot(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁸3⁻³5⁻⁵ = 1.8545334339(19) [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH
julia> knot(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻¹⁰3⁻⁴5⁻³11⁻¹ = 1.1523536509(12) [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
MeasureSystems.ms
— Constant
ms(U::UnitSystem) = meter(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815204×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified
Meters per second unit of speed
(m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> ms(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
2⋅3²5⁻¹ = 3.6 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH
julia> ms(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
ft⁻¹2⁻¹3⋅5⋅11⁻¹ = 2.236936292054402 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
julia> ms(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹3⁵5⁴ = 1.9411890528(19) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.mps
— Constant
mps(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5.368193752225748×10⁻⁶) [𝘤] Unified
Miles per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹
or ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> mps(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2⁶3³11 = 5793.638400000001 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH
julia> mps(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
julia> mps(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹⁴3⁶5⁵11 = 3124.0409550(31) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
Area Units
MeasureSystems.barn
— Constant
barn(U::UnitSystem) = area((𝟐*𝟓)^-28,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴τ²2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁸ = 0.00067060544436(41)) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified
Unit of area defined by
100 square femto-meters (m² or ft²).
julia> barn(Metric) # m²
2⁻²⁸5⁻²⁸ = 1.0×10⁻²⁸ [m²] Metric
julia> barn(CGS) # cm²
2⁻²⁴5⁻²⁴ = 1.0×10⁻²⁴ [cm²] Gauss
julia> barn(English) # ft²
ft⁻²2⁻²⁸5⁻²⁸ = 1.076391041670972×10⁻²⁷ [ft²] English
MeasureSystems.hectare
— Constant
hectare(U::UnitSystem) = area(hecto^2,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴τ²2⁶5⁴ = 6.7060544436(41) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified
Metric unit of land area defined by
100 square meters (m² or ft²).
julia> hectare(Metric) # m²
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [m²] Metric
julia> hectare(English) # ft²
ft⁻²2⁴5⁴ = 107639.1041670972 [ft²] English
julia> hectare(Survey) # ftUS²
ftUS⁻²2⁴5⁴ = 107638.67361111114 [ft²] Survey
MeasureSystems.acre
— Constant
acre(U::UnitSystem) = area(𝟐^4*𝟓^4,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴ft²τ²2⁵3²5⋅11² = 2.7138439494(17) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified
English unit of land area (m² or
ft²).
julia> acre(Metric) # m²
ft²2³3²5⋅11² = 4046.8564224 [m²] Metric
julia> acre(English) # ft²
2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.0 [ft²] English
julia> acre(Survey) # ftUS²
ft²ftUS⁻²2³3²5⋅11² = 43559.82576017426 [ft²] Survey
MeasureSystems.surveyacre
— Constant
surveyacre(U::UnitSystem) = area(𝟐^3*𝟑^2*𝟓*𝟏𝟏^2,U,Survey)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴ftUS²τ²2⁵3²5⋅11² = 2.7138548048(17) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified
Survey unit of land area (m² or
ft²).
julia> surveyacre(Metric) # m²
ftUS²2³3²5⋅11² = 4046.8726098742513 [m²] Metric
julia> surveyacre(English) # ft²
ft⁻²ftUS²2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.174240522705 [ft²] English
julia> surveyacre(Survey) # ftUS²
2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.0 [ft²] Survey
Volume Units
MeasureSystems.liter
— Constant
liter(U::UnitSystem) = volume(𝟏𝟎^-3,U,Metric)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³5⁻³ = 1.7366032619(16) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
Unit of volume derived from 1 cubic
decimeter (m³ or ft³).
julia> liter(Metric) # m³
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [m³] Metric
julia> liter(CGS) # cm³
2³5³ = 1000.0 [mL] Gauss
julia> liter(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³2³3³5⁻³ = 61.02374409473227 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.gallon
— Constant
gallon(U::UnitSystem) = volume(𝟕*𝟏𝟏/𝟐^2,U,English)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻³3⁻²7⋅11 = 6.5737584518(60) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
Unit of volume derived from the US
liquid gallon in cubic inches (m³ or
ft³).
julia> gallon(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁶3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.0037854117839999997 [m³] Metric
julia> gallon(CGS) # cm³
ft³3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 3785.411784000001 [mL] Gauss
julia> gallon(IPS) # in³
3⋅7⋅11 = 231.0 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.quart
— Constant
quart(U::UnitSystem) = gallon(U)/𝟐^2
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁵3⁻²7⋅11 = 1.6434396130(15) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
English unit of volume (m³ or
ft³).
julia> quart(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁸3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.0009463529459999999 [m³] Metric
julia> quart(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻²3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 946.3529460000002 [mL] Gauss
julia> quart(IPS) # in³
2⁻²3⋅7⋅11 = 57.75 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.pint
— Constant
pint(U::UnitSystem) = quart(U)/𝟐
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁶3⁻²7⋅11 = 8.2171980648(76) × 10³³) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
English unit of volume (m³ or
ft³).
julia> pint(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁹3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.00047317647299999996 [m³] Metric
julia> pint(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻³3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 473.1764730000001 [mL] Gauss
julia> pint(IPS) # in³
2⁻³3⋅7⋅11 = 28.875 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.cup
— Constant
cup(U::UnitSystem) = pint(U)/𝟐
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁷3⁻²7⋅11 = 4.1085990324(38) × 10³³) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
English unit of volume (m³ or
ft³).
julia> cup(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻¹⁰3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.00023658823649999998 [m³] Metric
julia> cup(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 236.58823650000005 [mL] Gauss
julia> cup(IPS) # in³
2⁻⁴3⋅7⋅11 = 14.4375 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.fluidounce
— Constant
fluidounce(U::UnitSystem) = cup(U)/𝟐^3
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻¹⁰3⁻²7⋅11 = 5.1357487905(47) × 10³²) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
English unit of volume (m³ or
ft³).
julia> fluidounce(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻¹³3⁻²7⋅11 = 2.9573529562499998×10⁻⁵ [m³] Metric
julia> fluidounce(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻⁷3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 29.573529562500006 [mL] Gauss
julia> fluidounce(IPS) # in³
2⁻⁷3⋅7⋅11 = 1.8046875 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.teaspoon
— Constant
teaspoon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟓*milli*liter(U)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³2⁻³5⁻⁵ = 8.6830163097(80) × 10³¹) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
Measuring teaspoon unit of
volume (m³ or ft³).
julia> teaspoon(Metric) # m³
2⁻⁶5⁻⁵ = 5.0×10⁻⁶ [m³] Metric
julia> teaspoon(CGS) # cm³
5 = 5.0 [mL] Gauss
julia> teaspoon(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³3³5⁻⁵ = 0.3051187204736614 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.tablespoon
— Constant
tablespoon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟑*teaspoon(U)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³2⁻³3⋅5⁻⁵ = 2.6049048929(24) × 10³²) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified
Measuring tablespoon unit of
volume (m³ or ft³).
julia> tablespoon(Metric) # m³
2⁻⁶3⋅5⁻⁵ = 1.5000000000000002×10⁻⁵ [m³] Metric
julia> tablespoon(CGS) # cm³
3⋅5 = 15.0 [mL] Gauss
julia> tablespoon(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³3⁴5⁻⁵ = 0.9153561614209842 [in³] IPS
Mass Units
MeasureSystems.gram
— Constant
gram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Gauss)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10²⁷) [mₑ] Unified
Metric gram unit of mass
(kg or lb).
julia> gram(Metric) # kg
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [kg] Metric
julia> gram(CGS) # g
𝟏 = 1.0 [g] Gauss
julia> gram(English) # lb
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [lbm] English
julia> gram(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [slug] British
julia> gram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.00010197162129779284 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.earthgram
— Constant
earthgram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(milli,U,Meridian)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³¹5⁻²⁴ = 1.1025449025(33) × 10²⁷) [mₑ] Unified
Meridian gram unit of
mass based on earthmeter
(kg or lb).
julia> earthgram(Meridian) # keg
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [keg] Meridian
julia> earthgram(CGS) # g
g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁷5⁻²¹ = 1.0043504565(30) [g] Gauss
julia> earthgram(English) # lb
g₀⁻³ᐟ²lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.0022142137367(67) [lbm] English
julia> earthgram(British) # slug
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⋅lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 6.881986682(21) × 10⁻⁵ [slug] British
julia> earthgram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.00010241524440(31) [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.kilogram
— Constant
kilogram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Metric)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10³⁰) [mₑ] Unified
Metric kilogram unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> kilogram(Metric) # kg
𝟏 = 1.0 [kg] Metric
julia> kilogram(CGS) # g
2³5³ = 1000.0 [g] Gauss
julia> kilogram(English) # lb
lb⁻¹ = 2.2046226218487757 [lbm] English
julia> kilogram(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹ = 0.06852176585679176 [slug] British
julia> kilogram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.tonne
— Constant
tonne(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,MTS)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2²5³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10³³) [mₑ] Unified
Metric tonne unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> tonne(Metric) # kg
2³5³ = 1000.0 [kg] Metric
julia> tonne(MTS) # t
𝟏 = 1.0 [t] MTS
julia> tonne(English) # lb
lb⁻¹2³5³ = 2204.6226218487755 [lbm] English
julia> tonne(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2³5³ = 68.52176585679176 [slug] British
julia> tonne(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹2³5³ = 101.97162129779284 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.ton
— Constant
ton(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟐*kilo,U,English)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2³5³ = 9.9587938078(31) × 10³²) [mₑ] Unified
English ton unit of mass
(kg or lb).
julia> ton(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁴5³ = 907.18474 [kg] Metric
julia> ton(MTS) # t
lb⋅2 = 0.90718474 [t] MTS
julia> ton(English) # lb
2⁴5³ = 2000.0 [lbm] English
julia> ton(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁴5³ = 62.16190034313451 [slug] British
julia> ton(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb⋅2⁴5³ = 92.50709875441665 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.pound
— Constant
pound(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,English)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻¹ = 4.9793969039(15) × 10²⁹) [mₑ] Unified
English pound unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> pound(Metric) # kg
lb = 0.45359237 [kg] Metric
julia> pound(CGS) # g
lb⋅2³5³ = 453.59237 [g] Gauss
julia> pound(English) # lb
𝟏 = 1.0 [lbm] English
julia> pound(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [slug] British
julia> pound(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb = 0.046253549377208325 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.ounce
— Constant
ounce(U::UnitSystem) = pound(U)/𝟐^4
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻⁵ = 3.11212306494(95) × 10²⁸) [mₑ] Unified
English ounce unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> ounce(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.028349523125 [kg] Metric
julia> ounce(CGS) # g
lb⋅2⁻¹5³ = 28.349523125 [g] Gauss
julia> ounce(English) # lb
2⁻⁴ = 0.0625 [lbm] English
julia> ounce(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.0019425593857229535 [slug] British
julia> ounce(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.0028908468360755203 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.grain
— Constant
grain(U::UnitSystem) = milli(U)*pound(U)/𝟕
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻⁴5⁻³7⁻¹ = 7.1134241484(22) × 10²⁵) [mₑ] Unified
Ideal grain seed of cereal, unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> grain(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁻³5⁻³7⁻¹ = 6.479891×10⁻⁵ [kg] Metric
julia> grain(CGS) # g
lb⋅7⁻¹ = 0.06479891 [g] Gauss
julia> grain(English) # lb
2⁻³5⁻³7⁻¹ = 0.00014285714285714284 [lbm] English
julia> grain(QCD) # mₚ
𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²μₑᵤ⋅μₚᵤ⁻¹lb⋅2⁻⁴5⁻³7⁻¹ = 3.8740918723(12) × 10²² [mₚ] QCD
MeasureSystems.slug
— Constant
slug(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,British)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.60207357768(49) × 10³¹) [mₑ] Unified
British gravitational slug unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> slug(Metric) # kg
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb = 14.593902937206364 [kg] Metric
julia> slug(CGS) # g
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2³5³ = 14593.902937206363 [g] Gauss
julia> slug(English) # lb
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [lbm] English
julia> slug(British) # slug
𝟏 = 1.0 [slug] British
julia> slug(Gravitational) # hyl
ft⁻¹lb = 1.4881639435695537 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.slinch
— Constant
slinch(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,IPS)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⋅3 = 1.92248829321(59) × 10³²) [mₑ] Unified
British gravitational slinch unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> slinch(Metric) # kg
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2²3 = 175.12683524647636 [kg] Metric
julia> slinch(CGS) # g
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁵3⋅5³ = 175126.83524647637 [g] Gauss
julia> slinch(English) # lb
g₀⋅ft⁻¹2²3 = 386.0885826771653 [lbm] English
julia> slinch(British) # slug
2²3 = 12.0 [slug] British
julia> slinch(Gravitational) # hyl
ft⁻¹lb⋅2²3 = 17.857967322834646 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.hyl
— Constant
hyl(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Gravitational)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅2⁻¹ = 1.07654374009(33) × 10³¹) [mₑ] Unified
Gravitational Metric hyl unit of
mass (kg or lb).
julia> hyl(Metric) # kg
g₀ = 9.80665 [kg] Metric
julia> hyl(CGS) # g
g₀⋅2³5³ = 9806.65 [g] Gauss
julia> hyl(English) # lb
g₀⋅lb⁻¹ = 21.619962434553294 [lbm] English
julia> hyl(British) # slug
ft⋅lb⁻¹ = 0.6719689751395068 [slug] British
julia> hyl(Gravitational) # hyl
𝟏 = 1.0 [hyl] Gravitational
Force Units
MeasureSystems.dyne
— Constant
dyne(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Gauss)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁵ = 4.7166761794(29) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Historical dyne unit of
force (N or lb).
julia> dyne(Metric) # N
2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 1.0×10⁻⁵ [N] Metric
julia> dyne(CGS) # dyn
𝟏 = 1.0 [dyn] Gauss
julia> dyne(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 2.248089430997105×10⁻⁶ [lbf] English
julia> dyne(FPS) # pdl
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 7.233013851209893×10⁻⁵ [pdl] FPS
julia> dyne(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 1.0197162129779284×10⁻⁶ [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.newton
— Constant
newton(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Metric)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 4.7166761794(29)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Metric newton unit of
force (N or lb).
julia> newton(Metric) # N
𝟏 = 1.0 [N] Metric
julia> newton(CGS) # dyn
2⁵5⁵ = 100000.0 [dyn] Gauss
julia> newton(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.22480894309971047 [lbf] English
julia> newton(FPS) # pdl
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 7.233013851209893 [pdl] FPS
julia> newton(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.poundal
— Constant
poundal(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,FPS)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴ft⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 0.65210384999(40)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Absolute English poundal unit of
force (N or lb).
julia> poundal(Metric) # N
ft⋅lb = 0.13825495437600002 [N] Metric
julia> poundal(CGS) # dyn
ft⋅lb⋅2⁵5⁵ = 13825.495437600002 [dyn] Gauss
julia> poundal(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [lbf] English
julia> poundal(FPS) # pdl
𝟏 = 1.0 [pdl] FPS
julia> poundal(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb = 0.014098081850173099 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.poundforce
— Constant
poundforce(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,English)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 20.9808209330(13)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
English poundforce unit of
force used in engineering systems (N or
lb).
julia> poundforce(Metric) # N
g₀⋅lb = 4.4482216152605 [N] Metric
julia> poundforce(CGS) # dyn
g₀⋅lb⋅2⁵5⁵ = 444822.16152604995 [dyn] Gauss
julia> poundforce(English) # lb
𝟏 = 1.0 [lbf] English
julia> poundforce(FPS) # pdl
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [pdl] FPS
julia> poundforce(Engineering) # kp
lb = 0.45359237 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.kilopond
— Constant
kilopond(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Engineering)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 46.254792454(28)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Gravitational kilopond unit of
force used in engineering systems (N or
lb).
julia> kilopond(Metric) # N
g₀ = 9.80665 [N] Metric
julia> kilopond(CGS) # dyn
g₀⋅2⁵5⁵ = 980665.0 [dyn] Gauss
julia> kilopond(English) # lb
lb⁻¹ = 2.2046226218487757 [lbf] English
julia> kilopond(FPS) # pdl
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 70.9316352839675 [pdl] FPS
julia> kilopond(Engineering) # kp
𝟏 = 1.0 [kgf] Engineering
Pressure Units
MeasureSystems.psi
— Constant
psi(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,IPS)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅τ⁻³3² = 4.8493995628(59) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
English unit of pressure (Pa or
lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> psi(Metric) # Pa
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁴3² = 6894.75729316836 [Pa] Metric
julia> psi(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
2⁴3² = 144.0 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> psi(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.pascal
— Constant
pascal(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Metric unit of pressure (Pa or
lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> pascal(Metric) # Pa
𝟏 = 1.0 [Pa] Metric
julia> pascal(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹ = 0.02088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> pascal(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻⁴3⁻² = 0.0001450377377302092 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.barye
— Constant
barye(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,Gauss)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁵5⁻¹ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Historical unit of pressure (Pa or
lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> barye(Metric) # Pa
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Pa] Metric
julia> barye(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.002088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> barye(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻⁵3⁻²5⁻¹ = 1.4503773773020924×10⁻⁵ [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.bar
— Constant
bar(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(hecto*kilo,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⋅5⁵ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Reference unit of pressure (Pa or
lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> bar(Metric) # Pa
2⁵5⁵ = 100000.0 [Pa] Metric
julia> bar(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁵5⁵ = 2088.543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> bar(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⋅3⁻²5⁵ = 14.503773773020923 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.technicalatmosphere
— Constant
technicalatmosphere(U::UnitSystem) = kilopond(U)/(centi*meter(U))^2
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸g₀⋅τ⁻³5⁴ = 6.8974674816(85) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Gravitational Metric unit of pressure
(Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> technicalatmosphere(Metric) # Pa
g₀⋅2⁴5⁴ = 98066.5 [Pa] Metric
julia> technicalatmosphere(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
ft²lb⁻¹2⁴5⁴ = 2048.161436225217 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> technicalatmosphere(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
ft²lb⁻¹3⁻²5⁴ = 14.223343307119563 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.atmosphere
— Constant
atmosphere(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(atm = 101325.0,U)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 7.1266527568(87) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Standard pressure reference level of
one atmosphere atm (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).
julia> atmosphere(Metric) # Pa
atm = 101325.0 [Pa] Metric
julia> atmosphere(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm = 2116.2166236739367 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> atmosphere(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻⁴3⁻² = 14.695948775513449 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.inchmercury
— Constant
inchmercury(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(inHg,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸inHg⁻¹τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 2.3818029610(29) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Unit of pressure exerted by 1 inch of
mercury at standard atmospheric conditions.
juila> inchmercury(Metric) # Pa
inHg⁻¹ = 3386.3890000000006 [Pa] Metric
julia> inchmercury(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹inHg⁻¹ = 70.72620474736304 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> inchmercury(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹inHg⁻¹2⁻⁴3⁻² = 0.49115419963446555 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.torr
— Constant
torr(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(atm/𝟐^3/𝟓/𝟏𝟗,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻⁷5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 9.377174680(11) × 10⁻²³) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Unit of pressure exerted by 1 mm of
mercury at standard atmospheric conditions.
juila> torr(Metric) # Pa
atm⋅2⁻³5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 133.32236842105263 [Pa] Metric
julia> torr(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻³5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 2.784495557465706 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English
julia> torr(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻⁷3⁻²5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 0.01933677470462296 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
Energy Units
MeasureSystems.erg
— Constant
erg(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Gauss)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 1.22143285705(37) × 10⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Historical unit of energy (J or
lb⋅ft).
julia> erg(Metric) # J
2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0×10⁻⁷ [J] Metric
julia> erg(CGS) # erg
𝟏 = 1.0 [erg] Gauss
julia> erg(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 7.375621492772652×10⁻⁸ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.joule
— Constant
joule(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Metric)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.22143285705(37) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of energy (J or
lb⋅ft).
julia> joule(Metric) # J
𝟏 = 1.0 [J] Metric
julia> joule(CGS) # erg
2⁷5⁷ = 1.0×10⁷ [erg] Gauss
julia> joule(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.7375621492772653 [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.footpound
— Constant
footpound(U::UnitSystem) = poundforce(U)*foot(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.65604059027(51) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
English unit of energy in
gravitational and engineering systems (J or
lb⋅ft).
julia> footpound(Metric) # J
g₀⋅ft⋅lb = 1.3558179483314003 [J] Metric
julia> footpound(CGS) # erg
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⁷5⁷ = 1.3558179483314004×10⁷ [erg] Gauss
julia> footpound(British) # lb⋅ft
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.calorie
— Constant
calorie(U::UnitSystem) = kilocalorie(U)/𝟐^3/𝟓^3
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Heat energy required to raise 1 g of water by 1
Kelvin (cal) in
International units.
julia> calorie(International) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186046511627907 [J] International
julia> calorie(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211057 [J] Metric
julia> calorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 3.087978978566891 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.kilocalorie
— Constant
kilocalorie(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟐^5*𝟓^4*𝟑^2/𝟒𝟑,U,International)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁴3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10¹⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Heat energy required to raise 1 kg of water by 1
Kelvin (kcal) in
International units.
julia> kilocalorie(International) # J
2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 4186.0465116279065 [J] International
julia> kilocalorie(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 4186.737323211056 [J] Metric
julia> kilocalorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 3087.978978566891 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.meancalorie
— Constant
meancalorie(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟐^2*𝟓*𝟑^2/𝟒𝟑,U,InternationalMean)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅1.0001900224889804 [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Heat energy required to raise 1 g of water by 1
Kelvin (cal) in
InternationalMean units.
julia> meancalorie(InternationalMean) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186046511627907 [J] InternationalMean
julia> meancalorie(Metric) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹⋅1.0001900224889804 = 4.186841954605034 [J] Metric
julia> meancalorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2²3²5⋅43⁻¹⋅1.0001900224889804 = 3.0880561507227156 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.earthcalorie
— Constant
earthcalorie(U::UnitSystem) = calorie(U)*(sqrt(g₀/GME)/τ)^3*𝟐^27*𝟓^21
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁶3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 5.136065976(16) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Heat energy required to raise 1
earthgram of water by 1
kelvin in Meridian
units.
julia> earthcalorie(Meridian) # J
g₀⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME⁻¹τ⁻²2²⁰3²5¹⁵43⁻¹ = 4.1746383635(84) [eJ] Meridian
julia> earthcalorie(Metric) # J
g₀⁻³ᐟ²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁵3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 4.204951542(13) [J] Metric
julia> earthcalorie(British) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁵3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 3.1014130969(93) [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.thermalunit
— Constant
thermalunit(U::UnitSystem) = kilocalorie(U)*𝟑^2/𝟓/lb
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁴5⁵43⁻¹ = 1.28866059275(39) × 10¹⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Heat energy required to raise 1 lb of water by 1
Rankine (BTU) in
International units.
julia> thermalunit(British) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 778.1576129990752 [lb⋅ft] British
julia> thermalunit(International) # J
lb⋅2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 1054.8659767441861 [J] International
julia> thermalunit(Metric) # J
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 1055.0400583348662 [J] Metric
MeasureSystems.gasgallon
— Constant
gasgallon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐*𝟑*𝟏𝟗*kilo*thermalunit(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁸3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.46907307574(45) × 10²¹) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Gasoline gallon equivalent reference unit of
energy (J or lb⋅ft).
julia> gasgallon(Metric) # J
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.2027456665017475×10⁸ [J] Metric
julia> gasgallon(CGS) # erg
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁶3⋅5¹⁵19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.2027456665017475×10¹⁵ [erg] Gauss
julia> gasgallon(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 8.870996788189459×10⁷ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.tontnt
— Constant
tontnt(U::UnitSystem) = giga*calorie(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁰3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10²²) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Ton TNT equivalent reference unit of
energy (J or lb⋅ft).
julia> tontnt(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹¹3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211056×10⁹ [J] Metric
julia> tontnt(CGS) # erg
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁸3²5¹⁷43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211057×10¹⁶ [erg] Gauss
julia> tontnt(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹¹3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 3.087978978566891×10⁹ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.electronvolt
— Constant
electronvolt(U::UnitSystem) = elementarycharge(U)*volt(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹𝘦⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.95695118356(60) × 10⁻⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Unit of energy gained by a rest
electron accelerated by 1 volt in vacuum
(J or lb⋅ft).
julia> electronvolt(SI2019) # J
𝘦 = 1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹ [J] SI2019
julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019) # kg⋅m⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹𝘦 = 5.344285992678308×10⁻²⁸ [N⋅s] SI2019
julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019)^2 # kg
𝘤⁻²𝘦 = 1.7826619216278975×10⁻³⁶ [kg] SI2019
julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/planck(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019) # m⁻¹
𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹𝘦 = 806554.393734921 [m⁻¹] SI2019
julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/boltzmann(SI2019) # K
kB⁻¹𝘦 = 11604.518121550082 [K] SI2019
Power Units
MeasureSystems.watt
— Constant
watt(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟏,U,Metric)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 1.57331382212(96) × 10⁻⁸) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Metric watt unit of
power (W or lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹).
julia> watt(Metric) # W
𝟏 = 1.0 [W] Metric
julia> watt(English) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.7375621492772653 [lbf⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] English
julia> watt(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepowerwatt
— Constant
horsepowerwatt(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟐^4*𝟑^3/𝟓*τ,U,British)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2²3³5⁻¹ = 1.15800476849(71) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power derived from Watt's
exact original horse power estimate.
julia> horsepowerwatt(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 542.8672105403163 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> horsepowerwatt(Metric) # W
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 736.0291076111621 [W] Metric
julia> horsepowerwatt(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅lb⋅τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 75.05408142547782 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepowermetric
— Constant
horsepowermetric(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟑*𝟓^2,U,Gravitational)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻²3⋅5² = 1.15717034952(71) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power derived from raising 75
kp by 1 m in 1 in 1 s.
julia> horsepowermetric(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹3⋅5² = 542.476038840742 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> horsepowermetric(Metric) # W
g₀⋅3⋅5² = 735.49875 [W] Metric
julia> horsepowermetric(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
3⋅5² = 75.0 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepower
— Constant
horsepower(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟐*𝟓^2*𝟏𝟏,U,British)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻¹5²11 = 1.17321991511(72) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power derived from raising
550 lb by 1 ft in 1 in 1 s.
julia> horsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
2⋅5²11 = 550.0 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> horsepower(Metric) # W
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⋅5²11 = 745.6998715822701 [W] Metric
julia> horsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅lb⋅2⋅5²11 = 76.0402249068 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.electricalhorsepower
— Constant
electricalhorsepower(U::UnitSystem) = power(746,U,Metric)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅373 [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power for electrical motors
in the United States.
julia> electricalhorsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⋅373 = 550.2213633608399 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> electricalhorsepower(Metric) # W
2⋅373 = 746.0 [W] Metric
julia> electricalhorsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹2⋅373 = 76.07082948815345 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.tonsrefrigeration
— Constant
tonsrefrigeration(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(𝟐*𝟓/𝟑,U,Metric)*thermalunit(U)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²τ⁻¹2⁴3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 5.5330303556(34) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power derived from melting of
1 short ton of ice in 24 hours.
julia> tonsrefrigeration(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 2593.8587099969172 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> tonsrefrigeration(Metric) # W
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 3516.8001944495536 [W] Metric
julia> tonsrefrigeration(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 358.613817608414 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.boilerhorsepower
— Constant
boilerhorsepower(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(1339/𝟐^4/𝟑^2,U,Metric)*thermalunit(U)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅1339 [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Unit of power derived from
evaporating 34.5 lb of boiling water in 1 hour.
julia> boilerhorsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 7235.785026428902 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British
julia> boilerhorsepower(Metric) # W
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 9810.407209099902 [W] Metric
julia> boilerhorsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 1000.3831287034718 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
Electromagnetic Units
Charge Units
MeasureSystems.coulomb
— Constant
coulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,Metric)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻³5⁻⁷ᐟ² = 1.890067014853257×10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of charge (C).
julia> coulomb(Metric) # C
𝟏 = 1.0 [C] Metric
julia> coulomb(EMU) # abC
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU
julia> coulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅2⋅5 = 2.99792458×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.earthcoulomb
— Constant
earthcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,Meridian)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ³2⁻²¹5⁻³⁵ᐟ² = 1.8955448174(38) × 10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified
Meridian unit of charge (C).
julia> earthcoulomb(Metric) # C
g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁸5⁻¹⁴ = 1.0028982055(20) [C] Metric
julia> earthcoulomb(EMU) # abC
g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁹5⁻¹⁵ = 0.10028982055(20) [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU
julia> earthcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁷5⁻¹³ = 3.0066131814(60) × 10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abcoulomb
— Constant
abcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,EMU)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻²5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 1.8900670148532572×10¹⁹) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of charge
(C).
julia> abcoulomb(Metric) # C
2⋅5 = 10.0 [C] Metric
julia> abcoulomb(EMU) # abC
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU
julia> abcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statcoulomb
— Constant
statcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,ESU)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 6.304584936733987×10⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified
Electrostatic unit of charge (C).
julia> statcoulomb(Metric) # C
𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815207×10⁻¹⁰ [C] Metric
julia> statcoulomb(EMU) # abC
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU
julia> statcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
Current Units
MeasureSystems.ampere
— Constant
ampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,Metric)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷ᐟ² = 0.00243457390395(75)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of current (C⋅s⁻¹).
julia> ampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [s⁻¹C] Metric
julia> ampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU
julia> ampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⋅2⋅5 = 2.99792458×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.abampere
— Constant
abampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,EMU)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻³5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.0243457390395(75)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of current
(C⋅s⁻¹).
julia> abampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
2⋅5 = 10.0 [s⁻¹C] Metric
julia> abampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU
julia> abampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.statampere
— Constant
statampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,ESU)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁵5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 8.1208644146(25) × 10⁻¹³) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Electrostatic unit of current
(C⋅s⁻¹).
julia> statampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815207×10⁻¹⁰ [s⁻¹C] Metric
julia> statampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU
julia> statampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
Electromotive Units
MeasureSystems.volt
— Constant
volt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,Metric)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2²5⁷ᐟ² = 6.4623785688(20) × 10⁻⁶) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of electricpotential
(V).
julia> volt(Metric) # V
𝟏 = 1.0 [V] Metric
julia> volt(EMU) # abV
2⁸5⁸ = 1.0×10⁸ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU
julia> volt(ESU) # statV
𝘤⁻¹2⁶5⁶ = 0.0033356409519815205 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abvolt
— Constant
abvolt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,EMU)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 6.4623785688(20) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of
electricpotential (V).
julia> abvolt(Metric) # V
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [V] Metric
julia> abvolt(EMU) # abV
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU
julia> abvolt(ESU) # statV
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statvolt
— Constant
statvolt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,ESU)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁴5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.00193737235568(59)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Electrostatic unit of
electricpotential (V).
julia> statvolt(Metric) # V
𝘤⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 299.792458 [V] Metric
julia> statvolt(EMU) # abV
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU
julia> statvolt(ESU) # statV
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
Inductance Units
MeasureSystems.henry
— Constant
henry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,Metric)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²2⁷5⁷ = 2.06074224158(63) × 10¹⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified
Metric unit of inductance (H).
julia> henry(Metric) # H
𝟏 = 1.0 [H] Metric
julia> henry(EMU) # abH
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [cm] EMU
julia> henry(ESU) # statH
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [cm⁻¹s²] ESU
MeasureSystems.abhenry
— Constant
abhenry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,EMU)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²2⁻²5⁻² = 2.06074224158(63) × 10⁹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of inductance
(H).
julia> abhenry(Metric) # H
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [H] Metric
julia> abhenry(EMU) # abH
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm] EMU
julia> abhenry(ESU) # statH
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s²] ESU
MeasureSystems.stathenry
— Constant
stathenry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,ESU)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²2²5² = 1.85210276166(57) × 10³⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified
Electrostatic unit of inductance
(H).
julia> stathenry(Metric) # H
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [H] Metric
julia> stathenry(EMU) # abH
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm] EMU
julia> stathenry(ESU) # statH
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s²] ESU
Resistance Units
MeasureSystems.ohm
— Constant
ohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,Metric)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁶5⁷ = 0.0026544187294380724) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified
Metric unit of resistance (Ω).
julia> ohm(Metric) # Ω
𝟏 = 1.0 [Ω] Metric
julia> ohm(EMU) # abΩ
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU
julia> ohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [cm⁻¹s] ESU
MeasureSystems.abohm
— Constant
abohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,EMU)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻² = 2.654418729438073×10⁻¹²) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of resistance
(Ω).
julia> abohm(Metric) # Ω
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [Ω] Metric
julia> abohm(EMU) # abΩ
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU
julia> abohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s] ESU
MeasureSystems.statohm
— Constant
statohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,ESU)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 2.385672579618471×10⁹) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified
Electrostatic unit of resistance
(Ω).
julia> statohm(Metric) # Ω
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [Ω] Metric
julia> statohm(EMU) # abΩ
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU
julia> statohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s] ESU
Conductance Units
MeasureSystems.siemens
— Constant
siemens(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,Metric)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 376.7303134617706) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified
Metric unit of conductance (S).
julia> siemens(Metric) # S
𝟏 = 1.0 [S] Metric
julia> siemens(EMU) # abS
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [cm⁻¹s] EMU
julia> siemens(ESU) # statS
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abmho
— Constant
abmho(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,EMU)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⋅2³5² = 3.767303134617706×10¹¹) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of conductance
(S).
julia> abmho(Metric) # S
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [S] Metric
julia> abmho(EMU) # abS
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s] EMU
julia> abmho(ESU) # statS
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statmho
— Constant
statmho(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,ESU)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⋅2⁻¹5⁻² = 4.1916900439033643×10⁻¹⁰) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified
Electrostatic unit of conductance
(S).
julia> statmho(Metric) # S
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [S] Metric
julia> statmho(EMU) # abS
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s] EMU
julia> statmho(ESU) # statS
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU
Capacitance Units
MeasureSystems.farad
— Constant
farad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,Metric)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²τ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁷ = 2.92472345084(90) × 10²³) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified
Metric unit of capacitance (F).
julia> farad(Metric) # F
𝟏 = 1.0 [F] Metric
julia> farad(EMU) # abF
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [cm⁻¹s²] EMU
julia> farad(ESU) # statF
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [cm] ESU
MeasureSystems.abfarad
— Constant
abfarad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,EMU)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²τ²2⁴5² = 2.92472345084(90) × 10³²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of capacitance
(F).
julia> abfarad(Metric) # F
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [F] Metric
julia> abfarad(EMU) # abF
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s²] EMU
julia> abfarad(ESU) # statF
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm] ESU
MeasureSystems.statfarad
— Constant
statfarad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,ESU)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ²5⁻² = 3.25419371152(10) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified
Electrostatic unit of capacitance
(F).
julia> statfarad(Metric) # F
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [F] Metric
julia> statfarad(EMU) # abF
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s²] EMU
julia> statfarad(ESU) # statF
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm] ESU
Magnetic Flux Units
MeasureSystems.weber
— Constant
weber(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,Metric)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²2³5⁷ᐟ² = 5.017029284119592×10¹⁵) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified
Metric unit of magneticflux (Wb).
julia> weber(Metric) # Wb
𝟏 = 1.0 [Wb] Metric
julia> weber(EMU) # Mx
2⁸5⁸ = 1.0×10⁸ [Mx] EMU
julia> weber(ESU) # statWb
𝘤⁻¹2⁶5⁶ = 0.0033356409519815205 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.maxwell
— Constant
maxwell(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 5.017029284119592×10⁷) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of magneticflux
(Wb).
julia> maxwell(Metric) # Wb
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [Wb] Metric
julia> maxwell(EMU) # Mx
𝟏 = 1.0 [Mx] EMU
julia> maxwell(ESU) # statWb
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.statweber
— Constant
statweber(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,ESU)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²2⁻³5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 1.5040675409441933×10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified
Electrostatic unit of magneticflux
(Wb).
julia> statweber(Metric) # Wb
𝘤⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 299.792458 [Wb] Metric
julia> statweber(EMU) # Mx
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [Mx] EMU
julia> statweber(ESU) # statWb
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU
Magnetic Flux Density Units
MeasureSystems.tesla
— Constant
tesla(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,Metric)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⋅5⁷ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁰) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified
Metric unit of magneticfluxdensity
(T).
julia> tesla(Metric) # T
𝟏 = 1.0 [T] Metric
julia> tesla(EMU) # G
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [G] EMU
julia> tesla(ESU) # statT
𝘤⁻¹2²5² = 3.3356409519815204×10⁻⁷ [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.gauss
— Constant
gauss(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻³5⁻¹ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of
magneticfluxdensity (T).
julia> gauss(Metric) # T
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [T] Metric
julia> gauss(EMU) # G
𝟏 = 1.0 [G] EMU
julia> gauss(ESU) # statT
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.stattesla
— Constant
stattesla(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,ESU)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻¹5³ᐟ² = 0.0022428501790(14)) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified
Electrostatic unit of
magneticfluxdensity (T).
julia> stattesla(Metric) # T
𝘤⋅2⁻²5⁻² = 2.9979245800000005×10⁶ [T] Metric
julia> stattesla(EMU) # G
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [G] EMU
julia> stattesla(ESU) # statT
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU
Magnetic Specialized Units
MeasureSystems.oersted
— Constant
oersted(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfield(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticfield : [L⁻¹T⁻¹QRC⁻¹], [L⁻¹T⁻¹Q], [L⁻¹T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻²]
L⁻¹T⁻¹QRC⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻³5⁻¹ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of magneticfield
(Oe).
julia> oersted(Metric) # A⋅m⁻¹
τ⁻¹2²5³ = 79.57747154594767 [m⁻¹s⁻¹C] Metric
julia> oersted(EMU) # Oe
𝟏 = 1.0 [G] EMU
julia> oersted(ESU) # statA⋅cm⁻¹
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.gilbert
— Constant
gilbert(U::UnitSystem) = abampere(U)/𝟐/turn(U)
nonstandard : [T⁻¹QA⁻¹], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹QA⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁴5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.00193737235568(59)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Electromagnetic unit of magnetization (Gb).
julia> gilbert(Metric) # A⋅rad⁻¹
τ⁻¹5 = 0.7957747154594768 [s⁻¹C] Metric
julia> gilbert(EMU) # Gb
τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 0.07957747154594767 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU
julia> gilbert(ESU) # statA⋅rad⁻¹
𝘤⋅τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 2.385672579618471×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
Thermodynamic Units
MeasureSystems.kelvin
— Constant
kelvin(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(𝟏,U,Metric)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2³5³ = 1.686370052070(49) × 10⁻¹⁰) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of temperature (K or
°R).
julia> kelvin(Metric) # K
𝟏 = 1.0 [K] Metric
julia> kelvin(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³ = 0.99999999966(31) [K] SI2019
julia> kelvin(British) # °R
3²5⁻¹ = 1.8 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.rankine
— Constant
rankine(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(𝟏,U,English)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2³3⁻²5⁴ = 9.36872251150(27) × 10⁻¹¹) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
English unit of temperature (K or
°R).
julia> rankine(Metric) # K
3⁻²5 = 0.5555555555555556 [K] Metric
julia> rankine(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴3⁻²5⁴ = 0.55555555536(17) [K] SI2019
julia> rankine(British) # °R
𝟏 = 1.0 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.celsius
— Constant
celsius(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀,U,Metric)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⋅2³5³ = 4.60631979723(13) × 10⁻⁸) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of temperature (K or
°R).
julia> celsius(Metric) # K
T₀ = 273.15 [K] Metric
julia> celsius(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⋅2⁴5³ = 273.149999906(84) [K] SI2019
julia> celsius(British) # °R
T₀⋅3²5⁻¹ = 491.66999999999996 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.fahrenheit
— Constant
fahrenheit(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(Constant(459.67),U,English)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅459.67 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
English unit of temperature (K or
°R).
julia> fahrenheit(Metric) # K
3⁻²5⋅459.67 = 255.37222222222223 [K] Metric
julia> fahrenheit(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴3⁻²5⁴⋅459.67 = 255.372222134(79) [K] SI2019
julia> fahrenheit(British) # °R
459.67 = 459.67 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.sealevel
— Constant
sealevel(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀+𝟑*𝟓,U)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅288.15 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Standard temperature reference at
sealevel (K or °R).
julia> sealevel(Metric) # K
288.15 = 288.15 [K] Metric
julia> sealevel(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³⋅288.15 = 288.149999901(89) [K] SI2019
julia> sealevel(English) # °R
3²5⁻¹⋅288.15 = 518.67 [°R] English
MeasureSystems.boiling
— Constant
boiling(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀+Constant(99.9839),U)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅373.1339 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Standard temperature reference at
boiling point of water (K or °R).
julia> boiling(Metric) # K
373.1339 = 373.1339 [K] Metric
julia> boiling(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³⋅373.1339 = 373.13389987(11) [K] SI2019
julia> boiling(English) # °R
3²5⁻¹⋅373.1339 = 671.64102 [°R] English
MeasureSystems.mole
— Constant
mole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,Metric)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10²⁷) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified
Molecular molaramount unit (mol or
lb-mol).
julia> mole(Metric) # mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [mol] Metric
julia> mole(English) # lb-mol
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [lb-mol] English
julia> mole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.earthmole
— Constant
earthmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,Meridian)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³¹5⁻²⁴ = 1.1025449025(33) × 10²⁷) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified
Molecular molaramount unit (mol or
lb-mol).
julia> earthmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁷5⁻²¹ = 1.0043504565(30) [mol] Metric
julia> earthmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⁻³ᐟ²lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.0022142137367(67) [lb-mol] English
julia> earthmole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⋅lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 6.881986682(21) × 10⁻⁵ [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.poundmole
— Constant
poundmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,English)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻¹ = 4.9793969039(15) × 10²⁹) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified
Molecular molaramount unit (mol or
lb-mol).
julia> poundmole(Metric) # mol
lb⋅2³5³ = 453.59237 [mol] Metric
julia> poundmole(English) # lb-mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb-mol] English
julia> poundmole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.slugmole
— Constant
slugmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,British)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.60207357768(49) × 10³¹) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified
Molecular molaramount unit (mol or
lb-mol).
julia> slugmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2³5³ = 14593.902937206363 [mol] Metric
julia> slugmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [lb-mol] English
julia> slugmole(British) # slug-mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.slinchmole
— Constant
slinchmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,IPS)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⋅3 = 1.92248829321(59) × 10³²) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified
Molecular molaramount unit (mol or
lb-mol).
julia> slinchmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁵3⋅5³ = 175126.83524647637 [mol] Metric
julia> slinchmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹2²3 = 386.0885826771653 [lb-mol] English
julia> slinchmole(British) # slug-mol
2²3 = 12.0 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.katal
— Constant
katal(U::UnitSystem) = catalysis(𝟏,U,Metric)
catalysis : [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N]
T⁻¹N⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻³ = 1.41402394541(87) × 10⁶) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ²Mᵤ⁻¹ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of catalysis (mol⋅s⁻¹ or
lb-mol⋅s⁻¹).
julia> katal(Metric) # mol⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [kat] Metric
julia> katal(English) # lb-mol⋅s⁻¹
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [s⁻¹lb-mol] English
julia> katal(British) # slug-mol⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [s⁻¹slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.amagat
— Constant
amagat(U::UnitSystem) = loschmidt(U)/avogadro(U)
molarity : [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N]
L⁻³N⋅(kB⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻³ = 2.8202760171(26) × 10⁻⁹) [ħ⁻³𝘤³mₑ⁴Mᵤ⁻¹ϕ⁻³g₀⁻³] Unified
Number of moles of an ideal gas in a unit volume (mol⋅m⁻³ or lb-mol⋅ft⁻³).
julia> amagat(Metric) # mol⋅m⁻³
kB⁻¹𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅2⁴5³ = 44.615033390(14) [m⁻³mol] Metric
julia> amagat(SI2019) # mol⋅m⁻³
kB⁻¹NA⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm = 44.615033405470314 [m⁻³mol] SI2019
julia> amagat(English) # slug-mol⋅ft⁻³
kB⁻¹𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹ft³lb⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅2 = 0.00278522554558(86) [ft⁻³lb-mol] English
Photometric Units
MeasureSystems.lumen
— Constant
lumen(U::UnitSystem) = luminousflux(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousflux : [J], [J], [J], [J], [J]
J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 2.3034677403(14) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²Kcd⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Common unit of luminousflux (lm).
julia> lumen(Metric) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Metric
julia> lumen(CGS) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Gauss
julia> lumen(English) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [lm] English
MeasureSystems.candela
— Constant
candela(U::UnitSystem) = luminousintensity(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousintensity : [JA⁻²], [J], [J], [J], [J]
JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 2.3034677403(14) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻²] Unified
Common unit of luminousintensity
(cd).
julia> candela(Engineering) # lm⋅rad⁻²
𝟏 = 1.0 [lm⋅rad⁻²] Engineering
julia> candela(MetricDegree) # lm⋅deg⁻²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> candela(MetricGradian) # lm⋅gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁴ = 0.00024674011002723397 [lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> candela(CGS) # cd
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Gauss
julia> candela(English) # cd
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] English
MeasureSystems.lux
— Constant
lux(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,Metric)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Metric unit of illuminance (lx).
julia> lux(Metric) # lx
𝟏 = 1.0 [lx] Metric
julia> lux(CGS) # ph
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [ph] Gauss
julia> lux(English) # fc
ft² = 0.09290304 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.phot
— Constant
phot(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,Gauss)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³5⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Historic unit of illuminance
(lx).
julia> phot(Metric) # lx
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [lx] Metric
julia> phot(CGS) # ph
𝟏 = 1.0 [ph] Gauss
julia> phot(English) # fc
ft²2⁴5⁴ = 929.0304000000001 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.footcandle
— Constant
footcandle(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,English)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸ft⁻²τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.6973037742(45) × 10⁻³⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
English unit of illuminance (lx).
julia> footcandle(Metric) # lx
ft⁻² = 10.76391041670972 [lx] Metric
julia> footcandle(CGS) # ph
ft⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0010763910416709721 [ph] Gauss
julia> footcandle(English) # fc
𝟏 = 1.0 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.nit
— Constant
nit(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Metric unit of luminance
(lx⋅rad⁻²).
julia> nit(Engineering) # nt
𝟏 = 1.0 [nt] Engineering
julia> nit(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> nit(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁴ = 0.00024674011002723397 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> nit(CGS) # sb
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [ph] Gauss
julia> nit(English) # fc
ft² = 0.09290304 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.apostilb
— Constant
apostilb(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,Metric)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⁻³ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Metric unit of luminance
(lx⋅rad⁻²).
julia> apostilb(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [nt] Engineering
julia> apostilb(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻⁴5⁻² = 9.696273622190722×10⁻⁵ [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> apostilb(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁴ = 7.853981633974483×10⁻⁵ [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> apostilb(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 3.183098861837907×10⁻⁵ [ph] Gauss
julia> apostilb(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2 = 0.029571956088528157 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.stilb
— Constant
stilb(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟏,U,Gauss)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³5⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Historic unit of luminance
(lx⋅rad⁻²).
julia> stilb(Engineering) # nt
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [nt] Engineering
julia> stilb(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ²2⁻²3⁻⁴5² = 3.0461741978670855 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> stilb(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁴ = 2.4674011002723395 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> stilb(CGS) # sb
𝟏 = 1.0 [ph] Gauss
julia> stilb(English) # fc
ft²2⁴5⁴ = 929.0304000000001 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.lambert
— Constant
lambert(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,Gauss)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⋅5⁴ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Historic unit of luminance (nt).
julia> lambert(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2⁵5⁴ = 3183.098861837907 [nt] Engineering
julia> lambert(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹3⁻⁴5² = 0.9696273622190719 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> lambert(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻³ = 0.7853981633974483 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> lambert(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [ph] Gauss
julia> lambert(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2⁵5⁴ = 295.71956088528157 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.footlambert
— Constant
footlambert(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,English)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸ft⁻²τ⁻⁴2⁻³ = 1.1768883436(14) × 10⁻³⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
English unit of luminance (nt).
julia> footlambert(Engineering) # nt
ft⁻²τ⁻¹2 = 3.42625909963539 [nt] Engineering
julia> footlambert(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
ft⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.001043698206451664 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> footlambert(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
ft⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁴ = 0.0008453955472258477 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> footlambert(CGS) # sb
ft⁻²τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 0.00034262590996353903 [ph] Gauss
julia> footlambert(English) # fc
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.bril
— Constant
bril(U::UnitSystem) = centi*nano*lambert(U)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⁻¹⁰5⁻⁷ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻⁴³) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Reference unit of luminance (nt).
julia> bril(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 3.183098861837907×10⁻⁸ [nt] Engineering
julia> bril(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹²3⁻⁴5⁻⁹ = 9.69627362219072×10⁻¹² [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree
julia> bril(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹⁴5⁻¹¹ = 7.853981633974482×10⁻¹² [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian
julia> bril(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2⁻¹⁰5⁻¹¹ = 3.1830988618379067×10⁻¹² [ph] Gauss
julia> bril(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 2.9571956088528156×10⁻⁹ [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.talbot
— Constant
talbot(U::UnitSystem) = luminousenergy(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousenergy : [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ]
TJ⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.78828352208(55) × 10¹⁰) [𝘤²mₑ⋅Kcd⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Common unit of luminousenergy
(lm⋅s).
julia> talbot(Metric) # lm⋅s
𝟏 = 1.0 [s⋅lm] Metric
MeasureSystems.lumerg
— Constant
lumerg(U::UnitSystem) = luminousenergy(𝟏𝟎^-7,U,Metric)
luminousenergy : [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ]
TJ⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 1788.28352208(55)) [𝘤²mₑ⋅Kcd⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Reference unit of luminousenergy
(lm⋅s).
julia> lumerg(CGS) # lm⋅s
2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0×10⁻⁷ [s⋅lm] Gauss
Specialized Units
MeasureSystems.neper
— Function
neper(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,log(𝟙))
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.
julia> neper(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [log(𝟙)] Metric
julia> exp(neper(Metric))
exp(𝟙) = 2.718281828459045 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.bel
— Function
bel(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,log10(𝟙))
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.
julia> bel(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [log10(𝟙)] Metric
julia> exp10(bel(Metric))
exp10(𝟙) = 10.0 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.decibel
— Function
decibel(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,logdb(𝟙))
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.
julia> decibel(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [dB(𝟙)] Metric
julia> expdb(decibel(Metric))
1.2589254117941673^(𝟙) = 1.2589254117941673 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.hertz
— Constant
hertz(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟏/second(U)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 1.28808866819(39) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of frequency (s⁻¹).
julia> hertz(Engineering) # rad⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [Hz] Engineering
julia> hertz(IAU) # D⁻¹
2⁷3³5² = 86400.0 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.apm
— Constant
apm(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟏/minute(U)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻³3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 2.14681444698(66) × 10⁻²³) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Actions per minute apm unit of
frequency (s⁻¹).
julia> apm(Metric) # s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [Hz] Metric
julia> apm(MPH) # h⁻¹
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [h⁻¹] MPH
julia> apm(IAU) # D⁻¹
2⁵3²5 = 1440.0 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.rpm
— Constant
rpm(U::UnitSystem) = turn(U)/minute(U)
angularfrequency : [T⁻¹A], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹A⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻³3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 1.34888329905(41) × 10⁻²²) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Revolutions per minute rpm unit of
angularfrequency (rad⋅s⁻¹).
julia> rpm(Engineering) # rad⋅s⁻¹
τ⋅2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.10471975511965977 [s⁻¹rad] Engineering
julia> rpm(MetricGradian) # gon⋅s⁻¹
2²3⁻¹5 = 6.666666666666666 [s⁻¹gon] MetricGradian
julia> rpm(MetricDegree) # deg⋅s⁻¹
2⋅3 = 6.0 [s⁻¹deg] MetricDegree
julia> rpm(MetricArcminute) # amin⋅s⁻¹
2³3²5 = 360.0 [s⁻¹amin] MetricArcminute
julia> rpm(MetricArcsecond) # asec⋅s⁻¹
2⁵3³5² = 21600.0 [s⁻¹asec] MetricArcsecond
julia> rpm(MPH) # rad⋅h⁻¹
τ⋅2²3⋅5 = 376.99111843077515 [h⁻¹] MPH
julia> rpm(IAU) # rad⋅D⁻¹
τ⋅2⁵3²5 = 9047.786842338604 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.kayser
— Constant
kayser(U::UnitSystem) = wavenumber(𝟏,U,Gauss)
wavenumber : [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹]
L⁻¹⋅(R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 3.8615926796(12) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⋅mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of wavenumber or
curvature (m⁻¹ or ft⁻¹).
julia> kayser(Metric) # m⁻¹
2²5² = 100.0 [m⁻¹] Metric
julia> kayser(CGS) # cm⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> kayser(English) # ft⁻¹
ft⋅2²5² = 30.48 [ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.diopter
— Constant
diopter(U::UnitSystem) = angularwavenumber(𝟏,U,Metric)
angularwavenumber : [L⁻¹A], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹]
L⁻¹A⋅(R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 3.8615926796(12) × 10⁻¹³) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⋅mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of angularwavenumber or
curvature (m⁻¹ or ft⁻¹).
julia> diopter(Metric) # m⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [m⁻¹] Metric
julia> diopter(CGS) # cm⁻¹
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002 [cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> diopter(English) # ft⁻¹
ft = 0.3048 [ft⁻¹rad] English
MeasureSystems.rayleigh
— Constant
rayleigh(U::UnitSystem) = photonirradiance(𝟏𝟎^10,U,Metric)
photonirradiance : [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T]
L⁻²T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁹5¹⁰ = 1.15767636121(35) × 10⁶) [ħ⁻¹mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Common unit of photonirradiance
(Hz⋅m⁻²).
julia> rayleigh(Metric) # Hz⋅m⁻²
2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 1.0×10¹⁰ [Hz⋅m⁻²] Metric
julia> rayleigh(CGS) # Hz⋅cm⁻²
2⁶5⁶ = 1.0×10⁶ [Hz⋅m⁻²] Gauss
julia> rayleigh(English) # Hz⋅ft⁻²
ft²2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 9.290304000000001×10⁸ [ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.flick
— Constant
flick(U::UnitSystem) = radiance(𝟏𝟎^10,U,Metric)/length(𝟏,U,Metric)
nonstandard : [FL⁻²T⁻¹A⁻²], [FL⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻³], [ML⁻¹T⁻³], [ML⁻¹T⁻³]
FL⁻²T⁻¹A⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻⁵α¹⁰τ⁻⁴2⁵5¹⁰ = 9.059719376(14) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻⁴𝘤⁷mₑ⁵ϕ⁻⁶g₀⁻⁵] Unified
Lockheed Martin unit of radiance per
length (W⋅m⁻³⋅rad⁻²).
julia> flick(Metric) # W⋅m⁻³
2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 1.0×10¹⁰ [W⋅m⁻³] Metric
julia> flick(CGS) # erg⋅s⁻¹⋅mL⁻¹
2¹¹5¹¹ = 1.0×10¹¹ [erg⋅s⁻¹mL⁻¹] Gauss
julia> flick(MetricSpatian) # W⋅m⁻³⋅ς⁻²
τ⋅2¹¹5¹⁰ = 1.2566370614359172×10¹¹ [W⋅m⁻³⋅ς⁻²] MetricSpatian
MeasureSystems.gforce
— Constant
gforce(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(𝟏,U,English)
specificforce : [FM⁻¹], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²]
FM⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 4.2135265250(13) × 10⁻²⁹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Standard gravity specificforce
g₀ at geodetic reference latitude (m⋅s⁻²
or ft⋅s⁻²).
julia> gforce(CGS) # gal
g₀⋅2²5² = 980.665 [gal] Gauss
julia> gforce(British) # ft⋅s⁻²
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [ft⋅s⁻²] British
julia> gforce(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [g₀] English
MeasureSystems.galileo
— Constant
galileo(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(𝟏,U,Gauss)
specificforce : [FM⁻¹], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²]
FM⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻² = 4.2966013114(13) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified
Metric unit of specificforce used in
gravimetry (m⋅s⁻² or ft⋅s⁻²).
julia> galileo(Metric) # m⋅s⁻²
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002 [m⋅s⁻²] Metric
julia> galileo(CGS) # gal
𝟏 = 1.0 [gal] Gauss
julia> galileo(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹
g₀⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 0.0010197162129779284 [g₀] English
MeasureSystems.eotvos
— Constant
eotvos(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(nano,U,Gauss)/length(𝟏,U,Gauss)
nonstandard : [FM⁻¹L⁻¹], [T⁻²], [T⁻²], [T⁻²], [T⁻²]
FM⁻¹L⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻¹¹5⁻⁹ = 1.6591724171(10) × 10⁻⁵¹) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
Metric unit of specificforce per
length used in gravimetry (s⁻² or
gal⋅cm⁻¹).
julia> eotvos(Metric) # s⁻²
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [Hz⋅s⁻¹] Metric
julia> eotvos(CGS) # gal⋅cm⁻¹
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [gal⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> eotvos(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 3.108095017156726×10⁻¹¹ [lbf⋅lbm⁻¹ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.darcy
— Constant
darcy(U::UnitSystem) = area(milli/atm,U,Gauss)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴atm⁻¹τ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁷ = 6.6183611583(41) × 10¹²) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified
Metric unit of permeability (m² or ft²).
julia> darcy(Metric) # m²
atm⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 9.869232667160128×10⁻¹³ [m²] Metric
julia> darcy(CGS) # cm²
atm⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 9.86923266716013×10⁻⁹ [cm²] Gauss
julia> darcy(English) # ft²
ft⁻²atm⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0623153631097675×10⁻¹¹ [ft²] English
MeasureSystems.poise
— Constant
poise(U::UnitSystem) = viscosity(𝟏,U,Gauss)
viscosity : [FL⁻²T], [FL⁻²T], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹]
FL⁻²T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻¹ = 5.4603845163(50) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻²𝘤³mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
Metric unit of viscosity (kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²).
julia> poise(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Pa⋅s] Metric
julia> poise(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [P] Gauss
julia> poise(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.002088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.reyn
— Constant
reyn(U::UnitSystem) = viscosity(𝟏,U,IPS)
viscosity : [FL⁻²T], [FL⁻²T], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹]
FL⁻²T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅τ⁻²2⋅3² = 3.7648025968(35)) [ħ⁻²𝘤³mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
IPS unit of viscosity named after
Reynolds (kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹ or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²).
julia> reyn(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁴3² = 6894.75729316836 [Pa⋅s] Metric
julia> reyn(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁵3²5 = 68947.5729316836 [P] Gauss
julia> reyn(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²
2⁴3² = 144.0 [lbf⋅ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.stokes
— Constant
stokes(U::UnitSystem) = diffusivity(𝟏,U,Gauss)
diffusivity : [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹]
L²T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 0.86379927371(26)) [ħ⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified
Metric unit of diffusivity (m²⋅s⁻¹ or
ft²⋅s⁻¹).
julia> stokes(Metric) # m²⋅s⁻¹
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [m²s⁻¹] Metric
julia> stokes(CGS) # cm²⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [St] Gauss
julia> stokes(English) # ft²⋅s⁻¹
ft⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0010763910416709721 [ft²s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.rayl
— Constant
rayl(U::UnitSystem) = specificimpedance(𝟏,U,Metric)
specificimpedance : [FL⁻³T], [FL⁻³T], [ML⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻²T⁻¹]
FL⁻³T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 2.1085780876(26) × 10⁻¹⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁴mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified
Metric unit of specificimpedance
(kg⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹ or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻³).
julia> rayl(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [kg⋅m⁻²s⁻¹] Metric
julia> rayl(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻²⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [g⋅cm⁻²s⁻¹] Gauss
julia> rayl(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻³
g₀⁻¹ft³lb⁻¹ = 0.00636588035426416 [lbf⋅ft⁻³s] English
MeasureSystems.mpge
— Constant
mpge(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/gasgallon(U)
nonstandard : [F⁻¹], [F⁻¹], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²]
F⁻¹⋅(𝘩⋅𝘤⋅R∞²α⁻⁴ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²τ⋅2⁻²5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 2.8368673134(17) × 10⁻⁶) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻²ϕ⋅g₀²] Unified
Equivalent mile per
gasgallon reference unit of
length per energy (N⁻¹ or
lb⁻¹).
julia> mpge(Metric) # N⁻¹
ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 1.3380584481180184×10⁻⁵ [N⁻¹] Metric
julia> mpge(CGS) # dyn⁻¹
ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁹5⁻¹²11⋅19⁻¹43 = 1.3380584481180183×10⁻¹⁰ [dyn⁻¹] Gauss
julia> mpge(English) # lb⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⋅Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 5.95198051140049×10⁻⁵ [lbf⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.langley
— Constant
langley(U::UnitSystem) = calorie(U)/(centi*meter(U))^2
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²τ⁻²2³3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 7.6256740434(70) × 10⁻⁸) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
Solar radiation unit (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).
julia> langley(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 41867.37323211056 [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric
julia> langley(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3²5⁸43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211056×10⁷ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> langley(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 2868.8263456495906 [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.jansky
— Constant
jansky(U::UnitSystem) = fluence(𝟏𝟎^-26,U,Metric)
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻²⁹5⁻²⁶ = 1.8213882206(17) × 10⁻³⁸) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
Reference unit of spectral irradiance (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).
julia> jansky(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁶ = 1.0×10⁻²⁶ [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric
julia> jansky(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
2⁻²³5⁻²³ = 1.0×10⁻²³ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> jansky(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁶ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻²⁸ [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.solarflux
— Constant
solarflux(U::UnitSystem) = hecto^2*jansky(U)
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻²⁵5⁻²² = 1.8213882206(17) × 10⁻³⁴) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified
Reference unit of spectral irradiance (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).
julia> solarflux(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
2⁻²²5⁻²² = 1.0×10⁻²² [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric
julia> solarflux(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
2⁻¹⁹5⁻¹⁹ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁹ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss
julia> solarflux(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻²²5⁻²² = 6.852176585679177×10⁻²⁴ [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.curie
— Constant
curie(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(𝟏,U,Metric)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅37 [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified
Reference unit of radioactivity (Bq or s⁻¹).
julia> curie(Metric) # Bq
2⁹5⁹⋅37 = 3.7×10¹⁰ [Hz] Metric
julia> curie(IAU) # D⁻¹
2¹⁶3³5¹¹⋅37 = 3.1968×10¹⁵ [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.gray
— Constant
gray(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Metric)/mass(𝟏,U,Metric)
specificenergy : [FM⁻¹L], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²]
FM⁻¹L⋅(𝘤⁻² = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹⁷) [𝘤²g₀⁻¹] Unified
Metric unit of radioactivity (Gy or m²⋅s⁻²).
julia> gray(Metric) # Gy
𝟏 = 1.0 [J⋅kg⁻¹] Metric
MeasureSystems.roentgen
— Constant
roentgen(U::UnitSystem) = chargedensity(𝟏,U,ESU)/density(Constant(1.293),U,Metric)
exposure : [M⁻¹Q], [F⁻¹LT⁻²Q], [M⁻¹Q], [M⁻¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M⁻¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
M⁻¹Q/1.293 [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⁻¹ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified
Legacy unit of ionisation exposure
(C⋅kg⁻¹ or C⋅lb⁻¹).
julia> roentgen(Metric) # C⋅kg⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁵5⁵/1.293 = 0.0002579768717696458 [kg⁻¹C] Metric
julia> roentgen(English) # C⋅lb⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹lb⋅2⁵5⁵/1.293 = 0.00011701634067117975 [lbm⁻¹C] English
Units Index
-
MeasureSystems.abampere -
MeasureSystems.abcoulomb -
MeasureSystems.abfarad -
MeasureSystems.abhenry -
MeasureSystems.abmho -
MeasureSystems.abohm -
MeasureSystems.abvolt -
MeasureSystems.acre -
MeasureSystems.admiraltymile -
MeasureSystems.amagat -
MeasureSystems.ampere -
MeasureSystems.angstrom -
MeasureSystems.apm -
MeasureSystems.apostilb -
MeasureSystems.arcminute -
MeasureSystems.arcsecond -
MeasureSystems.astronomicalunit -
MeasureSystems.atmosphere -
MeasureSystems.bar -
MeasureSystems.barn -
MeasureSystems.barye -
MeasureSystems.boilerhorsepower -
MeasureSystems.boiling -
MeasureSystems.bradian -
MeasureSystems.bril -
MeasureSystems.bubnoff -
MeasureSystems.byte -
MeasureSystems.calorie -
MeasureSystems.candela -
MeasureSystems.celsius -
MeasureSystems.centi -
MeasureSystems.coulomb -
MeasureSystems.cup -
MeasureSystems.curie -
MeasureSystems.darcy -
MeasureSystems.day -
MeasureSystems.degree -
MeasureSystems.diopter -
MeasureSystems.dyne -
MeasureSystems.earthcalorie -
MeasureSystems.earthcoulomb -
MeasureSystems.earthgram -
MeasureSystems.earthmeter -
MeasureSystems.earthmole -
MeasureSystems.electricalhorsepower -
MeasureSystems.electronvolt -
MeasureSystems.eotvos -
MeasureSystems.erg -
MeasureSystems.fahrenheit -
MeasureSystems.farad -
MeasureSystems.flick -
MeasureSystems.fluidounce -
MeasureSystems.foot -
MeasureSystems.footcandle -
MeasureSystems.footlambert -
MeasureSystems.footpound -
MeasureSystems.fpm -
MeasureSystems.fps -
MeasureSystems.galileo -
MeasureSystems.gallon -
MeasureSystems.gasgallon -
MeasureSystems.gauss -
MeasureSystems.gforce -
MeasureSystems.gilbert -
MeasureSystems.gradian -
MeasureSystems.grain -
MeasureSystems.gram -
MeasureSystems.gray -
MeasureSystems.hectare -
MeasureSystems.henry -
MeasureSystems.hertz -
MeasureSystems.horsepower -
MeasureSystems.horsepowermetric -
MeasureSystems.horsepowerwatt -
MeasureSystems.hour -
MeasureSystems.hyl -
MeasureSystems.inch -
MeasureSystems.inchmercury -
MeasureSystems.ips -
MeasureSystems.jansky -
MeasureSystems.joule -
MeasureSystems.jupiterdistance -
MeasureSystems.katal -
MeasureSystems.kayser -
MeasureSystems.kelvin -
MeasureSystems.kilo -
MeasureSystems.kilocalorie -
MeasureSystems.kilogram -
MeasureSystems.kilopond -
MeasureSystems.kmh -
MeasureSystems.knot -
MeasureSystems.lambert -
MeasureSystems.langley -
MeasureSystems.lightyear -
MeasureSystems.liter -
MeasureSystems.lumen -
MeasureSystems.lumerg -
MeasureSystems.lunardistance -
MeasureSystems.lux -
MeasureSystems.maxwell -
MeasureSystems.meancalorie -
MeasureSystems.meridianmile -
MeasureSystems.meter -
MeasureSystems.mile -
MeasureSystems.minute -
MeasureSystems.mole -
MeasureSystems.mpge -
MeasureSystems.mph -
MeasureSystems.mps -
MeasureSystems.ms -
MeasureSystems.nauticalmile -
MeasureSystems.newton -
MeasureSystems.nit -
MeasureSystems.oersted -
MeasureSystems.ohm -
MeasureSystems.ounce -
MeasureSystems.parsec -
MeasureSystems.pascal -
MeasureSystems.phot -
MeasureSystems.pint -
MeasureSystems.poise -
MeasureSystems.pound -
MeasureSystems.poundal -
MeasureSystems.poundforce -
MeasureSystems.poundmole -
MeasureSystems.psi -
MeasureSystems.quart -
MeasureSystems.radian -
MeasureSystems.rankine -
MeasureSystems.rayl -
MeasureSystems.rayleigh -
MeasureSystems.reyn -
MeasureSystems.roentgen -
MeasureSystems.rpm -
MeasureSystems.sealevel -
MeasureSystems.second -
MeasureSystems.siemens -
MeasureSystems.slinch -
MeasureSystems.slinchmole -
MeasureSystems.slug -
MeasureSystems.slugmole -
MeasureSystems.solarflux -
MeasureSystems.spat -
MeasureSystems.spatian -
MeasureSystems.squaredegree -
MeasureSystems.statampere -
MeasureSystems.statcoulomb -
MeasureSystems.statfarad -
MeasureSystems.stathenry -
MeasureSystems.statmho -
MeasureSystems.statohm -
MeasureSystems.stattesla -
MeasureSystems.statutemile -
MeasureSystems.statvolt -
MeasureSystems.statweber -
MeasureSystems.steradian -
MeasureSystems.stilb -
MeasureSystems.stokes -
MeasureSystems.surveyacre -
MeasureSystems.surveyfoot -
MeasureSystems.tablespoon -
MeasureSystems.talbot -
MeasureSystems.teaspoon -
MeasureSystems.technicalatmosphere -
MeasureSystems.tesla -
MeasureSystems.thermalunit -
MeasureSystems.ton -
MeasureSystems.tonne -
MeasureSystems.tonsrefrigeration -
MeasureSystems.tontnt -
MeasureSystems.torr -
MeasureSystems.turn -
MeasureSystems.volt -
MeasureSystems.watt -
MeasureSystems.weber -
MeasureSystems.yard -
MeasureSystems.year -
MeasureSystems.bel -
MeasureSystems.decibel -
MeasureSystems.neper -
MeasureSystems.British -
MeasureSystems.CODATA -
MeasureSystems.Conventional -
MeasureSystems.Cosmological -
MeasureSystems.CosmologicalQuantum -
MeasureSystems.EMU -
MeasureSystems.ESU -
MeasureSystems.Electronic -
MeasureSystems.Engineering -
MeasureSystems.English -
MeasureSystems.FFF -
MeasureSystems.FPS -
MeasureSystems.Gauss -
MeasureSystems.Gravitational -
MeasureSystems.Hartree -
MeasureSystems.Hubble -
MeasureSystems.IAU -
MeasureSystems.IAUE -
MeasureSystems.IAUJ -
MeasureSystems.IPS -
MeasureSystems.International -
MeasureSystems.InternationalMean -
MeasureSystems.KKH -
MeasureSystems.LorentzHeaviside -
MeasureSystems.MPH -
MeasureSystems.MTS -
MeasureSystems.Meridian -
MeasureSystems.Metric -
MeasureSystems.Natural -
MeasureSystems.NaturalGauss -
MeasureSystems.Nautical -
MeasureSystems.Planck -
MeasureSystems.PlanckGauss -
MeasureSystems.QCD -
MeasureSystems.QCDGauss -
MeasureSystems.QCDoriginal -
MeasureSystems.Rydberg -
MeasureSystems.SI1976 -
MeasureSystems.SI2019 -
MeasureSystems.Schrodinger -
MeasureSystems.Stoney -
MeasureSystems.Survey
Wolfram plagiarism timeline
Timeline of UnitSystems.jl registration and Wolfram Research plagiarism:
- 2019: The SI2019 standard is formalized with a primitive SI only unit-system based on 7 physics dimensions (massive collaboration).
- 2020: Registered DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7145479, UnitSystems.jl
- 2021: Discused with Ted Corcovilos about what the unsolved and nuanced issues are with defining physics units, which I then solved by independently creating the never before seen 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) for physics, which was standardized in detail and completely handcrafted by myself alone.
- 2021: Wolfram Research invited me to their Summer School, where everyone was hinting at the fact I would be hired there.
- 2022: Wolfram Research interviewed and then hired me, with an explicit interest in my UnitSystems.jl work from lead developers. They requested that I present them my independently discovered UnitSystems.jl results in the Wolfram Language to make a comparison with their existing system. While I was shortly an employee at Wolfram, I indeed directly handed them my newly discovered Unified System of Quantities. My work was already independently complete and prepared ready to incorporate into their stack. They acknowledged that their system was old and outdated compared to mine, as they only implemented a Metric and Imperial unit system, and neither of these was up to the standard of my UnitSystems.jl standard. However, they told me that I would not be allowed to work on this project further because they didn't want to upgrade their systems. Instead, they did the software equivalent of placing me in a backroom shed to mop the floors. After 6 months they ended the contract and it turned out they lied to me on the job application about what my role would be (they said I would be part of the core team with Jonathan Gorard, but this was a blatant lie).
- 2023-2025: Wolfram keeps inviting me to their Winter/Summer schools to help mentor people, but I declined because I am too busy making progress in my research (why directly help mentor my competitors, who made it clear that they don't want to actually support my work); their use of social environments feels predatory.
- 2025: Wolfram bribes Memes of Destruction at Wolfram Summer School to take my fully prepared work and use it to boost the Wolfram brand on social media, presenting my completed project with AI generated text as if it was Wolfram's idea, without crediting that I was the person who directly handed them the completed project years earlier (but without AI generated text they added).
Did Wolfam think that they can pluck low hanging fruits from my garden to build their brand on social media? My only goal here is to show that these low hanging fruit Wolfram plucked, these fruits came from my public garden and were not grown or developed by them from scratch, it's my solo-project.
Academic institutions should be direclty investing in my research instead of funding and enabling Wolfram Research to systematically gangstalk me with an army of employees. I can feel the presence of Wolfram looking over my shoulder and monitoring my every step. There seems to be an entire economy of people being paid to monitor and surveil me, while I struggle to survive with my resources. Stephen Wolfram never seemed to care about earning my respect. Every time I interacted with him, he was only focused on talking about himself and that was the only topic.
It's fascinating to me how unaware Stephen Wolfram is of the fact that people perceive him as textbook specimen of ultra-narcissism. This is because he is entirely surrounded by people with a salary depending on how much they inflate Stephen Wolfram's ego, which completely divorces these people from the reality of doing actual scientific research. Wolfram's premise seems to be that they can use gangstalking to target open source developers like me to data-mine our work, enabled by funding granted from academic institutions who don't check for Wolfram's plagiarism violations.
Combining the ultra-narcissism of Wolfram with the economic incentive to target open source developers with gangstalking by an army of employees, it becomes highly uncomfortable knowing that these people are incentivized to gangstalk me for the rest of my life with smear campaigns and so on.
I urge academic institutions to quit enabling and sponsoring Stephen Wolfram's systematic gangstalking of individuals like me. He shouldn't be rewarded for plucking fruit from my public gardens, which I handcrafted. % by myself. Wolfram's goal seems to be taking the fruit of my work in a cowardly and uncollaborative way. Wolfram does not acknowledge that my science research is what's boosting their brand in the social media campaign funding Memes of Destruction.
Julia Computing are no better stewards, they are also unehtical people, but at least their product is open source and therefore a solid foundation. My work on UnitSystems.jl and the entire process of creating the new 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) was all done entirely in public on GitHub and each release registered with several scientific websites. This is only one of my side projects, the mainstream of my research is my differential geometric algebra software development, Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl, and various related work at the cutting edge of science, making me a bigger target for Wolfram's gangstalking. Wolfram is now constantly being observed in attempting to keep up with my research by systematically gangstalking me in a hush-hush way, not acknowledging me. With shady business practices, I have to wonder what other fraud is being commited.
It appears that Wolfram tends to resort to plagiarism of other people's works by data mining other people's creativity through employment, ghostwriters, summer schools, shady business practices, identity theft, bribes.
The incentive behind this systematic gangstalking appears to be this: instead of working with me directly, they all wish to ostracize, isolate, and erase me. Their eventual goal is replacing me and then retroactively claiming credit for my past achievements to boost their brands. Ironically, the temptation (to incorrectly eat the fruit of my labor like this) will be their downfall, as this choice is accompanied by firm evidence of plagiarism. Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic standards by the academic institutions funding Wolfram Research. My projects are effectively ego-traps, which will trigger the downfall of an ultra-narcissit ego if incorrectly consumed. I know the academic institutions don't acknowledge me either, so all I can do is to permanently add the Wolfram plagiarism disclaimer to the original sources.
Having a quick 0-60 speed in pathological lying is not necessarily a sign of high intelligence in long term thinking. Rather, it's an indicator of a complete lack of long term thinking, demonstrating optimization toward the short term illusions of success, which falls apart upon any scrutiny.
If Wolfram does not want to be perceived as confirmed plagiarist, then Wolfram must acknowledge Michael Reed as the original creator of the new Unified System of Quantities (USQ), which is the underlying foundation for the completed research project I handed them (and they padded with AI generated text). Wolfram is well known for the claims that LLMs will replace writing code and text, so we have to assume the foundations of their work rests in AI generated text, on top of my presented complete project foundation. The LLMs and AI models all know about my UnitSystems.jl work and mine was the only reference work in existence which completed this type of work. Therefore, if using AI or LLM generated text to manipulate my unique project, this is effectively transforming the original source data which was ingested from my work using my own knowledge embedded in the LLMs. Wolfram is regurgitating the fruits of my labor without acknowledging that I directly handed this to them as a completed project.
Memes of Destruction self proclaims to not be an expert on the topic and publicly discloses the paid sponsorship from Wolfram for the social media campaign, at least this is some transparency.
– Michael Reed's audience reaction to Wolfram's plagiarism
This preface was written in 2025, the UnitSystems.jl Appendix has been documented on my website and registered as Julia package since 2020.
Core UnitSystems.jl} standard was last updated in 2022, while Similitude.jl and MeasureSystems.jl have received minor software design updates since.