Standard Units

DOI PDF 2020-2025

In 2019 the SI2019 standardization was completed, based on the 7 physics dimensions specific to the Metric system. That is actually an inadequate and insufficient unit system standard, as it is mathematically impossible to unify all historical units with that standard. In 2020, Michael Reed set out to work around that impossibility with a new project called UnitSystems.jl, which ended up completely solving the problem with a brand new 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) for physics.

Similar to how SI defines standardized units of kilogram, meter, second, kelvin, coulomb, candela, and mole; the following is a comprehensive selection of generated standardized physics units defined by UnitSystem defaults useful for scientists and engineers.

Prefix Units

MeasureSystems.centiConstant
julia> deci # 𝟏𝟎^-1
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1

julia> centi # 𝟏𝟎^-2
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002

julia> milli # 𝟏𝟎^-3
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001

julia> micro # 𝟏𝟎^-6
2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 1.0×10⁻⁶

julia> nano # 𝟏𝟎^-9
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹

julia> pico # 𝟏𝟎^-12
2⁻¹²5⁻¹² = 1.0×10⁻¹²

julia> femto # 𝟏𝟎^-15
2⁻¹⁵5⁻¹⁵ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁵

julia> atto # 𝟏𝟎^-18
2⁻¹⁸5⁻¹⁸ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁸

julia> zepto # 𝟏𝟎^-21
2⁻²¹5⁻²¹ = 1.0×10⁻²¹

julia> yocto # 𝟏𝟎^-24
2⁻²⁴5⁻²⁴ = 1.0×10⁻²⁴
MeasureSystems.kiloConstant
julia> deka # 𝟏𝟎
2⋅5 = 10.0

julia> hecto # 𝟏𝟎^2
2²5² = 100.0

julia> kilo # 𝟏𝟎^3
2³5³ = 1000.0

julia> mega # 𝟏𝟎^6
2⁶5⁶ = 1.0×10⁶

julia> giga # 𝟏𝟎^9
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹

julia> tera # 𝟏𝟎^12
2¹²5¹² = 1.0×10¹²

julia> peta # 𝟏𝟎^15
2¹⁵5¹⁵ = 1.0×10¹⁵

julia> exa # 𝟏𝟎^18
2¹⁸5¹⁸ = 1.0×10¹⁸

julia> zetta # 𝟏𝟎^21
2²¹5²¹ = 1.0×10²¹

julia> yotta # 𝟏𝟎^24
2²⁴5²⁴ = 1.0×10²⁴
MeasureSystems.byteConstant
julia> byte # 𝟐^3
2³ = 8.0

julia> kibi # 𝟐^10
2¹⁰ = 1024.0

julia> mebi # 𝟐^20
2²⁰ = 1.048576×10⁶

julia> gibi # 𝟐^30
2³⁰ = 1.073741824×10⁹

julia> tebi # 𝟐^40
2⁴⁰ = 1.099511627776×10¹²

julia> pebi # 𝟐^50
2⁵⁰ = 1.125899906842624×10¹⁵

julia> exbi # 𝟐^60
2⁶⁰ = 1.152921504606847×10¹⁸

julia> zebi # 𝟐^70
2⁷⁰ = 1.1805916207174113×10²¹

julia> yobi # 𝟐^80
2⁸⁰ = 1.2089258196146292×10²⁴

Mechanics Units

Angle Units

MeasureSystems.turnConstant
turn(U::UnitSystem) = 2π/angle(U)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ = 6.283185307179586) [ϕ] Unified

Complete rotation angle of revolution from a full circle.

julia> turn(Engineering) # rad
τ = 6.283185307179586 [rad] Engineering

julia> turn(MetricDegree) # deg
2³3²5 = 360.0 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> turn(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁵3³5² = 21600.0 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> turn(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁷3⁴5³ = 1.296×10⁶ [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> turn(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁴5² = 400.0 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.radianConstant
radian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,Metric)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which is dimensionless (rad).

julia> radian(Engineering) # rad
𝟏 = 1.0 [rad] Engineering

julia> radian(MetricDegree) # deg
τ⁻¹2³3²5 = 57.29577951308232 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> radian(MetricArcminute) # amin
τ⁻¹2⁵3³5² = 3437.7467707849396 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> radian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 206264.80624709636 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> radian(MetricGradian) # gon
τ⁻¹2⁴5² = 63.66197723675814 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.spatianConstant
spatian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricSpatian)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ¹ᐟ²2¹ᐟ² = 3.5449077018110318) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which is dimensionless (rad).

julia> spatian(Engineering) # rad
τ¹ᐟ²2¹ᐟ² = 3.5449077018110318 [rad] Engineering

julia> spatian(MetricDegree) # deg
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2⁷ᐟ²3²5 = 203.1082500771923 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> spatian(MetricArcminute) # amin
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2¹¹ᐟ²3³5² = 12186.495004631537 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> spatian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2¹⁵ᐟ²3⁴5³ = 731189.7002778922 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> spatian(MetricGradian) # gon
τ⁻¹ᐟ²2⁹ᐟ²5² = 225.67583341910253 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.gradianConstant
gradian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricGradian)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.015707963267948967) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which divides a turn into 400 parts (rad).

julia> gradian(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.015707963267948967 [rad] Engineering

julia> gradian(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻¹3²5⁻¹ = 0.9 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> gradian(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⋅3³ = 54.0 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> gradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2³3⁴5 = 3240.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> gradian(MetricGradian) # gon
𝟏 = 1.0 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.bradianConstant
bradian(U::UnitSystem) = angle(τ/𝟐^8,U,Metric)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁸ = 0.02454369260617026) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which divides a turn into 𝟐^8 or 256 parts (rad).

julia> bradian(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁸ = 0.02454369260617026 [rad] Engineering

julia> bradian(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻⁵3²5 = 1.40625 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> bradian(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁻³3³5² = 84.375 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> bradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁻¹3⁴5³ = 5062.5 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> bradian(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻⁴5² = 1.5625 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.degreeConstant
degree(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricDegree)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻³3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.017453292519943295) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which divides a turn into 360 parts (rad).

julia> degree(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻³3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.017453292519943295 [rad] Engineering

julia> degree(MetricDegree) # deg
𝟏 = 1.0 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> degree(MetricArcminute) # amin
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> degree(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> degree(MetricGradian) # gon
2⋅3⁻²5 = 1.1111111111111112 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.arcminuteConstant
arcminute(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricArcminute)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 0.00029088820866572163) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which divides a degree into 60 parts (rad).

julia> arcminute(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 0.00029088820866572163 [rad] Engineering

julia> arcminute(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> arcminute(MetricArcminute) # amin
𝟏 = 1.0 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> arcminute(MetricArcsecond) # asec
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> arcminute(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻¹3⁻³ = 0.018518518518518517 [gon] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.arcsecondConstant
arcsecond(U::UnitSystem) = angle(𝟏,U,MetricArcsecond)
angle : [A], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A⋅(τ⋅2⁻⁷3⁻⁴5⁻³ = 4.84813681109536×10⁻⁶) [ϕ] Unified

Unit of angle which divides a arcminute into 60 parts (rad).

julia> arcsecond(Engineering) # rad
τ⋅2⁻⁷3⁻⁴5⁻³ = 4.84813681109536×10⁻⁶ [rad] Engineering

julia> arcsecond(MetricDegree) # deg
2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁻² = 0.00027777777777777783 [deg] MetricDegree

julia> arcsecond(MetricArcminute) # amin
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [amin] MetricArcminute

julia> arcsecond(MetricArcsecond) # asec
𝟏 = 1.0 [asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> arcsecond(MetricGradian) # gon
2⁻³3⁻⁴5⁻¹ = 0.00030864197530864197 [gon] MetricGradian

Solid Angle Units

MeasureSystems.spatConstant
spat(U::UnitSystem) = 4π/solidangle(U)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A²⋅(τ⋅2 = 12.566370614359172) [ϕ²] Unified

Complete spherical solidangle around point from a full sphere.

julia> spat(Engineering) # rad²
τ⋅2 = 12.566370614359172 [rad²] Engineering

julia> spat(MetricDegree) # deg²
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5² = 41252.96124941928 [deg²] MetricDegree

julia> spat(MetricArcminute) # amin²
τ⁻¹2¹¹3⁶5⁴ = 1.485106604979094×10⁸ [amin²] MetricArcminute

julia> spat(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
τ⁻¹2¹⁵3⁸5⁶ = 5.346383777924738×10¹¹ [asec²] MetricArcsecond

julia> spat(MetricGradian) # gon²
τ⁻¹2⁹5⁴ = 50929.58178940651 [gon²] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.steradianConstant
steradian(U::UnitSystem) = solidangle(𝟏,U,Metric)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A² [ϕ²] Unified

Unit of solidangle which is dimensionless (rad²).

julia> steradian(Engineering) # rad²
𝟏 = 1.0 [rad²] Engineering

julia> steradian(MetricDegree) # deg²
τ⁻²2⁶3⁴5² = 3282.8063500117446 [deg²] MetricDegree

julia> steradian(MetricArcminute) # amin²
τ⁻²2¹⁰3⁶5⁴ = 1.181810286004228×10⁷ [amin²] MetricArcminute

julia> steradian(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
τ⁻²2¹⁴3⁸5⁶ = 4.254517029615221×10¹⁰ [asec²] MetricArcsecond

julia> steradian(MetricGradian) # gon²
τ⁻²2⁸5⁴ = 4052.8473456935117 [gon²] MetricGradian
MeasureSystems.squaredegreeConstant
squaredegree(U::UnitSystem) = solidangle(𝟏,U,MetricDegree)
solidangle : [A²], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙], [𝟙]
A²⋅(τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087) [ϕ²] Unified

Unit of solidangle which is a degree squared (rad²).

julia> squaredegree(Engineering) # rad²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [rad²] Engineering

julia> squaredegree(MetricDegree) # deg²
𝟏 = 1.0 [deg²] MetricDegree

julia> squaredegree(MetricArcminute) # amin²
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [amin²] MetricArcminute

julia> squaredegree(MetricArcsecond) # asec²
2⁸3⁴5⁴ = 1.296×10⁷ [asec²] MetricArcsecond

julia> squaredegree(MetricGradian) # gon²
2²3⁻⁴5² = 1.2345679012345678 [gon²] MetricGradian

Time Units

MeasureSystems.secondConstant
second(U::UnitSystem) = time(𝟏,U,Metric)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2 = 7.7634407063(24) × 10²⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of time defined by hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133 atom (s).

julia> second(Metric) # s
𝟏 = 1.0 [s] Metric

julia> second(MPH) # h
2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁻² = 0.00027777777777777783 [h] MPH

julia> second(IAU) # D
2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.1574074074074075×10⁻⁵ [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.minuteConstant
minute(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^2*𝟑*𝟓*second(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2³3⋅5 = 4.6580644238(14) × 10²²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of time defined by 60 second intervals (s).

julia> minute(Metric) # s
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [s] Metric

julia> minute(MPH) # h
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [h] MPH

julia> minute(IAU) # D
2⁻⁵3⁻²5⁻¹ = 0.0006944444444444445 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.hourConstant
hour(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^2*𝟑*𝟓*minute(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁵3²5² = 2.79483865428(86) × 10²⁴) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of time defined by 60 minute intervals (s).

julia> hour(Metric) # s
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [s] Metric

julia> hour(MPH) # h
𝟏 = 1.0 [h] MPH

julia> hour(IAU) # D
2⁻³3⁻¹ = 0.041666666666666664 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.dayConstant
day(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐^3*𝟑*hour(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 6.7076127703(21) × 10²⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of time defined by 24 hour intervals (s).

julia> day(Metric) # s
2⁷3³5² = 86400.0 [s] Metric

julia> day(MPH) # h
2³3 = 24.0 [h] MPH

julia> day(IAU) # D
𝟏 = 1.0 [D] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.yearConstant
year(U::UnitSystem) = aⱼ*day(U)
time : [T], [T], [T], [T], [T]
T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²aⱼ⋅τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 2.44995556434(75) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of time defined by Julian calendar year interval (s).

julia> year(Metric) # s
aⱼ⋅2⁷3³5² = 3.15576×10⁷ [s] Metric

julia> year(MPH) # h
aⱼ⋅2³3 = 8766.0 [h] MPH

julia> year(IAU) # D
aⱼ = 365.25 [D] IAU☉

Length Units

MeasureSystems.angstromConstant
angstrom(U::UnitSystem) = hecto*pico*meter(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁹5⁻¹⁰ = 258.960507484(79)) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Metric unit of length (m or ft).

julia> angstrom(CGS) # cm
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [cm] Gauss

julia> angstrom(English) # ft
ft⁻¹2⁻¹⁰5⁻¹⁰ = 3.280839895013123×10⁻¹⁰ [ft] English

julia> angstrom(IPS) # in
ft⁻¹2⁻⁸3⋅5⁻¹⁰ = 3.937007874015747×10⁻⁹ [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.inchConstant
inch(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IPS)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁻¹3⁻¹ = 6.5775968901(20) × 10¹⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

English unit of length (m or ft).

julia> inch(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.0254 [m] Metric

julia> inch(English) # ft
2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.08333333333333333 [ft] English

julia> inch(IPS) # in
𝟏 = 1.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.footConstant
foot(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,English)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2 = 7.8931162681(24) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

English unit of length (m or ft).

julia> foot(Metric) # m
ft = 0.3048 [m] Metric

julia> foot(Survey) # ftUS
ft⋅ftUS⁻¹ = 0.9999980000000002 [ft] Survey

julia> foot(IPS) # in
2²3 = 12.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.surveyfootConstant
surveyfoot(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,Survey)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ftUS⋅τ⋅2 = 7.8931320544(24) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Survey unit of length (m or ft).

julia> surveyfoot(Metric) # m
ftUS = 0.3048006096012192 [m] Metric

julia> surveyfoot(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ftUS = 1.0000020000039997 [ft] English

julia> surveyfoot(IPS) # in
ft⁻¹ftUS⋅2²3 = 12.000024000047997 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.yardConstant
yard(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟑*foot(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⋅3 = 2.36793488043(73) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

English unit of length (m or ft).

julia> yard(Metric) # m
ft⋅3 = 0.9144000000000001 [m] Metric

julia> yard(English) # ft
3 = 3.0 [ft] English

julia> yard(IPS) # in
2²3² = 36.0 [in] IPS
MeasureSystems.meterConstant
meter(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,Metric)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2 = 2.58960507484(79) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Metric unit of length (m or ft).

julia> meter(CGS) # cm
2²5² = 100.0 [cm] Gauss

julia> meter(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ = 3.280839895013123 [ft] English

julia> meter(Meridian) # em
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹5⁷ = 0.9985540395(10) [em] Meridian
MeasureSystems.earthmeterConstant
earthmeter(U::UnitSystem) = greatcircle(U)/𝟐^9/𝟓^7
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 2.5933549636(27) × 10¹²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Meridian unit of length as originally defined in France (m or ft).

julia> earthmeter(CGS) # cm
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁵ = 100.144805430(10) [cm] Gauss

julia> earthmeter(English) # ft
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹5⁻⁷ = 3.2855907293(33) [ft] English

julia> earthmeter(Meridian) # em
𝟏 = 1.0 [em] Meridian
MeasureSystems.mileConstant
mile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,MPH)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁶3⋅5⋅11 = 4.1675653896(13) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Statute English mile (m or ft).

julia> mile(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 1609.344 [m] Metric

julia> mile(English) # ft
2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.0 [ft] English

julia> mile(Nautical) # nm
ft⋅ftUS⁻¹2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5279.989440000001 [ft] Survey
MeasureSystems.statutemileConstant
statutemile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^5*𝟑*𝟓*𝟏𝟏,U,Survey)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ftUS⋅τ⋅2⁶3⋅5⋅11 = 4.1675737247(13) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Statute Survey mile (m or ft).

julia> statutemile(Metric) # m
ftUS⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 1609.3472186944373 [m] Metric

julia> statutemile(English) # ft
ft⁻¹ftUS⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.010560021119 [ft] English

julia> statutemile(Survey) # ftUS
2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5280.0 [ft] Survey
MeasureSystems.meridianmileConstant
meridianmile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^4*𝟓^5/𝟑^3,U,Metric)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁵3⁻³5⁵ = 4.7955649534(15) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Historic nautical mile as defined by naive meridian assumption (m or ft).

julia> meridianmile(Metric) # m
2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 1851.8518518518517 [m] Metric

julia> meridianmile(English) # ft
ft⁻¹2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 6075.6294352094865 [ft] English

julia> meridianmile(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹5⁷ = 0.9985540395(10) [nm] Nautical
MeasureSystems.admiraltymileConstant
admiraltymile(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟐^6*𝟓*𝟏𝟗,U,English)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²ft⋅τ⋅2⁷5⋅19 = 4.7990146910(15) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Historic nautical mile as defined by the Clarke authalic radius (m or ft).

julia> admiraltymile(Metric) # m
ft⋅2⁶5⋅19 = 1853.1840000000002 [m] Metric

julia> admiraltymile(English) # ft
2⁶5⋅19 = 6080.0 [ft] English

julia> admiraltymile(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹¹3³5³19 = 0.9992723594(10) [nm] Nautical
MeasureSystems.nauticalmileConstant
nauticalmile(U::UnitSystem) = greatcircle(U)/𝟐^5/𝟑^3/𝟓^2
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ²2⁻⁴3⁻³5⁻² = 4.8025091919(50) × 10¹⁵) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Standard nauticalmile as defined by earthradius (m or ft).

julia> nauticalmile(Metric) # m
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 1854.5334339(19) [m] Metric

julia> nauticalmile(Meridian) # em
2⁴3⁻³5⁵ = 1851.8518518518517 [em] Meridian

julia> nauticalmile(English) # ft
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻³5⁻² = 6084.4272766(61) [ft] English
MeasureSystems.lunardistanceConstant
lunardistance(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAUE)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅14237 [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Standard distance between the Earth and the Moon (m or ft).

julia> lunardistance(Metric) # m
2³3³5³⋅14237 = 3.84399×10⁸ [m] Metric

julia> lunardistance(Nautical) # nm
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁸3⁶5⁵⋅14237 = 207275.31409(21) [nm] Nautical

julia> lunardistance(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹2³3³5³⋅14237 = 1.2822170463007445 [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.astronomicalunitConstant
astronomicalunit(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAU)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²au⋅τ⋅2 = 3.8739940515(12) × 10²³) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Standard astronomical unit from the International Astronomical Union (m or ft).

julia> astronomicalunit(Metric) # m
au = 1.495978707000(30) × 10¹¹ [m] Metric

julia> astronomicalunit(English) # ft
au⋅ft⁻¹ = 4.908066624016(98) × 10¹¹ [ft] English

julia> astronomicalunit(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹au = 499.004783836(10) [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.jupiterdistanceConstant
jupiterdistance(U::UnitSystem) = length(𝟏,U,IAUJ)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅259493 [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Standard distance between the Sun and the planet Jupiter (m or ft).

julia> jupiterdistance(Metric) # m
2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 7.78479×10¹¹ [m] Metric

julia> jupiterdistance(IAU) # au
au⁻¹2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 5.20381069836(10) [au] IAU☉

julia> jupiterdistance(Metric)/lightspeed(Metric) # s
𝘤⁻¹2⁶3⋅5⁶⋅259493 = 2596.726432657622 [s] Metric
MeasureSystems.lightyearConstant
lightyear(U::UnitSystem) = year(U)*lightspeed(U)
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⋅α⁻²aⱼ⋅τ⋅2⁸3³5² = 2.44995556434(75) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of length defined by distance traveled by light in 1 year unit.

julia> lightyear(Metric) # m
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅2⁷3³5² = 9.4607304725808×10¹⁵ [m] Metric

julia> lightyear(English) # ft
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅ft⁻¹2⁷3³5² = 3.103914197040945×10¹⁶ [ft] English

julia> lightyear(IAU) # au
𝘤⋅aⱼ⋅au⁻¹2⁷3³5² = 63241.0770843(13) [au] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.parsecConstant
parsec(U::UnitSystem) = astronomicalunit(U)*𝟐^2*𝟑^4*𝟓^3/τ
length : [L], [L], [L], [L], [L]
L⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²au⋅2⁸3⁴5³ = 7.9906863243(25) × 10²⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Unit of length defined at which 1 astronomicalunit subtends an angle of 1 arcsecond.

julia> parsec(Metric) # m
au⋅τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 3.085677581491(62) × 10¹⁶ [m] Metric

julia> parsec(English) # ft
au⋅ft⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 1.012361411250(20) × 10¹⁷ [ft] English

julia> parsec(IAU) # au
τ⁻¹2⁷3⁴5³ = 206264.80624709636 [au] IAU☉

Speed Units

MeasureSystems.bubnoffConstant
bubnoff(U::UnitSystem) = meter(U)/year(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹aⱼ⁻¹2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.0570008340246154×10⁻¹⁶) [𝘤] Unified

Reference unit of erosion speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> bubnoff(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
aⱼ⁻¹2⁻⁵3⁻³ = 3.1688087814028946×10⁻⁶ [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss

julia> bubnoff(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
aⱼ⁻¹ft⁻¹2⁻⁷3⁻³5⁻² = 1.0396354269694536×10⁻⁷ [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.fpmConstant
fpm(U::UnitSystem) = feet(U)/minute(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 1.6945056036066124×10⁻¹¹) [𝘤] Unified

Feet per minute unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> fpm(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅3⁻¹5 = 0.508 [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss

julia> fpm(IPS) # in⋅s⁻¹
5⁻¹ = 0.2 [in⋅s⁻¹] IPS

julia> fpm(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.ipsConstant
ips(U::UnitSystem) = inch(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁻²3⁻¹ = 8.472528018033061×10⁻¹¹) [𝘤] Unified

Inch per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> ips(CGS) # cm⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅3⁻¹5² = 2.5399999999999996 [cm⋅s⁻¹] Gauss

julia> ips(English) # ft⋅s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹ = 0.08333333333333333 [ft⋅s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.kmhConstant
kmh(U::UnitSystem) = kilo(U)*meter(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹3⁻²5 = 9.265669311059779×10⁻¹⁰) [𝘤] Unified

Kilometers per hour unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> kmh(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹3⁻²5 = 0.2777777777777778 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric

julia> kmh(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
ft⁻¹2⁻²3⁻¹5²11⁻¹ = 0.6213711922373338 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH

julia> kmh(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁸3³5⁵ = 0.53921918134(54) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.fpsConstant
fps(U::UnitSystem) = feet(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft = 1.0167033621639674×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified

Feet per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> fps(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
ft = 0.3048 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric

julia> fps(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2⋅3²5⁻¹ = 1.09728 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH

julia> fps(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
2⁻¹3⋅5⋅11⁻¹ = 0.6818181818181819 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
MeasureSystems.mphConstant
mph(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⋅3⁻¹5⁻¹11 = 1.4911649311738188×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified

Miles per hour unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> mph(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅2⋅3⁻¹5⁻¹11 = 0.44704 [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric

julia> mph(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2²3⋅5⁻²11 = 1.6093440000000003 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH

julia> mph(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹⁰3⁴5³11 = 0.86778915418(87) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.knotConstant
knot(U::UnitSystem) = nauticalmile(U)/hour(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹3⁻⁵5⁻⁴ = 1.7183493525(17) × 10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified

Nautical miles per hour unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> knot(Metric) # m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁹3⁻⁵5⁻⁴ = 0.51514817608(52) [m⋅s⁻¹] Metric

julia> knot(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁸3⁻³5⁻⁵ = 1.8545334339(19) [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH

julia> knot(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ᐟ²ft⁻¹GME¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻¹⁰3⁻⁴5⁻³11⁻¹ = 1.1523536509(12) [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH
MeasureSystems.msConstant
ms(U::UnitSystem) = meter(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815204×10⁻⁹) [𝘤] Unified

Meters per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> ms(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
2⋅3²5⁻¹ = 3.6 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH

julia> ms(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
ft⁻¹2⁻¹3⋅5⋅11⁻¹ = 2.236936292054402 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH

julia> ms(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2⁹3⁵5⁴ = 1.9411890528(19) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical
MeasureSystems.mpsConstant
mps(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/second(U)
speed : [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹], [LT⁻¹]
LT⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹ft⋅2⁵3⋅5⋅11 = 5.368193752225748×10⁻⁶) [𝘤] Unified

Miles per second unit of speed (m⋅s⁻¹ or ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> mps(KKH) # km⋅h⁻¹
ft⋅2⁶3³11 = 5793.638400000001 [km⋅h⁻¹] KKH

julia> mps(MPH) # mi⋅h⁻¹
2⁴3²5² = 3600.0 [mi⋅h⁻¹] MPH

julia> mps(Nautical) # nm⋅h⁻¹
g₀¹ᐟ²ft⋅GME⁻¹ᐟ²τ⁻¹2¹⁴3⁶5⁵11 = 3124.0409550(31) [nm⋅h⁻¹] Nautical

Area Units

MeasureSystems.barnConstant
barn(U::UnitSystem) = area((𝟐*𝟓)^-28,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴τ²2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁸ = 0.00067060544436(41)) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified

Unit of area defined by 100 square femto-meters (m² or ft²).

julia> barn(Metric) # m²
2⁻²⁸5⁻²⁸ = 1.0×10⁻²⁸ [m²] Metric

julia> barn(CGS) # cm²
2⁻²⁴5⁻²⁴ = 1.0×10⁻²⁴ [cm²] Gauss

julia> barn(English) # ft²
ft⁻²2⁻²⁸5⁻²⁸ = 1.076391041670972×10⁻²⁷ [ft²] English
MeasureSystems.hectareConstant
hectare(U::UnitSystem) = area(hecto^2,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴τ²2⁶5⁴ = 6.7060544436(41) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified

Metric unit of land area defined by 100 square meters (m² or ft²).

julia> hectare(Metric) # m²
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [m²] Metric

julia> hectare(English) # ft²
ft⁻²2⁴5⁴ = 107639.1041670972 [ft²] English

julia> hectare(Survey) # ftUS²
ftUS⁻²2⁴5⁴ = 107638.67361111114 [ft²] Survey
MeasureSystems.acreConstant
acre(U::UnitSystem) = area(𝟐^4*𝟓^4,U,Metric)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴ft²τ²2⁵3²5⋅11² = 2.7138439494(17) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified

English unit of land area (m² or ft²).

julia> acre(Metric) # m²
ft²2³3²5⋅11² = 4046.8564224 [m²] Metric

julia> acre(English) # ft²
2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.0 [ft²] English

julia> acre(Survey) # ftUS²
ft²ftUS⁻²2³3²5⋅11² = 43559.82576017426 [ft²] Survey
MeasureSystems.surveyacreConstant
surveyacre(U::UnitSystem) = area(𝟐^3*𝟑^2*𝟓*𝟏𝟏^2,U,Survey)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴ftUS²τ²2⁵3²5⋅11² = 2.7138548048(17) × 10²⁸) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified

Survey unit of land area (m² or ft²).

julia> surveyacre(Metric) # m²
ftUS²2³3²5⋅11² = 4046.8726098742513 [m²] Metric

julia> surveyacre(English) # ft²
ft⁻²ftUS²2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.174240522705 [ft²] English

julia> surveyacre(Survey) # ftUS²
2³3²5⋅11² = 43560.0 [ft²] Survey

Volume Units

MeasureSystems.literConstant
liter(U::UnitSystem) = volume(𝟏𝟎^-3,U,Metric)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³5⁻³ = 1.7366032619(16) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

Unit of volume derived from 1 cubic decimeter (m³ or ft³).

julia> liter(Metric) # m³
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [m³] Metric

julia> liter(CGS) # cm³
2³5³ = 1000.0 [mL] Gauss

julia> liter(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³2³3³5⁻³ = 61.02374409473227 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.gallonConstant
gallon(U::UnitSystem) = volume(𝟕*𝟏𝟏/𝟐^2,U,English)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻³3⁻²7⋅11 = 6.5737584518(60) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

Unit of volume derived from the US liquid gallon in cubic inches (m³ or ft³).

julia> gallon(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁶3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.0037854117839999997 [m³] Metric

julia> gallon(CGS) # cm³
ft³3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 3785.411784000001 [mL] Gauss

julia> gallon(IPS) # in³
3⋅7⋅11 = 231.0 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.quartConstant
quart(U::UnitSystem) = gallon(U)/𝟐^2
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁵3⁻²7⋅11 = 1.6434396130(15) × 10³⁴) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

English unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> quart(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁸3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.0009463529459999999 [m³] Metric

julia> quart(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻²3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 946.3529460000002 [mL] Gauss

julia> quart(IPS) # in³
2⁻²3⋅7⋅11 = 57.75 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.pintConstant
pint(U::UnitSystem) = quart(U)/𝟐
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁶3⁻²7⋅11 = 8.2171980648(76) × 10³³) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

English unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> pint(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻⁹3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.00047317647299999996 [m³] Metric

julia> pint(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻³3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 473.1764730000001 [mL] Gauss

julia> pint(IPS) # in³
2⁻³3⋅7⋅11 = 28.875 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.cupConstant
cup(U::UnitSystem) = pint(U)/𝟐
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻⁷3⁻²7⋅11 = 4.1085990324(38) × 10³³) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

English unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> cup(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻¹⁰3⁻²7⋅11 = 0.00023658823649999998 [m³] Metric

julia> cup(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻⁴3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 236.58823650000005 [mL] Gauss

julia> cup(IPS) # in³
2⁻⁴3⋅7⋅11 = 14.4375 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.fluidounceConstant
fluidounce(U::UnitSystem) = cup(U)/𝟐^3
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶ft³τ³2⁻¹⁰3⁻²7⋅11 = 5.1357487905(47) × 10³²) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

English unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> fluidounce(Metric) # m³
ft³2⁻¹³3⁻²7⋅11 = 2.9573529562499998×10⁻⁵ [m³] Metric

julia> fluidounce(CGS) # cm³
ft³2⁻⁷3⁻²5⁶7⋅11 = 29.573529562500006 [mL] Gauss

julia> fluidounce(IPS) # in³
2⁻⁷3⋅7⋅11 = 1.8046875 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.teaspoonConstant
teaspoon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟓*milli*liter(U)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³2⁻³5⁻⁵ = 8.6830163097(80) × 10³¹) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

Measuring teaspoon unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> teaspoon(Metric) # m³
2⁻⁶5⁻⁵ = 5.0×10⁻⁶ [m³] Metric

julia> teaspoon(CGS) # cm³
5 = 5.0 [mL] Gauss

julia> teaspoon(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³3³5⁻⁵ = 0.3051187204736614 [in³] IPS
MeasureSystems.tablespoonConstant
tablespoon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟑*teaspoon(U)
volume : [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³], [L³]
L³⋅(R∞³α⁻⁶τ³2⁻³3⋅5⁻⁵ = 2.6049048929(24) × 10³²) [ħ³𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻³ϕ³g₀³] Unified

Measuring tablespoon unit of volume (m³ or ft³).

julia> tablespoon(Metric) # m³
2⁻⁶3⋅5⁻⁵ = 1.5000000000000002×10⁻⁵ [m³] Metric

julia> tablespoon(CGS) # cm³
3⋅5 = 15.0 [mL] Gauss

julia> tablespoon(IPS) # in³
ft⁻³3⁴5⁻⁵ = 0.9153561614209842 [in³] IPS

Mass Units

MeasureSystems.gramConstant
gram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Gauss)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10²⁷) [mₑ] Unified

Metric gram unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> gram(Metric) # kg
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [kg] Metric

julia> gram(CGS) # g
𝟏 = 1.0 [g] Gauss

julia> gram(English) # lb
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [lbm] English

julia> gram(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [slug] British

julia> gram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.00010197162129779284 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.earthgramConstant
earthgram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(milli,U,Meridian)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³¹5⁻²⁴ = 1.1025449025(33) × 10²⁷) [mₑ] Unified

Meridian gram unit of mass based on earthmeter (kg or lb).

julia> earthgram(Meridian) # keg
2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.001 [keg] Meridian

julia> earthgram(CGS) # g
g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁷5⁻²¹ = 1.0043504565(30) [g] Gauss

julia> earthgram(English) # lb
g₀⁻³ᐟ²lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.0022142137367(67) [lbm] English

julia> earthgram(British) # slug
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⋅lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 6.881986682(21) × 10⁻⁵ [slug] British

julia> earthgram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.00010241524440(31) [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.kilogramConstant
kilogram(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Metric)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10³⁰) [mₑ] Unified

Metric kilogram unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> kilogram(Metric) # kg
𝟏 = 1.0 [kg] Metric

julia> kilogram(CGS) # g
2³5³ = 1000.0 [g] Gauss

julia> kilogram(English) # lb
lb⁻¹ = 2.2046226218487757 [lbm] English

julia> kilogram(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹ = 0.06852176585679176 [slug] British

julia> kilogram(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.tonneConstant
tonne(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,MTS)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2²5³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10³³) [mₑ] Unified

Metric tonne unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> tonne(Metric) # kg
2³5³ = 1000.0 [kg] Metric

julia> tonne(MTS) # t
𝟏 = 1.0 [t] MTS

julia> tonne(English) # lb
lb⁻¹2³5³ = 2204.6226218487755 [lbm] English

julia> tonne(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2³5³ = 68.52176585679176 [slug] British

julia> tonne(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹2³5³ = 101.97162129779284 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.tonConstant
ton(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟐*kilo,U,English)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2³5³ = 9.9587938078(31) × 10³²) [mₑ] Unified

English ton unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> ton(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁴5³ = 907.18474 [kg] Metric

julia> ton(MTS) # t
lb⋅2 = 0.90718474 [t] MTS

julia> ton(English) # lb
2⁴5³ = 2000.0 [lbm] English

julia> ton(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁴5³ = 62.16190034313451 [slug] British

julia> ton(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb⋅2⁴5³ = 92.50709875441665 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.poundConstant
pound(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,English)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻¹ = 4.9793969039(15) × 10²⁹) [mₑ] Unified

English pound unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> pound(Metric) # kg
lb = 0.45359237 [kg] Metric

julia> pound(CGS) # g
lb⋅2³5³ = 453.59237 [g] Gauss

julia> pound(English) # lb
𝟏 = 1.0 [lbm] English

julia> pound(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [slug] British

julia> pound(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb = 0.046253549377208325 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.ounceConstant
ounce(U::UnitSystem) = pound(U)/𝟐^4
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻⁵ = 3.11212306494(95) × 10²⁸) [mₑ] Unified

English ounce unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> ounce(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.028349523125 [kg] Metric

julia> ounce(CGS) # g
lb⋅2⁻¹5³ = 28.349523125 [g] Gauss

julia> ounce(English) # lb
2⁻⁴ = 0.0625 [lbm] English

julia> ounce(British) # slug
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.0019425593857229535 [slug] British

julia> ounce(Gravitational) # hyl
g₀⁻¹lb⋅2⁻⁴ = 0.0028908468360755203 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.grainConstant
grain(U::UnitSystem) = milli(U)*pound(U)/𝟕
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻⁴5⁻³7⁻¹ = 7.1134241484(22) × 10²⁵) [mₑ] Unified

Ideal grain seed of cereal, unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> grain(Metric) # kg
lb⋅2⁻³5⁻³7⁻¹ = 6.479891×10⁻⁵ [kg] Metric

julia> grain(CGS) # g
lb⋅7⁻¹ = 0.06479891 [g] Gauss

julia> grain(English) # lb
2⁻³5⁻³7⁻¹ = 0.00014285714285714284 [lbm] English

julia> grain(QCD) # mₚ
𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²μₑᵤ⋅μₚᵤ⁻¹lb⋅2⁻⁴5⁻³7⁻¹ = 3.8740918723(12) × 10²² [mₚ] QCD
MeasureSystems.slugConstant
slug(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,British)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.60207357768(49) × 10³¹) [mₑ] Unified

British gravitational slug unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> slug(Metric) # kg
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb = 14.593902937206364 [kg] Metric

julia> slug(CGS) # g
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2³5³ = 14593.902937206363 [g] Gauss

julia> slug(English) # lb
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [lbm] English

julia> slug(British) # slug
𝟏 = 1.0 [slug] British

julia> slug(Gravitational) # hyl
ft⁻¹lb = 1.4881639435695537 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.slinchConstant
slinch(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,IPS)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⋅3 = 1.92248829321(59) × 10³²) [mₑ] Unified

British gravitational slinch unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> slinch(Metric) # kg
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2²3 = 175.12683524647636 [kg] Metric

julia> slinch(CGS) # g
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁵3⋅5³ = 175126.83524647637 [g] Gauss

julia> slinch(English) # lb
g₀⋅ft⁻¹2²3 = 386.0885826771653 [lbm] English

julia> slinch(British) # slug
2²3 = 12.0 [slug] British

julia> slinch(Gravitational) # hyl
ft⁻¹lb⋅2²3 = 17.857967322834646 [hyl] Gravitational
MeasureSystems.hylConstant
hyl(U::UnitSystem) = mass(𝟏,U,Gravitational)
mass : [M], [FL⁻¹T²], [M], [M], [M]
M⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅2⁻¹ = 1.07654374009(33) × 10³¹) [mₑ] Unified

Gravitational Metric hyl unit of mass (kg or lb).

julia> hyl(Metric) # kg
g₀ = 9.80665 [kg] Metric

julia> hyl(CGS) # g
g₀⋅2³5³ = 9806.65 [g] Gauss

julia> hyl(English) # lb
g₀⋅lb⁻¹ = 21.619962434553294 [lbm] English

julia> hyl(British) # slug
ft⋅lb⁻¹ = 0.6719689751395068 [slug] British

julia> hyl(Gravitational) # hyl
𝟏 = 1.0 [hyl] Gravitational

Force Units

MeasureSystems.dyneConstant
dyne(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Gauss)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁵ = 4.7166761794(29) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Historical dyne unit of force (N or lb).

julia> dyne(Metric) # N
2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 1.0×10⁻⁵ [N] Metric

julia> dyne(CGS) # dyn
𝟏 = 1.0 [dyn] Gauss

julia> dyne(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 2.248089430997105×10⁻⁶ [lbf] English

julia> dyne(FPS) # pdl
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 7.233013851209893×10⁻⁵ [pdl] FPS

julia> dyne(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 1.0197162129779284×10⁻⁶ [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.newtonConstant
newton(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Metric)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 4.7166761794(29)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Metric newton unit of force (N or lb).

julia> newton(Metric) # N
𝟏 = 1.0 [N] Metric

julia> newton(CGS) # dyn
2⁵5⁵ = 100000.0 [dyn] Gauss

julia> newton(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.22480894309971047 [lbf] English

julia> newton(FPS) # pdl
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 7.233013851209893 [pdl] FPS

julia> newton(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.poundalConstant
poundal(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,FPS)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴ft⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 0.65210384999(40)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Absolute English poundal unit of force (N or lb).

julia> poundal(Metric) # N
ft⋅lb = 0.13825495437600002 [N] Metric

julia> poundal(CGS) # dyn
ft⋅lb⋅2⁵5⁵ = 13825.495437600002 [dyn] Gauss

julia> poundal(English) # lb
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [lbf] English

julia> poundal(FPS) # pdl
𝟏 = 1.0 [pdl] FPS

julia> poundal(Engineering) # kp
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb = 0.014098081850173099 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.poundforceConstant
poundforce(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,English)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 20.9808209330(13)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

English poundforce unit of force used in engineering systems (N or lb).

julia> poundforce(Metric) # N
g₀⋅lb = 4.4482216152605 [N] Metric

julia> poundforce(CGS) # dyn
g₀⋅lb⋅2⁵5⁵ = 444822.16152604995 [dyn] Gauss

julia> poundforce(English) # lb
𝟏 = 1.0 [lbf] English

julia> poundforce(FPS) # pdl
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [pdl] FPS

julia> poundforce(Engineering) # kp
lb = 0.45359237 [kgf] Engineering
MeasureSystems.kilopondConstant
kilopond(U::UnitSystem) = force(𝟏,U,Engineering)
force : [F], [F], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²], [MLT⁻²]
F⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻² = 46.254792454(28)) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Gravitational kilopond unit of force used in engineering systems (N or lb).

julia> kilopond(Metric) # N
g₀ = 9.80665 [N] Metric

julia> kilopond(CGS) # dyn
g₀⋅2⁵5⁵ = 980665.0 [dyn] Gauss

julia> kilopond(English) # lb
lb⁻¹ = 2.2046226218487757 [lbf] English

julia> kilopond(FPS) # pdl
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 70.9316352839675 [pdl] FPS

julia> kilopond(Engineering) # kp
𝟏 = 1.0 [kgf] Engineering

Pressure Units

MeasureSystems.psiConstant
psi(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,IPS)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅τ⁻³3² = 4.8493995628(59) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

English unit of pressure (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> psi(Metric) # Pa
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁴3² = 6894.75729316836 [Pa] Metric

julia> psi(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
2⁴3² = 144.0 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> psi(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.pascalConstant
pascal(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Metric unit of pressure (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> pascal(Metric) # Pa
𝟏 = 1.0 [Pa] Metric

julia> pascal(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹ = 0.02088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> pascal(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻⁴3⁻² = 0.0001450377377302092 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.baryeConstant
barye(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(𝟏,U,Gauss)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁵5⁻¹ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Historical unit of pressure (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> barye(Metric) # Pa
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Pa] Metric

julia> barye(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.002088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> barye(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻⁵3⁻²5⁻¹ = 1.4503773773020924×10⁻⁵ [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.barConstant
bar(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(hecto*kilo,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⋅5⁵ = 7.0334594194(86) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Reference unit of pressure (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> bar(Metric) # Pa
2⁵5⁵ = 100000.0 [Pa] Metric

julia> bar(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁵5⁵ = 2088.543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> bar(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⋅3⁻²5⁵ = 14.503773773020923 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.technicalatmosphereConstant
technicalatmosphere(U::UnitSystem) = kilopond(U)/(centi*meter(U))^2
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸g₀⋅τ⁻³5⁴ = 6.8974674816(85) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Gravitational Metric unit of pressure (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> technicalatmosphere(Metric) # Pa
g₀⋅2⁴5⁴ = 98066.5 [Pa] Metric

julia> technicalatmosphere(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
ft²lb⁻¹2⁴5⁴ = 2048.161436225217 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> technicalatmosphere(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
ft²lb⁻¹3⁻²5⁴ = 14.223343307119563 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.atmosphereConstant
atmosphere(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(atm = 101325.0,U)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 7.1266527568(87) × 10⁻²⁰) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Standard pressure reference level of one atmosphere atm (Pa or lb⋅ft⁻²).

julia> atmosphere(Metric) # Pa
atm = 101325.0 [Pa] Metric

julia> atmosphere(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm = 2116.2166236739367 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> atmosphere(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻⁴3⁻² = 14.695948775513449 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.inchmercuryConstant
inchmercury(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(inHg,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸inHg⁻¹τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 2.3818029610(29) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Unit of pressure exerted by 1 inch of mercury at standard atmospheric conditions.

juila> inchmercury(Metric) # Pa
inHg⁻¹ = 3386.3890000000006 [Pa] Metric

julia> inchmercury(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹inHg⁻¹ = 70.72620474736304 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> inchmercury(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹inHg⁻¹2⁻⁴3⁻² = 0.49115419963446555 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS
MeasureSystems.torrConstant
torr(U::UnitSystem) = pressure(atm/𝟐^3/𝟓/𝟏𝟗,U,Metric)
pressure : [FL⁻²], [FL⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²], [ML⁻¹T⁻²]
FL⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻⁷5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 9.377174680(11) × 10⁻²³) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁵mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Unit of pressure exerted by 1 mm of mercury at standard atmospheric conditions.

juila> torr(Metric) # Pa
atm⋅2⁻³5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 133.32236842105263 [Pa] Metric

julia> torr(English) # lb⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻³5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 2.784495557465706 [lbf⋅ft⁻²] English

julia> torr(IPS) # lb⋅in⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹atm⋅2⁻⁷3⁻²5⁻¹19⁻¹ = 0.01933677470462296 [lb⋅in⁻²] IPS

Energy Units

MeasureSystems.ergConstant
erg(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Gauss)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 1.22143285705(37) × 10⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Historical unit of energy (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> erg(Metric) # J
2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0×10⁻⁷ [J] Metric

julia> erg(CGS) # erg
𝟏 = 1.0 [erg] Gauss

julia> erg(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 7.375621492772652×10⁻⁸ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.jouleConstant
joule(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Metric)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.22143285705(37) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of energy (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> joule(Metric) # J
𝟏 = 1.0 [J] Metric

julia> joule(CGS) # erg
2⁷5⁷ = 1.0×10⁷ [erg] Gauss

julia> joule(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.7375621492772653 [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.footpoundConstant
footpound(U::UnitSystem) = poundforce(U)*foot(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.65604059027(51) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

English unit of energy in gravitational and engineering systems (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> footpound(Metric) # J
g₀⋅ft⋅lb = 1.3558179483314003 [J] Metric

julia> footpound(CGS) # erg
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⁷5⁷ = 1.3558179483314004×10⁷ [erg] Gauss

julia> footpound(British) # lb⋅ft
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.calorieConstant
calorie(U::UnitSystem) = kilocalorie(U)/𝟐^3/𝟓^3
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Heat energy required to raise 1 g of water by 1 Kelvin (cal) in International units.

julia> calorie(International) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186046511627907 [J] International

julia> calorie(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211057 [J] Metric

julia> calorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 3.087978978566891 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.kilocalorieConstant
kilocalorie(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟐^5*𝟓^4*𝟑^2/𝟒𝟑,U,International)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁴3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10¹⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Heat energy required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 Kelvin (kcal) in International units.

julia> kilocalorie(International) # J
2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 4186.0465116279065 [J] International

julia> kilocalorie(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 4186.737323211056 [J] Metric

julia> kilocalorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵3²5⁴43⁻¹ = 3087.978978566891 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.meancalorieConstant
meancalorie(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟐^2*𝟓*𝟑^2/𝟒𝟑,U,InternationalMean)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅1.0001900224889804 [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Heat energy required to raise 1 g of water by 1 Kelvin (cal) in InternationalMean units.

julia> meancalorie(InternationalMean) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹ = 4.186046511627907 [J] InternationalMean

julia> meancalorie(Metric) # J
2²3²5⋅43⁻¹⋅1.0001900224889804 = 4.186841954605034 [J] Metric

julia> meancalorie(English) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2²3²5⋅43⁻¹⋅1.0001900224889804 = 3.0880561507227156 [lbf⋅ft] English
MeasureSystems.earthcalorieConstant
earthcalorie(U::UnitSystem) = calorie(U)*(sqrt(g₀/GME)/τ)^3*𝟐^27*𝟓^21
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁶3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 5.136065976(16) × 10¹³) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Heat energy required to raise 1 earthgram of water by 1 kelvin in Meridian units.

julia> earthcalorie(Meridian) # J
g₀⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME⁻¹τ⁻²2²⁰3²5¹⁵43⁻¹ = 4.1746383635(84) [eJ] Meridian

julia> earthcalorie(Metric) # J
g₀⁻³ᐟ²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁵3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 4.204951542(13) [J] Metric

julia> earthcalorie(British) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁵3²5⁻²⁰43⁻¹ = 3.1014130969(93) [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.thermalunitConstant
thermalunit(U::UnitSystem) = kilocalorie(U)*𝟑^2/𝟓/lb
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁴5⁵43⁻¹ = 1.28866059275(39) × 10¹⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Heat energy required to raise 1 lb of water by 1 Rankine (BTU) in International units.

julia> thermalunit(British) # ft⋅lb
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 778.1576129990752 [lb⋅ft] British

julia> thermalunit(International) # J
lb⋅2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 1054.8659767441861 [J] International

julia> thermalunit(Metric) # J
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁵5⁵43⁻¹ = 1055.0400583348662 [J] Metric
MeasureSystems.gasgallonConstant
gasgallon(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟐*𝟑*𝟏𝟗*kilo*thermalunit(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁸3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.46907307574(45) × 10²¹) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Gasoline gallon equivalent reference unit of energy (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> gasgallon(Metric) # J
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.2027456665017475×10⁸ [J] Metric

julia> gasgallon(CGS) # erg
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁶3⋅5¹⁵19⋅43⁻¹ = 1.2027456665017475×10¹⁵ [erg] Gauss

julia> gasgallon(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3⋅5⁸19⋅43⁻¹ = 8.870996788189459×10⁷ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.tontntConstant
tontnt(U::UnitSystem) = giga*calorie(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁰3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 5.1138185304(16) × 10²²) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Ton TNT equivalent reference unit of energy (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> tontnt(Metric) # J
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹¹3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211056×10⁹ [J] Metric

julia> tontnt(CGS) # erg
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹⁸3²5¹⁷43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211057×10¹⁶ [erg] Gauss

julia> tontnt(British) # lb⋅ft
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2¹¹3²5¹⁰43⁻¹ = 3.087978978566891×10⁹ [lb⋅ft] British
MeasureSystems.electronvoltConstant
electronvolt(U::UnitSystem) = elementarycharge(U)*volt(U)
energy : [FL], [FL], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²], [ML²T⁻²]
FL⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹𝘦⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.95695118356(60) × 10⁻⁶) [𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Unit of energy gained by a rest electron accelerated by 1 volt in vacuum (J or lb⋅ft).

julia> electronvolt(SI2019) # J
𝘦 = 1.602176634×10⁻¹⁹ [J] SI2019

julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019) # kg⋅m⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹𝘦 = 5.344285992678308×10⁻²⁸ [N⋅s] SI2019

julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019)^2 # kg
𝘤⁻²𝘦 = 1.7826619216278975×10⁻³⁶ [kg] SI2019

julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/planck(SI2019)/lightspeed(SI2019) # m⁻¹
𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹𝘦 = 806554.393734921 [m⁻¹] SI2019

julia> electronvolt(SI2019)/boltzmann(SI2019) # K
kB⁻¹𝘦 = 11604.518121550082 [K] SI2019

Power Units

MeasureSystems.wattConstant
watt(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟏,U,Metric)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 1.57331382212(96) × 10⁻⁸) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Metric watt unit of power (W or lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹).

julia> watt(Metric) # W
𝟏 = 1.0 [W] Metric

julia> watt(English) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹ = 0.7375621492772653 [lbf⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] English

julia> watt(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ = 0.10197162129779283 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepowerwattConstant
horsepowerwatt(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟐^4*𝟑^3/𝟓*τ,U,British)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2²3³5⁻¹ = 1.15800476849(71) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power derived from Watt's exact original horse power estimate.

julia> horsepowerwatt(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 542.8672105403163 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> horsepowerwatt(Metric) # W
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 736.0291076111621 [W] Metric

julia> horsepowerwatt(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅lb⋅τ⋅2⁴3³5⁻¹ = 75.05408142547782 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepowermetricConstant
horsepowermetric(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟑*𝟓^2,U,Gravitational)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻²3⋅5² = 1.15717034952(71) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power derived from raising 75 kp by 1 m in 1 in 1 s.

julia> horsepowermetric(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
ft⁻¹lb⁻¹3⋅5² = 542.476038840742 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> horsepowermetric(Metric) # W
g₀⋅3⋅5² = 735.49875 [W] Metric

julia> horsepowermetric(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
3⋅5² = 75.0 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.horsepowerConstant
horsepower(U::UnitSystem) = power(𝟐*𝟓^2*𝟏𝟏,U,British)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅τ⁻¹2⁻¹5²11 = 1.17321991511(72) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power derived from raising 550 lb by 1 ft in 1 in 1 s.

julia> horsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
2⋅5²11 = 550.0 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> horsepower(Metric) # W
g₀⋅ft⋅lb⋅2⋅5²11 = 745.6998715822701 [W] Metric

julia> horsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
ft⋅lb⋅2⋅5²11 = 76.0402249068 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.electricalhorsepowerConstant
electricalhorsepower(U::UnitSystem) = power(746,U,Metric)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅373 [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power for electrical motors in the United States.

julia> electricalhorsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹lb⁻¹2⋅373 = 550.2213633608399 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> electricalhorsepower(Metric) # W
2⋅373 = 746.0 [W] Metric

julia> electricalhorsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹2⋅373 = 76.07082948815345 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.tonsrefrigerationConstant
tonsrefrigeration(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(𝟐*𝟓/𝟑,U,Metric)*thermalunit(U)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²τ⁻¹2⁴3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 5.5330303556(34) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power derived from melting of 1 short ton of ice in 24 hours.

julia> tonsrefrigeration(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 2593.8587099969172 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> tonsrefrigeration(Metric) # W
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 3516.8001944495536 [W] Metric

julia> tonsrefrigeration(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3⁻¹5⁶43⁻¹ = 358.613817608414 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering
MeasureSystems.boilerhorsepowerConstant
boilerhorsepower(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(1339/𝟐^4/𝟑^2,U,Metric)*thermalunit(U)
power : [FLT⁻¹], [FLT⁻¹], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³], [ML²T⁻³]
FLT⁻¹⋅1339 [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Unit of power derived from evaporating 34.5 lb of boiling water in 1 hour.

julia> boilerhorsepower(British) # lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 7235.785026428902 [lb⋅ft⋅s⁻¹] British

julia> boilerhorsepower(Metric) # W
lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 9810.407209099902 [W] Metric

julia> boilerhorsepower(Engineering) # kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹lb⋅Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⋅3⁻²5⁵43⁻¹⋅1339 = 1000.3831287034718 [kgf⋅m⋅s⁻¹] Engineering

Electromagnetic Units

Charge Units

MeasureSystems.coulombConstant
coulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,Metric)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻³5⁻⁷ᐟ² = 1.890067014853257×10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of charge (C).

julia> coulomb(Metric) # C
𝟏 = 1.0 [C] Metric

julia> coulomb(EMU) # abC
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU

julia> coulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅2⋅5 = 2.99792458×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.earthcoulombConstant
earthcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,Meridian)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ³2⁻²¹5⁻³⁵ᐟ² = 1.8955448174(38) × 10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified

Meridian unit of charge (C).

julia> earthcoulomb(Metric) # C
g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁸5⁻¹⁴ = 1.0028982055(20) [C] Metric

julia> earthcoulomb(EMU) # abC
g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁹5⁻¹⁵ = 0.10028982055(20) [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU

julia> earthcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅g₀⁻¹GME⋅τ²2⁻¹⁷5⁻¹³ = 3.0066131814(60) × 10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abcoulombConstant
abcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,EMU)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻²5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 1.8900670148532572×10¹⁹) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of charge (C).

julia> abcoulomb(Metric) # C
2⋅5 = 10.0 [C] Metric

julia> abcoulomb(EMU) # abC
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU

julia> abcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statcoulombConstant
statcoulomb(U::UnitSystem) = charge(𝟏,U,ESU)
charge : [Q], [Q], [Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²τ⋅2⁻⁴5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 6.304584936733987×10⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified

Electrostatic unit of charge (C).

julia> statcoulomb(Metric) # C
𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815207×10⁻¹⁰ [C] Metric

julia> statcoulomb(EMU) # abC
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] EMU

julia> statcoulomb(ESU) # statC
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU

Current Units

MeasureSystems.ampereConstant
ampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,Metric)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷ᐟ² = 0.00243457390395(75)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of current (C⋅s⁻¹).

julia> ampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [s⁻¹C] Metric

julia> ampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU

julia> ampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⋅2⋅5 = 2.99792458×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.abampereConstant
abampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,EMU)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻³5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.0243457390395(75)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of current (C⋅s⁻¹).

julia> abampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
2⋅5 = 10.0 [s⁻¹C] Metric

julia> abampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU

julia> abampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.statampereConstant
statampere(U::UnitSystem) = current(𝟏,U,ESU)
current : [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹Q⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁵5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 8.1208644146(25) × 10⁻¹³) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Electrostatic unit of current (C⋅s⁻¹).

julia> statampere(Metric) # C⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 3.3356409519815207×10⁻¹⁰ [s⁻¹C] Metric

julia> statampere(EMU) # abC⋅s⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU

julia> statampere(ESU) # statC⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU

Electromotive Units

MeasureSystems.voltConstant
volt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,Metric)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2²5⁷ᐟ² = 6.4623785688(20) × 10⁻⁶) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of electricpotential (V).

julia> volt(Metric) # V
𝟏 = 1.0 [V] Metric

julia> volt(EMU) # abV
2⁸5⁸ = 1.0×10⁸ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU

julia> volt(ESU) # statV
𝘤⁻¹2⁶5⁶ = 0.0033356409519815205 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abvoltConstant
abvolt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,EMU)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻³ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 6.4623785688(20) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of electricpotential (V).

julia> abvolt(Metric) # V
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [V] Metric

julia> abvolt(EMU) # abV
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU

julia> abvolt(ESU) # statV
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statvoltConstant
statvolt(U::UnitSystem) = electricpotential(𝟏,U,ESU)
electricpotential : [FLQ⁻¹], [FLQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻²Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹]
FLQ⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁴5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.00193737235568(59)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²αL⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Electrostatic unit of electricpotential (V).

julia> statvolt(Metric) # V
𝘤⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 299.792458 [V] Metric

julia> statvolt(EMU) # abV
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] EMU

julia> statvolt(ESU) # statV
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻¹] ESU

Inductance Units

MeasureSystems.henryConstant
henry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,Metric)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²2⁷5⁷ = 2.06074224158(63) × 10¹⁸) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified

Metric unit of inductance (H).

julia> henry(Metric) # H
𝟏 = 1.0 [H] Metric

julia> henry(EMU) # abH
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [cm] EMU

julia> henry(ESU) # statH
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [cm⁻¹s²] ESU
MeasureSystems.abhenryConstant
abhenry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,EMU)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²2⁻²5⁻² = 2.06074224158(63) × 10⁹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of inductance (H).

julia> abhenry(Metric) # H
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [H] Metric

julia> abhenry(EMU) # abH
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm] EMU

julia> abhenry(ESU) # statH
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s²] ESU
MeasureSystems.stathenryConstant
stathenry(U::UnitSystem) = inductance(𝟏,U,ESU)
inductance : [FLT²Q⁻²], [FLT²Q⁻²], [ML²Q⁻²], [L], [L⁻¹T²]
FLT²Q⁻²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²2²5² = 1.85210276166(57) × 10³⁰) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻¹μ₀⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⋅αL²g₀] Unified

Electrostatic unit of inductance (H).

julia> stathenry(Metric) # H
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [H] Metric

julia> stathenry(EMU) # abH
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm] EMU

julia> stathenry(ESU) # statH
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s²] ESU

Resistance Units

MeasureSystems.ohmConstant
ohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,Metric)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁶5⁷ = 0.0026544187294380724) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified

Metric unit of resistance (Ω).

julia> ohm(Metric) # Ω
𝟏 = 1.0 [Ω] Metric

julia> ohm(EMU) # abΩ
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU

julia> ohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [cm⁻¹s] ESU
MeasureSystems.abohmConstant
abohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,EMU)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻² = 2.654418729438073×10⁻¹²) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of resistance (Ω).

julia> abohm(Metric) # Ω
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [Ω] Metric

julia> abohm(EMU) # abΩ
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU

julia> abohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s] ESU
MeasureSystems.statohmConstant
statohm(U::UnitSystem) = resistance(𝟏,U,ESU)
resistance : [FLTQ⁻²], [FLTQ⁻²], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻²], [LT⁻¹], [L⁻¹T]
FLTQ⁻²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 2.385672579618471×10⁹) [𝘤⋅μ₀⋅λ⋅αL²] Unified

Electrostatic unit of resistance (Ω).

julia> statohm(Metric) # Ω
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [Ω] Metric

julia> statohm(EMU) # abΩ
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm⋅s⁻¹] EMU

julia> statohm(ESU) # statΩ
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s] ESU

Conductance Units

MeasureSystems.siemensConstant
siemens(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,Metric)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 376.7303134617706) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified

Metric unit of conductance (S).

julia> siemens(Metric) # S
𝟏 = 1.0 [S] Metric

julia> siemens(EMU) # abS
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [cm⁻¹s] EMU

julia> siemens(ESU) # statS
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.abmhoConstant
abmho(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,EMU)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⋅τ⋅2³5² = 3.767303134617706×10¹¹) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of conductance (S).

julia> abmho(Metric) # S
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [S] Metric

julia> abmho(EMU) # abS
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s] EMU

julia> abmho(ESU) # statS
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU
MeasureSystems.statmhoConstant
statmho(U::UnitSystem) = conductance(𝟏,U,ESU)
conductance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²TQ²], [L⁻¹T], [LT⁻¹]
F⁻¹L⁻¹T⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤⁻¹τ⋅2⁻¹5⁻² = 4.1916900439033643×10⁻¹⁰) [𝘤⁻¹μ₀⁻¹λ⁻¹αL⁻²] Unified

Electrostatic unit of conductance (S).

julia> statmho(Metric) # S
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [S] Metric

julia> statmho(EMU) # abS
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s] EMU

julia> statmho(ESU) # statS
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⋅s⁻¹] ESU

Capacitance Units

MeasureSystems.faradConstant
farad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,Metric)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²τ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁷ = 2.92472345084(90) × 10²³) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified

Metric unit of capacitance (F).

julia> farad(Metric) # F
𝟏 = 1.0 [F] Metric

julia> farad(EMU) # abF
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [cm⁻¹s²] EMU

julia> farad(ESU) # statF
𝘤²2⁻⁵5⁻⁵ = 8.987551787368176×10¹¹ [cm] ESU
MeasureSystems.abfaradConstant
abfarad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,EMU)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(𝘤²R∞⋅α⁻²τ²2⁴5² = 2.92472345084(90) × 10³²) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of capacitance (F).

julia> abfarad(Metric) # F
2⁹5⁹ = 1.0×10⁹ [F] Metric

julia> abfarad(EMU) # abF
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹s²] EMU

julia> abfarad(ESU) # statF
𝘤²2⁴5⁴ = 8.987551787368175×10²⁰ [cm] ESU
MeasureSystems.statfaradConstant
statfarad(U::UnitSystem) = capacitance(𝟏,U,ESU)
capacitance : [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²], [M⁻¹L⁻²T²Q²], [L⁻¹T²], [L]
F⁻¹L⁻¹Q²⋅(R∞⋅α⁻²τ²5⁻² = 3.25419371152(10) × 10¹¹) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³μ₀⁻¹mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅λ⁻¹αL⁻²g₀] Unified

Electrostatic unit of capacitance (F).

julia> statfarad(Metric) # F
𝘤⁻²2⁵5⁵ = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹² [F] Metric

julia> statfarad(EMU) # abF
𝘤⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 1.1126500560536184×10⁻²¹ [cm⁻¹s²] EMU

julia> statfarad(ESU) # statF
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm] ESU

Magnetic Flux Units

MeasureSystems.weberConstant
weber(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,Metric)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²2³5⁷ᐟ² = 5.017029284119592×10¹⁵) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified

Metric unit of magneticflux (Wb).

julia> weber(Metric) # Wb
𝟏 = 1.0 [Wb] Metric

julia> weber(EMU) # Mx
2⁸5⁸ = 1.0×10⁸ [Mx] EMU

julia> weber(ESU) # statWb
𝘤⁻¹2⁶5⁶ = 0.0033356409519815205 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.maxwellConstant
maxwell(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁹ᐟ² = 5.017029284119592×10⁷) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of magneticflux (Wb).

julia> maxwell(Metric) # Wb
2⁻⁸5⁻⁸ = 1.0×10⁻⁸ [Wb] Metric

julia> maxwell(EMU) # Mx
𝟏 = 1.0 [Mx] EMU

julia> maxwell(ESU) # statWb
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.statweberConstant
statweber(U::UnitSystem) = magneticflux(𝟏,U,ESU)
magneticflux : [FLTQ⁻¹C], [FLTQ⁻¹], [ML²T⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²]
FLTQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²2⁻³5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 1.5040675409441933×10¹⁸) [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²ϕ¹ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²] Unified

Electrostatic unit of magneticflux (Wb).

julia> statweber(Metric) # Wb
𝘤⋅2⁻⁶5⁻⁶ = 299.792458 [Wb] Metric

julia> statweber(EMU) # Mx
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [Mx] EMU

julia> statweber(ESU) # statWb
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²] ESU

Magnetic Flux Density Units

MeasureSystems.teslaConstant
tesla(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,Metric)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⋅5⁷ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁰) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified

Metric unit of magneticfluxdensity (T).

julia> tesla(Metric) # T
𝟏 = 1.0 [T] Metric

julia> tesla(EMU) # G
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [G] EMU

julia> tesla(ESU) # statT
𝘤⁻¹2²5² = 3.3356409519815204×10⁻⁷ [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.gaussConstant
gauss(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻³5⁻¹ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of magneticfluxdensity (T).

julia> gauss(Metric) # T
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [T] Metric

julia> gauss(EMU) # G
𝟏 = 1.0 [G] EMU

julia> gauss(ESU) # statT
𝘤⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 3.335640951981521×10⁻¹¹ [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU
MeasureSystems.statteslaConstant
stattesla(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfluxdensity(𝟏,U,ESU)
magneticfluxdensity : [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C], [FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹], [MT⁻¹Q⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻³ᐟ²]
FL⁻¹TQ⁻¹C⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻¹5³ᐟ² = 0.0022428501790(14)) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified

Electrostatic unit of magneticfluxdensity (T).

julia> stattesla(Metric) # T
𝘤⋅2⁻²5⁻² = 2.9979245800000005×10⁶ [T] Metric

julia> stattesla(EMU) # G
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [G] EMU

julia> stattesla(ESU) # statT
𝟏 = 1.0 [g¹ᐟ²cm⁻³ᐟ²] ESU

Magnetic Specialized Units

MeasureSystems.oerstedConstant
oersted(U::UnitSystem) = magneticfield(𝟏,U,EMU)
magneticfield : [L⁻¹T⁻¹QRC⁻¹], [L⁻¹T⁻¹Q], [L⁻¹T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L⁻¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻²]
L⁻¹T⁻¹QRC⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻³5⁻¹ᐟ² = 7.4813429063(46) × 10⁻¹⁴) [ħ⁻³ᐟ²𝘤⁵ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ²ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ¹ᐟ²g₀⁻²] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of magneticfield (Oe).

julia> oersted(Metric) # A⋅m⁻¹
τ⁻¹2²5³ = 79.57747154594767 [m⁻¹s⁻¹C] Metric

julia> oersted(EMU) # Oe
𝟏 = 1.0 [G] EMU

julia> oersted(ESU) # statA⋅cm⁻¹
𝘤⋅2²5² = 2.99792458×10¹⁰ [g¹ᐟ²cm¹ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU
MeasureSystems.gilbertConstant
gilbert(U::UnitSystem) = abampere(U)/𝟐/turn(U)
nonstandard : [T⁻¹QA⁻¹], [T⁻¹Q], [T⁻¹Q], [M¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²T⁻¹], [M¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻²]
T⁻¹QA⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻⁴5⁻⁵ᐟ² = 0.00193737235568(59)) [ħ⁻¹ᐟ²𝘤³ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻³ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Electromagnetic unit of magnetization (Gb).

julia> gilbert(Metric) # A⋅rad⁻¹
τ⁻¹5 = 0.7957747154594768 [s⁻¹C] Metric

julia> gilbert(EMU) # Gb
τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 0.07957747154594767 [Mx⋅cm⁻¹] EMU

julia> gilbert(ESU) # statA⋅rad⁻¹
𝘤⋅τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 2.385672579618471×10⁹ [g¹ᐟ²cm³ᐟ²s⁻²] ESU

Thermodynamic Units

MeasureSystems.kelvinConstant
kelvin(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(𝟏,U,Metric)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2³5³ = 1.686370052070(49) × 10⁻¹⁰) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of temperature (K or °R).

julia> kelvin(Metric) # K
𝟏 = 1.0 [K] Metric

julia> kelvin(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³ = 0.99999999966(31) [K] SI2019

julia> kelvin(British) # °R
3²5⁻¹ = 1.8 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.rankineConstant
rankine(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(𝟏,U,English)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2³3⁻²5⁴ = 9.36872251150(27) × 10⁻¹¹) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

English unit of temperature (K or °R).

julia> rankine(Metric) # K
3⁻²5 = 0.5555555555555556 [K] Metric

julia> rankine(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴3⁻²5⁴ = 0.55555555536(17) [K] SI2019

julia> rankine(British) # °R
𝟏 = 1.0 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.celsiusConstant
celsius(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀,U,Metric)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅(kB⋅NA⋅𝘤⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⋅2³5³ = 4.60631979723(13) × 10⁻⁸) [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of temperature (K or °R).

julia> celsius(Metric) # K
T₀ = 273.15 [K] Metric

julia> celsius(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⋅2⁴5³ = 273.149999906(84) [K] SI2019

julia> celsius(British) # °R
T₀⋅3²5⁻¹ = 491.66999999999996 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.fahrenheitConstant
fahrenheit(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(Constant(459.67),U,English)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅459.67 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

English unit of temperature (K or °R).

julia> fahrenheit(Metric) # K
3⁻²5⋅459.67 = 255.37222222222223 [K] Metric

julia> fahrenheit(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴3⁻²5⁴⋅459.67 = 255.372222134(79) [K] SI2019

julia> fahrenheit(British) # °R
459.67 = 459.67 [°R] British
MeasureSystems.sealevelConstant
sealevel(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀+𝟑*𝟓,U)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅288.15 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Standard temperature reference at sealevel (K or °R).

julia> sealevel(Metric) # K
288.15 = 288.15 [K] Metric

julia> sealevel(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³⋅288.15 = 288.149999901(89) [K] SI2019

julia> sealevel(English) # °R
3²5⁻¹⋅288.15 = 518.67 [°R] English
MeasureSystems.boilingConstant
boiling(U::UnitSystem) = temperature(T₀+Constant(99.9839),U)
temperature : [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ], [Θ]
Θ⋅373.1339 [kB⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Standard temperature reference at boiling point of water (K or °R).

julia> boiling(Metric) # K
373.1339 = 373.1339 [K] Metric

julia> boiling(SI2019) # K
NA⋅𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹2⁴5³⋅373.1339 = 373.13389987(11) [K] SI2019

julia> boiling(English) # °R
3²5⁻¹⋅373.1339 = 671.64102 [°R] English
MeasureSystems.moleConstant
mole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,Metric)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁴5⁻³ = 1.09776910575(34) × 10²⁷) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified

Molecular molaramount unit (mol or lb-mol).

julia> mole(Metric) # mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [mol] Metric

julia> mole(English) # lb-mol
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [lb-mol] English

julia> mole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.earthmoleConstant
earthmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,Meridian)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³¹5⁻²⁴ = 1.1025449025(33) × 10²⁷) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified

Molecular molaramount unit (mol or lb-mol).

julia> earthmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⁻³ᐟ²GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻²⁷5⁻²¹ = 1.0043504565(30) [mol] Metric

julia> earthmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⁻³ᐟ²lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 0.0022142137367(67) [lb-mol] English

julia> earthmole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻⁵ᐟ²ft⋅lb⁻¹GME³ᐟ²τ³2⁻³⁰5⁻²⁴ = 6.881986682(21) × 10⁻⁵ [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.poundmoleConstant
poundmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,English)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²lb⋅2⁻¹ = 4.9793969039(15) × 10²⁹) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified

Molecular molaramount unit (mol or lb-mol).

julia> poundmole(Metric) # mol
lb⋅2³5³ = 453.59237 [mol] Metric

julia> poundmole(English) # lb-mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [lb-mol] English

julia> poundmole(British) # slug-mol
g₀⁻¹ft = 0.031080950171567256 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.slugmoleConstant
slugmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,British)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁻¹ = 1.60207357768(49) × 10³¹) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified

Molecular molaramount unit (mol or lb-mol).

julia> slugmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2³5³ = 14593.902937206363 [mol] Metric

julia> slugmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [lb-mol] English

julia> slugmole(British) # slug-mol
𝟏 = 1.0 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.slinchmoleConstant
slinchmole(U::UnitSystem) = molaramount(𝟏,U,IPS)
molaramount : [N], [N], [N], [N], [N]
N⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⋅3 = 1.92248829321(59) × 10³²) [mₑ⋅Mᵤ⁻¹] Unified

Molecular molaramount unit (mol or lb-mol).

julia> slinchmole(Metric) # mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹lb⋅2⁵3⋅5³ = 175126.83524647637 [mol] Metric

julia> slinchmole(English) # lb-mol
g₀⋅ft⁻¹2²3 = 386.0885826771653 [lb-mol] English

julia> slinchmole(British) # slug-mol
2²3 = 12.0 [slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.katalConstant
katal(U::UnitSystem) = catalysis(𝟏,U,Metric)
catalysis : [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N], [T⁻¹N]
T⁻¹N⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻⁵5⁻³ = 1.41402394541(87) × 10⁶) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ²Mᵤ⁻¹ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of catalysis (mol⋅s⁻¹ or lb-mol⋅s⁻¹).

julia> katal(Metric) # mol⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [kat] Metric

julia> katal(English) # lb-mol⋅s⁻¹
lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 0.002204622621848776 [s⁻¹lb-mol] English

julia> katal(British) # slug-mol⋅s⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻⁵ [s⁻¹slug-mol] British
MeasureSystems.amagatConstant
amagat(U::UnitSystem) = loschmidt(U)/avogadro(U)
molarity : [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N], [L⁻³N]
L⁻³N⋅(kB⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅τ⁻³2⁻³ = 2.8202760171(26) × 10⁻⁹) [ħ⁻³𝘤³mₑ⁴Mᵤ⁻¹ϕ⁻³g₀⁻³] Unified

Number of moles of an ideal gas in a unit volume (mol⋅m⁻³ or lb-mol⋅ft⁻³).

julia> amagat(Metric) # mol⋅m⁻³
kB⁻¹𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅2⁴5³ = 44.615033390(14) [m⁻³mol] Metric

julia> amagat(SI2019) # mol⋅m⁻³
kB⁻¹NA⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm = 44.615033405470314 [m⁻³mol] SI2019

julia> amagat(English) # slug-mol⋅ft⁻³
kB⁻¹𝘩⋅𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²μₑᵤ⁻¹ft³lb⁻¹T₀⁻¹atm⋅2 = 0.00278522554558(86) [ft⁻³lb-mol] English

Photometric Units

MeasureSystems.lumenConstant
lumen(U::UnitSystem) = luminousflux(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousflux : [J], [J], [J], [J], [J]
J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 2.3034677403(14) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²Kcd⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Common unit of luminousflux (lm).

julia> lumen(Metric) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Metric

julia> lumen(CGS) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Gauss

julia> lumen(English) # lm
𝟏 = 1.0 [lm] English
MeasureSystems.candelaConstant
candela(U::UnitSystem) = luminousintensity(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousintensity : [JA⁻²], [J], [J], [J], [J]
JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻¹2⁻² = 2.3034677403(14) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⁴mₑ²Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻²] Unified

Common unit of luminousintensity (cd).

julia> candela(Engineering) # lm⋅rad⁻²
𝟏 = 1.0 [lm⋅rad⁻²] Engineering

julia> candela(MetricDegree) # lm⋅deg⁻²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> candela(MetricGradian) # lm⋅gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁴ = 0.00024674011002723397 [lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> candela(CGS) # cd
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] Gauss

julia> candela(English) # cd
𝟏 = 1.0 [cd] English
MeasureSystems.luxConstant
lux(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,Metric)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Metric unit of illuminance (lx).

julia> lux(Metric) # lx
𝟏 = 1.0 [lx] Metric

julia> lux(CGS) # ph
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [ph] Gauss

julia> lux(English) # fc
ft² = 0.09290304 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.photConstant
phot(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,Gauss)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³5⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Historic unit of illuminance (lx).

julia> phot(Metric) # lx
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [lx] Metric

julia> phot(CGS) # ph
𝟏 = 1.0 [ph] Gauss

julia> phot(English) # fc
ft²2⁴5⁴ = 929.0304000000001 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.footcandleConstant
footcandle(U::UnitSystem) = illuminance(𝟏,U,English)
illuminance : [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²J⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸ft⁻²τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.6973037742(45) × 10⁻³⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

English unit of illuminance (lx).

julia> footcandle(Metric) # lx
ft⁻² = 10.76391041670972 [lx] Metric

julia> footcandle(CGS) # ph
ft⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0010763910416709721 [ph] Gauss

julia> footcandle(English) # fc
𝟏 = 1.0 [fc] English
MeasureSystems.nitConstant
nit(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Metric unit of luminance (lx⋅rad⁻²).

julia> nit(Engineering) # nt
𝟏 = 1.0 [nt] Engineering

julia> nit(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ²2⁻⁶3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.0003046174197867087 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> nit(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁸5⁻⁴ = 0.00024674011002723397 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> nit(CGS) # sb
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [ph] Gauss

julia> nit(English) # fc
ft² = 0.09290304 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.apostilbConstant
apostilb(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,Metric)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⁻³ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Metric unit of luminance (lx⋅rad⁻²).

julia> apostilb(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [nt] Engineering

julia> apostilb(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻⁴5⁻² = 9.696273622190722×10⁻⁵ [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> apostilb(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁴ = 7.853981633974483×10⁻⁵ [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> apostilb(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 3.183098861837907×10⁻⁵ [ph] Gauss

julia> apostilb(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2 = 0.029571956088528157 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.stilbConstant
stilb(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟏,U,Gauss)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³5⁴ = 3.4349076043(42) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Historic unit of luminance (lx⋅rad⁻²).

julia> stilb(Engineering) # nt
2⁴5⁴ = 10000.0 [nt] Engineering

julia> stilb(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ²2⁻²3⁻⁴5² = 3.0461741978670855 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> stilb(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ²2⁻⁴ = 2.4674011002723395 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> stilb(CGS) # sb
𝟏 = 1.0 [ph] Gauss

julia> stilb(English) # fc
ft²2⁴5⁴ = 929.0304000000001 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.lambertConstant
lambert(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,Gauss)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⋅5⁴ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Historic unit of luminance (nt).

julia> lambert(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2⁵5⁴ = 3183.098861837907 [nt] Engineering

julia> lambert(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹3⁻⁴5² = 0.9696273622190719 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> lambert(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻³ = 0.7853981633974483 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> lambert(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [ph] Gauss

julia> lambert(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2⁵5⁴ = 295.71956088528157 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.footlambertConstant
footlambert(U::UnitSystem) = luminance(𝟐/turn(U),U,English)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸ft⁻²τ⁻⁴2⁻³ = 1.1768883436(14) × 10⁻³⁵) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

English unit of luminance (nt).

julia> footlambert(Engineering) # nt
ft⁻²τ⁻¹2 = 3.42625909963539 [nt] Engineering

julia> footlambert(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
ft⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁵3⁻⁴5⁻² = 0.001043698206451664 [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> footlambert(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
ft⁻²τ⋅2⁻⁷5⁻⁴ = 0.0008453955472258477 [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> footlambert(CGS) # sb
ft⁻²τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 0.00034262590996353903 [ph] Gauss

julia> footlambert(English) # fc
τ⁻¹2 = 0.3183098861837907 [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.brilConstant
bril(U::UnitSystem) = centi*nano*lambert(U)
luminance : [L⁻²JA⁻²], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J], [L⁻²J]
L⁻²JA⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻⁴2⁻¹⁰5⁻⁷ = 1.0933650486(13) × 10⁻⁴³) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁶mₑ⁴Kcd⋅ϕ⁻⁵g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Reference unit of luminance (nt).

julia> bril(Engineering) # nt
τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 3.183098861837907×10⁻⁸ [nt] Engineering

julia> bril(MetricDegree) # lm⋅m⁻²deg⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹²3⁻⁴5⁻⁹ = 9.69627362219072×10⁻¹² [m⁻²lm⋅deg⁻²] MetricDegree

julia> bril(MetricGradian) # lm⋅m⁻²gon⁻²
τ⋅2⁻¹⁴5⁻¹¹ = 7.853981633974482×10⁻¹² [m⁻²lm⋅gon⁻²] MetricGradian

julia> bril(CGS) # sb
τ⁻¹2⁻¹⁰5⁻¹¹ = 3.1830988618379067×10⁻¹² [ph] Gauss

julia> bril(English) # fc
ft²τ⁻¹2⁻⁶5⁻⁷ = 2.9571956088528156×10⁻⁹ [ft⁻²lm⋅rad⁻²] English
MeasureSystems.talbotConstant
talbot(U::UnitSystem) = luminousenergy(𝟏,U,Metric)
luminousenergy : [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ]
TJ⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻¹ = 1.78828352208(55) × 10¹⁰) [𝘤²mₑ⋅Kcd⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Common unit of luminousenergy (lm⋅s).

julia> talbot(Metric) # lm⋅s
𝟏 = 1.0 [s⋅lm] Metric
MeasureSystems.lumergConstant
lumerg(U::UnitSystem) = luminousenergy(𝟏𝟎^-7,U,Metric)
luminousenergy : [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ], [TJ]
TJ⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹Kcd⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻⁸5⁻⁷ = 1788.28352208(55)) [𝘤²mₑ⋅Kcd⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Reference unit of luminousenergy (lm⋅s).

julia> lumerg(CGS) # lm⋅s
2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0×10⁻⁷ [s⋅lm] Gauss

Specialized Units

MeasureSystems.neperFunction
neper(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,log(𝟙))

Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.

julia> neper(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [log(𝟙)] Metric

julia> exp(neper(Metric))
exp(𝟙) = 2.718281828459045 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.belFunction
bel(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,log10(𝟙))

Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.

julia> bel(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [log10(𝟙)] Metric

julia> exp10(bel(Metric))
exp10(𝟙) = 10.0 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.decibelFunction
decibel(U::UnitSystem) = U(𝟏,logdb(𝟙))

Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of a dimensional quanty.

julia> decibel(Metric)
𝟏 = 1.0 [dB(𝟙)] Metric

julia> expdb(decibel(Metric))
1.2589254117941673^(𝟙) = 1.2589254117941673 [𝟙] Metric
MeasureSystems.hertzConstant
hertz(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟏/second(U)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 1.28808866819(39) × 10⁻²¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of frequency (s⁻¹).

julia> hertz(Engineering) # rad⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [Hz] Engineering

julia> hertz(IAU) # D⁻¹
2⁷3³5² = 86400.0 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.apmConstant
apm(U::UnitSystem) = 𝟏/minute(U)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻³3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 2.14681444698(66) × 10⁻²³) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Actions per minute apm unit of frequency (s⁻¹).

julia> apm(Metric) # s⁻¹
2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.016666666666666666 [Hz] Metric

julia> apm(MPH) # h⁻¹
2²3⋅5 = 60.0 [h⁻¹] MPH

julia> apm(IAU) # D⁻¹
2⁵3²5 = 1440.0 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.rpmConstant
rpm(U::UnitSystem) = turn(U)/minute(U)
angularfrequency : [T⁻¹A], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹A⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻¹α²2⁻³3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 1.34888329905(41) × 10⁻²²) [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Revolutions per minute rpm unit of angularfrequency (rad⋅s⁻¹).

julia> rpm(Engineering) # rad⋅s⁻¹
τ⋅2⁻²3⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.10471975511965977 [s⁻¹rad] Engineering

julia> rpm(MetricGradian) # gon⋅s⁻¹
2²3⁻¹5 = 6.666666666666666 [s⁻¹gon] MetricGradian

julia> rpm(MetricDegree) # deg⋅s⁻¹
2⋅3 = 6.0 [s⁻¹deg] MetricDegree

julia> rpm(MetricArcminute) # amin⋅s⁻¹
2³3²5 = 360.0 [s⁻¹amin] MetricArcminute

julia> rpm(MetricArcsecond) # asec⋅s⁻¹
2⁵3³5² = 21600.0 [s⁻¹asec] MetricArcsecond

julia> rpm(MPH) # rad⋅h⁻¹
τ⋅2²3⋅5 = 376.99111843077515 [h⁻¹] MPH

julia> rpm(IAU) # rad⋅D⁻¹
τ⋅2⁵3²5 = 9047.786842338604 [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.kayserConstant
kayser(U::UnitSystem) = wavenumber(𝟏,U,Gauss)
wavenumber : [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹]
L⁻¹⋅(R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⋅5² = 3.8615926796(12) × 10⁻¹¹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⋅mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of wavenumber or curvature (m⁻¹ or ft⁻¹).

julia> kayser(Metric) # m⁻¹
2²5² = 100.0 [m⁻¹] Metric

julia> kayser(CGS) # cm⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> kayser(English) # ft⁻¹
ft⋅2²5² = 30.48 [ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.diopterConstant
diopter(U::UnitSystem) = angularwavenumber(𝟏,U,Metric)
angularwavenumber : [L⁻¹A], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹], [L⁻¹]
L⁻¹A⋅(R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 3.8615926796(12) × 10⁻¹³) [ħ⁻¹𝘤⋅mₑ⋅g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of angularwavenumber or curvature (m⁻¹ or ft⁻¹).

julia> diopter(Metric) # m⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [m⁻¹] Metric

julia> diopter(CGS) # cm⁻¹
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002 [cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> diopter(English) # ft⁻¹
ft = 0.3048 [ft⁻¹rad] English
MeasureSystems.rayleighConstant
rayleigh(U::UnitSystem) = photonirradiance(𝟏𝟎^10,U,Metric)
photonirradiance : [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T], [L⁻²T]
L⁻²T⋅(𝘤⋅R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁹5¹⁰ = 1.15767636121(35) × 10⁶) [ħ⁻¹mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Common unit of photonirradiance (Hz⋅m⁻²).

julia> rayleigh(Metric) # Hz⋅m⁻²
2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 1.0×10¹⁰ [Hz⋅m⁻²] Metric

julia> rayleigh(CGS) # Hz⋅cm⁻²
2⁶5⁶ = 1.0×10⁶ [Hz⋅m⁻²] Gauss

julia> rayleigh(English) # Hz⋅ft⁻²
ft²2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 9.290304000000001×10⁸ [ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.flickConstant
flick(U::UnitSystem) = radiance(𝟏𝟎^10,U,Metric)/length(𝟏,U,Metric)
nonstandard : [FL⁻²T⁻¹A⁻²], [FL⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻³], [ML⁻¹T⁻³], [ML⁻¹T⁻³]
FL⁻²T⁻¹A⁻²⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻²R∞⁻⁵α¹⁰τ⁻⁴2⁵5¹⁰ = 9.059719376(14) × 10⁻³⁶) [ħ⁻⁴𝘤⁷mₑ⁵ϕ⁻⁶g₀⁻⁵] Unified

Lockheed Martin unit of radiance per length (W⋅m⁻³⋅rad⁻²).

julia> flick(Metric) # W⋅m⁻³
2¹⁰5¹⁰ = 1.0×10¹⁰ [W⋅m⁻³] Metric

julia> flick(CGS) # erg⋅s⁻¹⋅mL⁻¹
2¹¹5¹¹ = 1.0×10¹¹ [erg⋅s⁻¹mL⁻¹] Gauss

julia> flick(MetricSpatian) # W⋅m⁻³⋅ς⁻²
τ⋅2¹¹5¹⁰ = 1.2566370614359172×10¹¹ [W⋅m⁻³⋅ς⁻²] MetricSpatian
MeasureSystems.gforceConstant
gforce(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(𝟏,U,English)
specificforce : [FM⁻¹], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²]
FM⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻¹α²g₀⋅τ⁻¹2⁻¹ = 4.2135265250(13) × 10⁻²⁹) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Standard gravity specificforce g₀ at geodetic reference latitude (m⋅s⁻² or ft⋅s⁻²).

julia> gforce(CGS) # gal
g₀⋅2²5² = 980.665 [gal] Gauss

julia> gforce(British) # ft⋅s⁻²
g₀⋅ft⁻¹ = 32.17404855643044 [ft⋅s⁻²] British

julia> gforce(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [g₀] English
MeasureSystems.galileoConstant
galileo(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(𝟏,U,Gauss)
specificforce : [FM⁻¹], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²], [LT⁻²]
FM⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻¹α²τ⁻¹2⁻³5⁻² = 4.2966013114(13) × 10⁻³²) [ħ⁻¹𝘤³mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻²] Unified

Metric unit of specificforce used in gravimetry (m⋅s⁻² or ft⋅s⁻²).

julia> galileo(Metric) # m⋅s⁻²
2⁻²5⁻² = 0.010000000000000002 [m⋅s⁻²] Metric

julia> galileo(CGS) # gal
𝟏 = 1.0 [gal] Gauss

julia> galileo(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹
g₀⁻¹2⁻²5⁻² = 0.0010197162129779284 [g₀] English
MeasureSystems.eotvosConstant
eotvos(U::UnitSystem) = specificforce(nano,U,Gauss)/length(𝟏,U,Gauss)
nonstandard : [FM⁻¹L⁻¹], [T⁻²], [T⁻²], [T⁻²], [T⁻²]
FM⁻¹L⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻²R∞⁻²α⁴τ⁻²2⁻¹¹5⁻⁹ = 1.6591724171(10) × 10⁻⁵¹) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ²ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

Metric unit of specificforce per length used in gravimetry (s⁻² or gal⋅cm⁻¹).

julia> eotvos(Metric) # s⁻²
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [Hz⋅s⁻¹] Metric

julia> eotvos(CGS) # gal⋅cm⁻¹
2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 1.0×10⁻⁹ [gal⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> eotvos(English) # lbf⋅lbm⁻¹ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅2⁻⁹5⁻⁹ = 3.108095017156726×10⁻¹¹ [lbf⋅lbm⁻¹ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.darcyConstant
darcy(U::UnitSystem) = area(milli/atm,U,Gauss)
area : [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²], [L²]
L²⋅(R∞²α⁻⁴atm⁻¹τ²2⁻⁵5⁻⁷ = 6.6183611583(41) × 10¹²) [ħ²𝘤⁻²mₑ⁻²ϕ²g₀²] Unified

Metric unit of permeability (m² or ft²).

julia> darcy(Metric) # m²
atm⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 9.869232667160128×10⁻¹³ [m²] Metric

julia> darcy(CGS) # cm²
atm⁻¹2⁻³5⁻³ = 9.86923266716013×10⁻⁹ [cm²] Gauss

julia> darcy(English) # ft²
ft⁻²atm⁻¹2⁻⁷5⁻⁷ = 1.0623153631097675×10⁻¹¹ [ft²] English
MeasureSystems.poiseConstant
poise(U::UnitSystem) = viscosity(𝟏,U,Gauss)
viscosity : [FL⁻²T], [FL⁻²T], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹]
FL⁻²T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻¹ = 5.4603845163(50) × 10⁻⁵) [ħ⁻²𝘤³mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

Metric unit of viscosity (kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹ or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²).

julia> poise(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [Pa⋅s] Metric

julia> poise(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [P] Gauss

julia> poise(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²
g₀⁻¹ft²lb⁻¹2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.002088543423315013 [lbf⋅ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.reynConstant
reyn(U::UnitSystem) = viscosity(𝟏,U,IPS)
viscosity : [FL⁻²T], [FL⁻²T], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹], [ML⁻¹T⁻¹]
FL⁻²T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅τ⁻²2⋅3² = 3.7648025968(35)) [ħ⁻²𝘤³mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

IPS unit of viscosity named after Reynolds (kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹ or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²).

julia> reyn(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁴3² = 6894.75729316836 [Pa⋅s] Metric

julia> reyn(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻¹⋅s⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⁻²lb⋅2⁵3²5 = 68947.5729316836 [P] Gauss

julia> reyn(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻²
2⁴3² = 144.0 [lbf⋅ft⁻²s] English
MeasureSystems.stokesConstant
stokes(U::UnitSystem) = diffusivity(𝟏,U,Gauss)
diffusivity : [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹], [L²T⁻¹]
L²T⁻¹⋅(𝘤⁻¹R∞⋅α⁻²τ⋅2⁻³5⁻⁴ = 0.86379927371(26)) [ħ⋅mₑ⁻¹ϕ⋅g₀] Unified

Metric unit of diffusivity (m²⋅s⁻¹ or ft²⋅s⁻¹).

julia> stokes(Metric) # m²⋅s⁻¹
2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0001 [m²s⁻¹] Metric

julia> stokes(CGS) # cm²⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [St] Gauss

julia> stokes(English) # ft²⋅s⁻¹
ft⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁴ = 0.0010763910416709721 [ft²s⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.raylConstant
rayl(U::UnitSystem) = specificimpedance(𝟏,U,Metric)
specificimpedance : [FL⁻³T], [FL⁻³T], [ML⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻²T⁻¹], [ML⁻²T⁻¹]
FL⁻³T⋅(𝘩⁻¹R∞⁻⁴α⁸τ⁻³2⁻⁴ = 2.1085780876(26) × 10⁻¹⁶) [ħ⁻³𝘤⁴mₑ⁴ϕ⁻³g₀⁻⁴] Unified

Metric unit of specificimpedance (kg⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹ or lb⋅s⋅ft⁻³).

julia> rayl(Metric) # kg⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹
𝟏 = 1.0 [kg⋅m⁻²s⁻¹] Metric

julia> rayl(CGS) # g⋅cm⁻²⋅s⁻¹
2⁻¹5⁻¹ = 0.1 [g⋅cm⁻²s⁻¹] Gauss

julia> rayl(English) # lb⋅s⋅ft⁻³
g₀⁻¹ft³lb⁻¹ = 0.00636588035426416 [lbf⋅ft⁻³s] English
MeasureSystems.mpgeConstant
mpge(U::UnitSystem) = mile(U)/gasgallon(U)
nonstandard : [F⁻¹], [F⁻¹], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²], [M⁻¹L⁻¹T²]
F⁻¹⋅(𝘩⋅𝘤⋅R∞²α⁻⁴ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²τ⋅2⁻²5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 2.8368673134(17) × 10⁻⁶) [ħ⋅𝘤⁻³mₑ⁻²ϕ⋅g₀²] Unified

Equivalent mile per gasgallon reference unit of length per energy (N⁻¹ or lb⁻¹).

julia> mpge(Metric) # N⁻¹
ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 1.3380584481180184×10⁻⁵ [N⁻¹] Metric

julia> mpge(CGS) # dyn⁻¹
ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁹5⁻¹²11⋅19⁻¹43 = 1.3380584481180183×10⁻¹⁰ [dyn⁻¹] Gauss

julia> mpge(English) # lb⁻¹
g₀⋅ft⋅Ωᵢₜ⋅Vᵢₜ⁻²2⁻⁴5⁻⁷11⋅19⁻¹43 = 5.95198051140049×10⁻⁵ [lbf⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.langleyConstant
langley(U::UnitSystem) = calorie(U)/(centi*meter(U))^2
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²τ⁻²2³3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 7.6256740434(70) × 10⁻⁸) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

Solar radiation unit (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).

julia> langley(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 41867.37323211056 [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric

julia> langley(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁹3²5⁸43⁻¹ = 4.186737323211056×10⁷ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> langley(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹Ωᵢₜ⁻¹Vᵢₜ²2⁶3²5⁵43⁻¹ = 2868.8263456495906 [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.janskyConstant
jansky(U::UnitSystem) = fluence(𝟏𝟎^-26,U,Metric)
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻²⁹5⁻²⁶ = 1.8213882206(17) × 10⁻³⁸) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

Reference unit of spectral irradiance (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).

julia> jansky(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁶ = 1.0×10⁻²⁶ [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric

julia> jansky(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
2⁻²³5⁻²³ = 1.0×10⁻²³ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> jansky(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻²⁶5⁻²⁶ = 6.852176585679177×10⁻²⁸ [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.solarfluxConstant
solarflux(U::UnitSystem) = hecto^2*jansky(U)
fluence : [FL⁻¹], [FL⁻¹], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²], [MT⁻²]
FL⁻¹⋅(𝘩⁻¹𝘤⁻¹R∞⁻³α⁶τ⁻²2⁻²⁵5⁻²² = 1.8213882206(17) × 10⁻³⁴) [ħ⁻²𝘤⁴mₑ³ϕ⁻²g₀⁻³] Unified

Reference unit of spectral irradiance (kg⋅s⁻² or lb⋅ft⁻¹).

julia> solarflux(Metric) # kg⋅s⁻²
2⁻²²5⁻²² = 1.0×10⁻²² [N⋅m⁻¹] Metric

julia> solarflux(CGS) # g⋅s⁻²
2⁻¹⁹5⁻¹⁹ = 1.0×10⁻¹⁹ [dyn⋅cm⁻¹] Gauss

julia> solarflux(English) # lb⋅ft⁻¹
g₀⁻¹ft⋅lb⁻¹2⁻²²5⁻²² = 6.852176585679177×10⁻²⁴ [lbf⋅ft⁻¹] English
MeasureSystems.curieConstant
curie(U::UnitSystem) = frequency(𝟏,U,Metric)
frequency : [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹], [T⁻¹]
T⁻¹⋅37 [ħ⁻¹𝘤²mₑ⋅ϕ⁻¹g₀⁻¹] Unified

Reference unit of radioactivity (Bq or s⁻¹).

julia> curie(Metric) # Bq
2⁹5⁹⋅37 = 3.7×10¹⁰ [Hz] Metric

julia> curie(IAU) # D⁻¹
2¹⁶3³5¹¹⋅37 = 3.1968×10¹⁵ [D⁻¹] IAU☉
MeasureSystems.grayConstant
gray(U::UnitSystem) = energy(𝟏,U,Metric)/mass(𝟏,U,Metric)
specificenergy : [FM⁻¹L], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²], [L²T⁻²]
FM⁻¹L⋅(𝘤⁻² = 1.1126500560536183×10⁻¹⁷) [𝘤²g₀⁻¹] Unified

Metric unit of radioactivity (Gy or m²⋅s⁻²).

julia> gray(Metric) # Gy
𝟏 = 1.0 [J⋅kg⁻¹] Metric
MeasureSystems.roentgenConstant
roentgen(U::UnitSystem) = chargedensity(𝟏,U,ESU)/density(Constant(1.293),U,Metric)
exposure : [M⁻¹Q], [F⁻¹LT⁻²Q], [M⁻¹Q], [M⁻¹ᐟ²L¹ᐟ²], [M⁻¹ᐟ²L³ᐟ²T⁻¹]
M⁻¹Q/1.293 [ħ¹ᐟ²𝘤⁻¹ᐟ²μ₀⁻¹ᐟ²mₑ⁻¹ϕ¹ᐟ²λ⁻¹ᐟ²αL⁻¹] Unified

Legacy unit of ionisation exposure (C⋅kg⁻¹ or C⋅lb⁻¹).

julia> roentgen(Metric) # C⋅kg⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹2⁵5⁵/1.293 = 0.0002579768717696458 [kg⁻¹C] Metric

julia> roentgen(English) # C⋅lb⁻¹
𝘤⁻¹lb⋅2⁵5⁵/1.293 = 0.00011701634067117975 [lbm⁻¹C] English

Units Index

Wolfram plagiarism timeline

Timeline of UnitSystems.jl registration and Wolfram Research plagiarism:

  • 2019: The SI2019 standard is formalized with a primitive SI only unit-system based on 7 physics dimensions (massive collaboration).
  • 2020: Registered DOI 10.5281/zenodo.7145479, UnitSystems.jl
  • 2021: Discused with Ted Corcovilos about what the unsolved and nuanced issues are with defining physics units, which I then solved by independently creating the never before seen 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) for physics, which was standardized in detail and completely handcrafted by myself alone.
  • 2021: Wolfram Research invited me to their Summer School, where everyone was hinting at the fact I would be hired there.
  • 2022: Wolfram Research interviewed and then hired me, with an explicit interest in my UnitSystems.jl work from lead developers. They requested that I present them my independently discovered UnitSystems.jl results in the Wolfram Language to make a comparison with their existing system. While I was shortly an employee at Wolfram, I indeed directly handed them my newly discovered Unified System of Quantities. My work was already independently complete and prepared ready to incorporate into their stack. They acknowledged that their system was old and outdated compared to mine, as they only implemented a Metric and Imperial unit system, and neither of these was up to the standard of my UnitSystems.jl standard. However, they told me that I would not be allowed to work on this project further because they didn't want to upgrade their systems. Instead, they did the software equivalent of placing me in a backroom shed to mop the floors. After 6 months they ended the contract and it turned out they lied to me on the job application about what my role would be (they said I would be part of the core team with Jonathan Gorard, but this was a blatant lie).
  • 2023-2025: Wolfram keeps inviting me to their Winter/Summer schools to help mentor people, but I declined because I am too busy making progress in my research (why directly help mentor my competitors, who made it clear that they don't want to actually support my work); their use of social environments feels predatory.
  • 2025: Wolfram bribes Memes of Destruction at Wolfram Summer School to take my fully prepared work and use it to boost the Wolfram brand on social media, presenting my completed project with AI generated text as if it was Wolfram's idea, without crediting that I was the person who directly handed them the completed project years earlier (but without AI generated text they added).

Did Wolfam think that they can pluck low hanging fruits from my garden to build their brand on social media? My only goal here is to show that these low hanging fruit Wolfram plucked, these fruits came from my public garden and were not grown or developed by them from scratch, it's my solo-project.

Academic institutions should be direclty investing in my research instead of funding and enabling Wolfram Research to systematically gangstalk me with an army of employees. I can feel the presence of Wolfram looking over my shoulder and monitoring my every step. There seems to be an entire economy of people being paid to monitor and surveil me, while I struggle to survive with my resources. Stephen Wolfram never seemed to care about earning my respect. Every time I interacted with him, he was only focused on talking about himself and that was the only topic.

It's fascinating to me how unaware Stephen Wolfram is of the fact that people perceive him as textbook specimen of ultra-narcissism. This is because he is entirely surrounded by people with a salary depending on how much they inflate Stephen Wolfram's ego, which completely divorces these people from the reality of doing actual scientific research. Wolfram's premise seems to be that they can use gangstalking to target open source developers like me to data-mine our work, enabled by funding granted from academic institutions who don't check for Wolfram's plagiarism violations.

Combining the ultra-narcissism of Wolfram with the economic incentive to target open source developers with gangstalking by an army of employees, it becomes highly uncomfortable knowing that these people are incentivized to gangstalk me for the rest of my life with smear campaigns and so on.

I urge academic institutions to quit enabling and sponsoring Stephen Wolfram's systematic gangstalking of individuals like me. He shouldn't be rewarded for plucking fruit from my public gardens, which I handcrafted. % by myself. Wolfram's goal seems to be taking the fruit of my work in a cowardly and uncollaborative way. Wolfram does not acknowledge that my science research is what's boosting their brand in the social media campaign funding Memes of Destruction.

Julia Computing are no better stewards, they are also unehtical people, but at least their product is open source and therefore a solid foundation. My work on UnitSystems.jl and the entire process of creating the new 11 dimensional Unified System of Quantities (USQ) was all done entirely in public on GitHub and each release registered with several scientific websites. This is only one of my side projects, the mainstream of my research is my differential geometric algebra software development, Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl, and various related work at the cutting edge of science, making me a bigger target for Wolfram's gangstalking. Wolfram is now constantly being observed in attempting to keep up with my research by systematically gangstalking me in a hush-hush way, not acknowledging me. With shady business practices, I have to wonder what other fraud is being commited.

It appears that Wolfram tends to resort to plagiarism of other people's works by data mining other people's creativity through employment, ghostwriters, summer schools, shady business practices, identity theft, bribes.

The incentive behind this systematic gangstalking appears to be this: instead of working with me directly, they all wish to ostracize, isolate, and erase me. Their eventual goal is replacing me and then retroactively claiming credit for my past achievements to boost their brands. Ironically, the temptation (to incorrectly eat the fruit of my labor like this) will be their downfall, as this choice is accompanied by firm evidence of plagiarism. Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic standards by the academic institutions funding Wolfram Research. My projects are effectively ego-traps, which will trigger the downfall of an ultra-narcissit ego if incorrectly consumed. I know the academic institutions don't acknowledge me either, so all I can do is to permanently add the Wolfram plagiarism disclaimer to the original sources.

Having a quick 0-60 speed in pathological lying is not necessarily a sign of high intelligence in long term thinking. Rather, it's an indicator of a complete lack of long term thinking, demonstrating optimization toward the short term illusions of success, which falls apart upon any scrutiny.

If Wolfram does not want to be perceived as confirmed plagiarist, then Wolfram must acknowledge Michael Reed as the original creator of the new Unified System of Quantities (USQ), which is the underlying foundation for the completed research project I handed them (and they padded with AI generated text). Wolfram is well known for the claims that LLMs will replace writing code and text, so we have to assume the foundations of their work rests in AI generated text, on top of my presented complete project foundation. The LLMs and AI models all know about my UnitSystems.jl work and mine was the only reference work in existence which completed this type of work. Therefore, if using AI or LLM generated text to manipulate my unique project, this is effectively transforming the original source data which was ingested from my work using my own knowledge embedded in the LLMs. Wolfram is regurgitating the fruits of my labor without acknowledging that I directly handed this to them as a completed project.

Memes of Destruction self proclaims to not be an expert on the topic and publicly discloses the paid sponsorship from Wolfram for the social media campaign, at least this is some transparency.

– Michael Reed's audience reaction to Wolfram's plagiarism

This preface was written in 2025, the UnitSystems.jl Appendix has been documented on my website and registered as Julia package since 2020.

Core UnitSystems.jl} standard was last updated in 2022, while Similitude.jl and MeasureSystems.jl have received minor software design updates since.