It is at best hubris and at worst obscene to think that we can even answer the question; to think that we could even crudely predict the consequences of such a monumental change in our lived experience. But in reality there is no prediction to be made because most humans now live in cities where the night sky has been blotted out. We do not need to predict the consequences rather we need to determine what we have lost. It is a relatively new experience for humanity to be living without stars and consequences are only now coming to light.

The New York Times Magazine recently featured a slide show of images by photographer Thierry Cohen that show cityscapes and the (normally absent) starry sky. Cohen’s project is titled “Darkened Cities” and it re-inserts what has been lost so that we can better know and feel what has been taken from us. The sky in Cohen’s photographs is brilliant and it is not a product of his imagination, it is the genuine sky of the world we live in, he has just photographed it in places where it remains visible and inserted into a cityscape where it is generally hidden from view.

The project highlights the fact that we are born into a denuded landscape (skyscape?) and so often only notice the loss that happens during our relatively short lives. We don’t frequently question the desecration that occurred prior to our own individual existence. But obviously we suffer from decisions made prior to our birth just as our decisions today will either benefit or harm those who follow us. That we are not always aware of the harm that has been done does not lessen—in fact it may amplify—our loss.
At some point—or more accurately, at a great number of points—a decision, or more accurately a long series of decisions, was made that stars are not important to our well being. That we can blot out the night sky without suffering…or at least not suffering in a way that couldn’t be offset by some perceived benefit. But what benefit could be sufficient? And how can such a decision be made and imposed on the whole community of life?

In a 2004 article in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Travis Longcore and Catherine Rich distinguished between “astronomical light pollution” and “ecological light pollution”. The former is light pollution that obscures our view of the night sky; the later is light pollution that disrupts the normal light-dark patterns that are part of the ecosystems that animals—human and nonhuman—have evolved in concert with.

The human health effects are significant and are still being documented.

In 2012, the American Medical Association issued a report on the health effects of light pollution stating:

“The natural 24-hour cycle of light and dark helps maintain precise alignment of circadian biological rhythms, the general activation of the central nervous system and various biological and cellular processes, and entrainment of melatonin release from the pineal gland. Pervasive use of nighttime lighting disrupts these endogenous processes and creates potentially harmful health effects and/or hazardous situations with varying degrees of harm…Even low intensity nighttime light has the capability of suppressing melatonin release. In various laboratory models of cancer, melatonin serves as a circulating anticancer signal and suppresses tumor growth. Limited epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that nighttime lighting and/or repetitive disruption of circadian rhythms increases cancer risk; most attention in this arena has been devoted to breast cancer.”

Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting—a volume edited by Longcore and Rich—catalogs the deleterious effects on animals. Many animals are disoriented, attracted or repelled to artificial lighting. Migratory birds are drawn off course and crash into illuminated buildings. Nocturnal foragers are faced with what is effectively a “perpetual full moon” and consequently may have reduced time to obtain needed calories or else face greater exposure to predators. Predator-prey relationships and reproductive patterns can be disrupted. Wildlife corridors may be effectively blocked.
Below is a short list of more specific findings from the recent scientific literature:

• Artificial Night Lighting and Sea Turtles (2003)
  Sea turtle hatchlings exposed to lights may fail to find the sea after emerging.
  “What happens is documented on the beach surface by their flipperprints…Instead of tracks leading directly to the sea, turtles leave evidence that they crawled for hours on circuitous paths (‘disorientation’), or on direct paths away from the ocean and toward lighting (‘misorientation’).”
• Apparent Effects of Light Pollution on Singing Behavior of American Robins (2006)
  “Proliferation of artificial nocturnal light may be strongly affecting singing behavior of American Robins at a population level.”
• The Effect of Light Intensity on Sockeye Salmon Fry Migratory Behavior and Predation by Cottids in the Cedar River, Washington (2004)
  “increased light intensity appears to slow or stop out-migration of fry, making them more vulnerable to capture by predators such as cottids”
• Studying the Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution on Wildlife: Amphibians as Models (2007)
  “Results…demonstrate that artificial night lighting has the potential to affect foraging and breeding as well as growth and development of frogs and salamanders…artificial night lighting should be considered an additional factor that negatively impacts amphib¬ian populations”
• Street Lighting Changes the Composition of Invertebrate Communities (2012)
  “invertebrate community composition is affected by proximity to street lighting independently of the time of day. Five major invertebrate groups contributed to compositional differences, resulting in an increase in the number of predatory and scavenging individuals in brightly lit communities. Our results indicate that street lighting changes the environment at higher levels of biological organization than previously recognized, raising the potential that it can alter the structure and function of ecosystems.
• Does Night Lighting Harm Trees (2002)
  Artificial lighting “can change flowering patterns, and most importantly, promote continued growth thereby preventing trees from developing dormancy that allows them to survive the rigors of winter weather.” Additionally, disruption of flowering patterns can in turn negatively affect pollinator species.

Even aquatic animals are not exempt from the bright lights of humanity. Fishing boats, offshore oil rigs, and research vessels project light in places and times that would otherwise be dark. In some cases, aquatic animals live and/or feed at very specific depths. A particular depth can normally be assessed by the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water. This is disrupted by artificial light thereby generating conflict and exacerbating competition.

A 2001 article in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society calculates that:

“about one-fifth of the World population, more than two-thirds of the United States population and more than one half of the European Union population have already lost naked eye visibility of the Milky Way. Finally, about one-tenth of the World population, more than 40 per cent of the United States population and one-sixth of the European Union population no longer view the heavens with the eye adapted to night vision”

So in exchange for compromised human health, dead animals, damaged ecosystems, and a sky void of stars we have gained the ability to forego sleep by working graveyard shifts under fluorescent lights.  If there is such thing as a birthright it must include the full use of our eyes and an unimpeded view of the night sky.

Recommended Resources:

Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting edited by Travis Longcore and Catherine Rich http://www.urbanwildlands.org/ecanlbook.html

International Dark Sky Association www.darksky.org

Additional research articles about ecological light pollution compiled by Christopher Kyba (Free University of Berlin) http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~kyba/literature/ecol_light_pol.html

African dung beetles navigate by star light.  More impressive still, they can use the light from the Milky Way to orient themselves.

In part due to the fact that dung beetle stories make for amusing headlines and in part because journalists rarely get to use phrases such as “balls of precious dung”, this recent discovery has attracted significant mainstream news coverage.

But dumb dung jokes aside, researchers say:

“This finding represents the first convincing demonstration for the use of the starry sky for orientation in insects and provides the first documented use of the Milky Way for orientation in the animal kingdom.”

Humans and a few other species are known to navigate by starlight but only dung beetles rely on the light from the Milky Way itself to chart their course.  Dung beetles are the only species in the animal kingdom known to have this ability.

I hope the findings make you pause and consider the fact that humans do not have exclusive access to information about the natural world.  We are oblivious to so much that others perceive and rely on so if their decisions and their behavior sometimes baffle us it may be because we lack some key information that influences them.

We can learn a lot from the lessons that insects offer us.  We probably cannot learn to navigate by using the light of the Milky Way; it’s likely that dung beetles will remain our superiors in that respect.  But we can learn much about compassion from insects.

Three Examples of Compassion for Insects

1. In Joanna Macy’s memoir Widening Circles, she relays an anecdote from her time in India.  She was dining with two Buddhist monks and noticed a fly fall into her tea.  While she tried to ignore it, her dinner companions noticed her discomfort.  She insisted it was not a problem and laughed dismissively to assure them that she was not bothered yet she writes:

“[the monk] continued to focus great concern on my cup. Rising from his chair he leaned over and inserted his finger into my tea. With great care he lifted out the offending fly—and then exited from the room.”

“When Choegyal reentered the cottage he was beaming. “He is going to be all right,” he told me quietly. He explained how he had placed the fly on the leaf of a bush by the door, where the wings could dry. And the fly was still alive, because he began fanning his wings, and we could expect him to take flight soon.” (Widening Circles, p. 97)

While Macy could not hide her feelings of discomfort that resulted from a fly landing in her tea, the monks assumed her distress was for the well being of the imperiled fly and not merely a matter of sanitation.

2. In Heinrich Herrer’s Seven Years in Tibet, he explains that during his travels in Tibet, he observed the extraordinary lengths Tibetan monks would go to so as to avoid killing insects even bringing building projects to a halt if need be.

“After a short time in the country, it was no longer possible for one thoughtlessly to kill a fly, and I have never in the presence of a Tibetan squashed an insect that bothered me. The attitude of the people in these matters is really touching…The more life one can save the happier one is.” (188)

“Typical of this attitude toward all living creatures was a rescript issued in all parts of the country to persons engaged in building operations…It was pointed out that worms and insects might easily be killed during the work of building, and the utmost care to avoid this was enjoined on all…I saw with my own eyes how the coolies used to go through each spadeful of earth and take out anything living” (188-189)

It is, for me, quite difficult to imagine being part of a society with such a reverence for life.

3. A secular example could be found in The New York Times Science section on May 8, 2012.  A question and answer style article took up the matter of whether insects would suffer and die if they were to fall from a great height.  The person who submitted the question said she sometimes places bugs on the outside window ledge of her 19^th floor apartment to remove them from her living space.  The bugs presumably either crawl or fall from there.  C. Claiborne Ray answered the article on behalf of the newspaper suggesting that the bugs were probably unharmed from such a fall given their small size and the air resistance they would benefit from.

Ray cites J.B.S. Haldane’s delightful 1928 essay “On Being the Right Size” in which Haldane explains that, “[f]or every type of animal there is a most convenient size” and that due to air resistance “[a]n insect…is not afraid of gravity; it can fall without danger.”  In fact, Haldane explains that gravity is not much of a threat to any animal who happens to be the size of a mouse or smaller.

I was delighted to read The New York Times column.  The simple fact that the prospect of potential harm to bugs set on a high ledge could prompt someone to write to the newspaper in hopes of finding an answer was heartening.

Are these acts of compassion for insects wasted effort or simple foolishness? 

There is evidence that insects do feel pain, do make intelligent decisions, and that they may be capable of counting.  Cockroaches recognize their peers and experience loneliness.  Some ants are known to engage in agriculture.  And as noted above, dung beetles navigate with the help of light from the Milky Way. But I am not currently concerned with making the case for insect sentience and am not in a position to say whether such evidence is decisive or if the view is widely shared by relevant experts.

I am impressed by these acts of compassion partly due to the fact that the evidence for the sentience of insects may be less than certain.  The people who carry out these acts may feel confident that the individual insects they care for are as intelligent and as self-aware as other animals or they may simply be erring on the side of caution.  In either case, they are aiming to alleviate the suffering of others who are in no position to return the favor.

Imagine a world in which the well being of even the smallest, seemingly most inconsequential individual was worth stopping conversation for and tending to; where those deemed annoying or bothersome were not therefore expendable.  A world where even if an action that could potentially harm others was to be carried out that it would not be done unthinkingly or without considering its impact on everyone who might be affected.

Like other animals, insects are individuals who can generally be killed without social sanction.  Indeed, killing insects is often deemed praiseworthy and is a service that people pay money to have done.  Caring for them is liable to bring ridicule beyond that which is commonly directed at those who care for other (i.e. larger, more charismatic) animals.

Insects present us with an excellent opportunity to expand the reach of our compassion; we should be thankful for that opportunity.

For several years the focus of my animal activism efforts took the form of working with a national animal rights organization on campaigns to end the use of animals in experiments.  More often than not, the approach was to highlight technologies that could replace the use of animals in ongoing experiments and/or educational settings. In many cases, the technologies or products are readily available, less expensive than using animals, and have been positively reviewed in the relevant professional literature.  What needed to be overcome was the culture that treated animal use as not only acceptable but as the default option.

The popularity of this approach does make sense.  After all it is emotionally satisfying to show that one is more cutting edge and more high tech than crude and cruel vivisectors. “Crude” is seemingly used no less than “cruel” by activists and “antiquated” is another favored pejorative used to characterize experiments. Campaigning in this fashion is, in a sense, to beat experimenters at their own game and to demonstrate that one knows the relevant literature better than the professionals whom one is campaigning against. It also eliminates the need to talk about the suffering of animals with people who very well may have no concern with such matters.

Even while this approach seems to be The Answer for many anti-vivisection activists, I no longer get overly excited about the prospect of developing new technologies that can take the place of animal experiments.

My current preference would be to simply shut down a lot of research rather than replace it, improve upon it, make it more efficient, or less costly. Ironically, this is often the very thing that animal experimenters accuse activists of wishing to do.  The charge is rarely accurate but in my case it is.

I would rather explore and develop new ways of coping and/or new ways of caring for one another that do not require our current industrial infrastructure…perhaps these could be thought of soft technologies that cultures develop over time in response to life’s normal and inevitable travails. Living in a multi-generational community, for example, might be such a soft technology.  Other soft technologies might include ensuring that we are not chronically sleep deprived, adopting rituals that acknowledge an individual’s passage through different significant life stages, and having a healthier attitude toward our own mortality rather than promoting fantasies of eternal life.

I would invite readers to suggest or point out other possible examples of such soft technologies.

It is not enough to enumerate the benefits of modern (i.e. industrialized) medicine for all new technologies—even the transparently trivial—generally have some benefit or else it would be unlikely that they would ever be very widely adopted.  A full accounting of the harm done must also be considered.  This must includes harm to the individual and harm that may only appear at a societal level.

Mark Boyle, author of The Moneyless Manifesto, has effectively made the point with respect to medicine:

“Our entire civilization is unsustainable, and that includes our methods of producing healthcare…Take one dialysis machine, syringe or catheter, examine the raw materials and production processes involved, and you suddenly see a global industrial system unfold…If you want high tech healthcare, you have to accept the spectrum of industrialized goods. To make just one syringe you need someone working on an oil rig.”

Worshipping high tech gadgetry even if the goal is to replace animal experiments and not simply to navigate the way to the mall or find the closest McDonald’s is in the end–by my lights–harmful to animals (human and nonhuman). This is because many of the positive outcomes that do result from industrial technology—and even industrial medicine—are inherently coupled with negative consequences.  We cannot cleanly severe the desirable outcomes from the negative consequences.

We cannot engineer shortcuts to animal liberation but instead need to develop a whole new worldview, abandoning the culture that raised us to be speciesists and pseudo-gods rather than members of the biotic community.

The animal rights and environmental movements…at their core, question what it means to be a human being.”  –Will Potter

In July of 2001 I adopted a vegan diet.  Prior to this I had not given much thought to the suffering and exploitation of the billions of nonhuman animals who are raised and killed for food.  Oddly enough, years of seeing flesh on a plate rarely, if ever, gave rise to thoughts of slaughter.  But when the details on the process where filled in, the argument for veganism was straightforward.  Only profound intellectual dishonesty could have prevented a change in diet.

Perhaps it was due to the fact that I was at the point in my life where I was just beginning to take responsibility for my own food choices or perhaps it was because I was motivated by a strong moral conviction but even at the outset veganism did not seem burdensome or even to require much discipline.

Over ten years later the scope of what animal liberation requires—what it would mean to genuinely respect animals—seems so vast that I cannot see its outer edges.  I clearly have to learn more than how to read ingredients on the back of packaged products and where to buy shoes.

In 2001 and for many years thereafter, I assumed that eating beans instead of beef, selecting soy milk instead of cow’s milk, and maintaining a thoroughly vegan diet was sufficient.  This is mainstream veganism.  Its promoters declare victory when a new fast food menu item becomes available.  So I made the prescribed consumer choices and avoided animal ingredients from A to Z but the rest of my life remained largely unaffected.

I now believe that wholesale societal changes are urgently needed.  A culture that respects animals recognizes them as our relations and, at times, allows them to be our teachers.  A culture that genuinely respected animals would likely not erect glass skyscrapers, lay down an interstate highway system, build enormous dams, clearcut forests, or level mountains to extract a seam of coal.  That we are so often surprised to learn how these activities harm animals—including ourselves—is a testament to how little consideration we give to the wellbeing of our animal relations.

The harm to animals need not be as direct, vivid, and blunt as what is found in slaughterhouses and laboratories.  The industrial infrastructure that makes the conventional Western lifestyle possible cannot persist if animal liberation is to be realized.  The two things are simply incompatible.  Exploring this tension will be the future subject matter of this blog.

Finally, as this is my first post, I feel compelled to say that I am not authoring this blog as an expert of any kind.  As mentioned above, I have much to learn; often I feel I am struggling to learn things as an adult that I would have mastered as a child if raised in a more compassionate and attentive culture.  Instead, I am motivated by the opportunity to document and clarify my thoughts and to get feedback from others who may find themselves similarly situated at the intersection of animal liberation and anti-civilization philosophy.