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TuDR is the digital asset management system which integrates the intellectual output in the form of research articles, PhD theses, and M.Tech / M.E. theses. TuDR facilitates the sharing and exchange of intellectual output of the university.

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Recent Submissions

Isolation and Utilization of Anthocyanins from Syzygium cumini as Biocolorants in Food Products
(2026-03-24) Kaur, Darshanjot; Qadri, Ovais Shafiq
The isolation and utilization of anthocyanins have gained significant attention due to their antioxidant properties and associated health benefits, making them valuable across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. As consumers increasingly favor natural alternatives, anthocyanins are emerging as promising options. Syzygium cumini, despite being rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, remains underutilized. This research investigates the anthocyanin and phenolic profiles of S. cumini, focusing on extraction techniques for obtaining anthocyanin-rich extracts through methods such as ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), natural deep eutectic solvent-assisted UAE (NADES-UAE), and ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction (UAEE). The study optimized UAEE for total anthocyanin content (TAC) yield, establishing optimal conditions of 0.01% enzyme concentration, pH 2, and 10 minutes of sonication. The UHPLC characterization of extracts identified major anthocyanins, specifically cyanidin and malvidin, alongside twenty-three additional compounds, including gallic acid and myricetin. A stability analysis of S. cumini anthocyanin extracts (SCAE) evaluated their resilience under varying temperatures (60, 80, and 100°C), pH levels (2 to 7), light exposure (dark, UV, sunlight), and different storage conditions. The results demonstrated that anthocyanins remained stable at an acidic pH of 2 with reduced degradation in a controlled light exposure (specifically dark) at refrigerated temperatures of 4°C of storage. Moreover, thermal treatments showed a slower degradation of SCAE at 60°C over 60 minutes. Additionally, anthocyanins were incorporated into a fermented whey beverage and a buttermilk yogurt. The incorporation of anthocyanins in a fermented whey beverage indicated freshness/ spoilage, revealing a change in pH from acidic to slightly alkaline, and significant visual color changes pre- and post-fermentation. Moreover, S. cumini anthocyanins were integrated into buttermilk yogurt as a functional food ingredient at concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% over a 15-day period at 4°C. The study measured total anthocyanin content, phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH), pH, water activity, color, syneresis, and viable cell count. The findings highlight the cost-effective extraction of anthocyanins from S. cumini fruit and their potential as functional food ingredients in dairy products, supported by significant health benefits documented in existing literature.
Approaches to solve linear programming problems with imprecise parameters
(2026-03-06) Ahuja, Raina; Kumar, Amit; Appadoo, S.S.
In this thesis, it is pointed out that (i) The existing results (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021; Jeevaraj, 2022) are not correct. Also, it is pointed out that the existing RM (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021) as well as the existing RM (Jeevaraj, 2022), fails to distinguish two distinct GTrFNs. Hence, the existing RMs (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021; Jeevaraj, 2022) are not appropriate. Furthermore, the correct results, corresponding to the existing results (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021; Jeevaraj, 2022) are stated and proved. Finally, it is shown that the existing RMs (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021; Jeevaraj, 2022) will never fail to distinguish two distinct GTrFNs having same heights. However, both the existing RMs (Marimuthu and Mahapatra, 2021; Jeevaraj, 2022) may fail to distinguish two distinct GTrFNs having different heights. Hence, these existing ranking methods can be used only to solve such LPPs with GTrFCs in which height of all the GTrFNs is same. (ii) The existing methods (Jeevaraj 2021; Bihari et al., 2025) to solve IVFFMCDMPs with known attribute weights and to solve IVFFLPP is not valid. Therefore, to propose an IVFFLPP based method to solve IVFFMCDMPs with unknown attribute weights, firstly, there is a need to resolve the drawbacks of (i) the existing methods to solve IVFFMCDMPs with known attribute weights (ii) the existing method to solve IVFFLPP. Also, modified methods to solve IVFFMCDMPs with known attribute weights are proposed to resolve drawbacks of existing methods to solve IVFFMCDMPs with known attribute weights. Furthermore, it is pointed out that due to some challenges, it is not possible to resolve the drawbacks of existing method to solve IVFFLPP. Hence, it is not possible to propose an IVFFLPP based method to solve IVFFMCDMPs with unknown attribute weights. (iii) The existing approach (Saghi et al., 2023) fails to find the correct TrHFN (representing the OV of FT HFLPP, LPP in which each element of the ObF is represented by a TrHFN and each of the remaining parameters is represented by a ReN). Also, the reasons for the failure of the existing approach (Saghi et al., 2023) are discussed. Furthermore, to overcome this limitation, a new approach (named as Mehar approach) is proposed to solve FT HFLPP. Finally, the correct TrHFN, representing the OV of the considered FT HFLPP, is obtained by the proposed Mehar approach. (iv) Much computational efforts are required to solve ST HFLPPs (LPPs in which each decision variable as well as each element of resource vector is represented by a TrHFN and each of the remaining parameters is represented by a ReN) by the existing approach (Saghi et al., 2024). Also, to reduce the computational efforts, an alternative approach is proposed to solve ST HFLPPs. Furthermore, some other advantages of the PrAlApp over Saghi et al.’s approach are discussed. Finally, a ST HFLPP, considered by Saghi et al. to illustrate their proposed approach, is solved by the PrAlApp. (v) The existing approach (Ranjbar et al., 2020) fails to find correct OS of TT HFLPPs (LPPs in which each parameter except decision variable is represented by a TrHFN). Hence, it is inappropriate to use the existing approach (Ranjbar et al., 2020). Also, the reason for this inappropriateness is pointed out. Furthermore, to resolve the inappropriateness of the existing approach (Ranjbar et al., 2020), a modified approach is proposed to solve TT HFLPPs. Finally, the modified approach is illustrated with the help of a numerical example. (vi) Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022) have used incorrect definition of a single-valued TNeN to propose their RFn. Therefore, Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022)’s RFn is not valid and hence, it is inappropriate to use Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022)’s method for solving LPPs with NCs and CrDVrs. Also, it is shown that if in the method, used by Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022) to obtain their proposed RFn, the correct definition (Seikh and Dutta, 2022) of a single-valued TNeN is considered then Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022)’s method fails to find a RFn. Hence, it is not possible to resolve the inappropriateness of Tamilarasi and Paulraj (2022)’s RFn. (vii) Hemalatha and Venkateswarlu (2023)’s ranking approach fails to distinguish two distinct PnFNs. Therefore, it is inappropriate to use Hemalatha and Venkateswarlu (2023)’s ranking approach.
Isolation of catechin-producing endophytic fungi from Camellia sinensis and influence of catechin nanoparticles on gut microbiota
(2026-03-03) Sidhu, Dwinder; Dey, Priyankar; Vasundhara, M.
Tea or Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze is the second most renowned and consumed beverage, after water. Tea has garnered significant interest as a functional food because of its numerous health advantages, especially in combating non-communicable chronic metabolic conditions. The health-promoting properties of tea are mainly ascribed to its bioactive catechins, viz., catechin, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-o-gallate (EGCG), and gallocatechin gallate (GCG). Clinical and preclinical investigations have demonstrated that catechin-rich green tea alleviates diet-induced metabolic distress through gut-level mechanisms, involving the attenuation of dysbiosis and strengthening of the intestinal barrier function to minimize endotoxin-induced inflammation along the gut-liver and gut-adipose axis. The drawbacks of plant-based catechin extraction, including lengthy cultivation periods, seasonal availability, climate-dependent yields, and the overharvesting of plant resources that jeopardize biodiversity, necessitate the search for sustainable and effective alternative sources of bioactive catechins due to their increasing demand for metabolic health-promoting purposes. One such alternative source of catechins could be the endophytic fungi that live in tea plant tissues without harming the host plants. Such symbionts represent an underexplored resource of novel bioactive chemicals and can generate a variety of secondary metabolites that are found in the host plants. In this work, we examined the variety of endophytes from C. sinensis that can produce catechins. Various fungi were isolated from C. sinensis leaves, procured from the northern Himalayan region, India. However, only four isolates (CSPL6, CSPL6’, CSPL4, and CSPL5b) were found to produce catechin (381.48, 81.75, 12.28, and 166.40 μg/mg of extract, respectively) and EGCG (484.41, 67.29, 277.34, and 281.99 μg/mg of extract, respectively), as validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated fungal strains were distinguished based on colony characteristics and molecular approaches as Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, Aspergillus aculeatus, Phyllosticta capitalensis, and Didymella sinensis. These provide the first evidence of fungal endophytes that were able to synthesize catechins and EGCG from C. sinensis plant leaves. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics indicated several pharmacologically important phytochemicals, mostly belonging to classes of citrates, tyrosols, pyridoxines, cinnamic acids, fatty acids, aminopyrimidine, and benzenetriol. The isolates that produced catechins had greatly enriched metabolic pathways related to the formation of butanoate, linoleic, and other fatty acids. The isolates were able to scavenge different intracellular free radicals to varying degrees. This study provides valuable insights regarding catechin-producing endophytes from the tea plant and their free-radical scavenging bioactivities, that could potentially serve to alleviate chronic diseases. Although all four isolates demonstrated effective scavenging activity and antioxidant potential against key intracellular free radicals, CSPL5b showed comparatively higher bioactivities than CSPL6, CSPL6’, and CSPL4. All four fungal extracts enhanced the growth of various probiotic Lactobacillus strains: L. sporogenes, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and L. reuteri at low concentrations (1-8 μg/mL), indicating prebiotic effects that are typically linked to catechins. The catechins are of immense scientific and industrial attention due to their prebiotic and antioxidant applications and have remarkable effects on gut health. But their effectiveness mainly depends on their absorption, bioavailability, stability, and their interaction with gut microbiota. So, to enhance the functions and properties of the catechins, the EGCG-chitosan nanoparticles (EGCG-CNPs) with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were prepared by the ionic cross-linking method. The nanoparticles synthesized under optimum conditions demonstrated a 53% encapsulation effectiveness, an average particle size of 188.14±21.86 nm, polydispersity index (PDI=0.398), and zeta potential (38.15±2.56 mV). The synthesis of the composite nanoparticles and the formation of new hydrogen bonds between EGCG and chitosan were further demonstrated by the findings of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses. EGCG-CNPs were more effective in preventing EGCG from degrading quickly, as validated by HPLC. Compared to its free form, EGCG-CNPs facilitated time-controlled sustained release from 0 to 12 h. The conformation and structure of chitosan may be altered due to the presence of EGCG. In vitro anaerobic fermentation of synthesized particles affected gut microbial composition, abundance, diversity, richness, and metabolic processes. EGCG-CNPs significantly boost microbial diversity and beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing commensals (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), emphasizing the potential health benefits. The GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics enabled the detection of diverse gut microbial metabolites such as indoles, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolics, and sugars, which the EGCG-CNPs impacted. Collectively, this study reports catechin-producing endophytes from tea leaves that not only possess potent bioactivities but can also be utilized as an alternative and sustainable source of bioactive phytochemicals, especially catechins. EGCG-loaded chitosan particles were produced using an ionic gelation technique. These nanoparticles can act as a unique delivery system for catechins, have great potential to improve the stability of EGCG, protect from gut microbiota-dependent metabolism, and boost the beneficial gut microbiota.
Implementing Generic Built-in Self-Test for Testing Kilo-Bit Memories
(2005-05) Gupta, Anuj; Gupta, Sanjay; Singh, Amardeep
Resource Mobilization by Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in India: An Exploratory Research
(2026-02-25) Mathur, Dhiraj; Kumar, Piyush; Hota, Pradeep Kumar
Micro Small Medium Enterprises (henceforth MSMEs) are the major drivers of the economies across the world. They not only are a major contributor to the GDP growth but also create employment for a major part of the population. Mobilization of resources is a key and critical strategy for MSMEs to sustain, grow and continue to contribute to the economy. However, due to limitation of their size, MSMEs face challenges of resource (human, financial, technology etc.) constraints. MSMEs also need to externally compete with Larger Enterprises (henceforth LEs) which by virtue of their vintage, market establishment, and better leverage of technology, deploy resources more effectively and efficiently. A detailed review of literature suggests that majority of work in resource mobilization has been conducted in LE setups. MSMEs differ from LEs in terms of capabilities to develop and execute strategies to manage and deploy resources for continued growth. These differences create unique challenges for resource mobilization in MSMEs. Hence, existing theories for LEs may not fully encapsulate and explain the uniqueness and nuances of resource mobilization in MSMEs. Further, due to significant differences in economic, political and social eco-systems between emerging economies such as India and developed economies, existing MSME theories developed for advanced economies may not map to those in emerging economies. A grounded exploration of resource mobilization by MSMEs in emerging economies is thus necessary for progressing research further on how MSMEs in emerging markets deploy resources in a resource constrained environment. This thesis aims to build a model around resource mobilization in MSMEs operating in India. We adopted an exploratory approach under which an iterative process of literature review was followed, highlighting the internal and external components and linkages of resource management and the dynamics of interaction between them. Based on literature review, we narrowed our focus to select resource management theories of Bricolage, Resource Orchestration and Social Embeddedness to build following research questions 1) How do various factors, internal and external to MSMEs, induce them towards Bricolage and what Bricolage actions do MSMEs utilize to sustain themselves? 2) How do MSMEs orchestrate resources internal and external to the organization to create competitive advantage? and 3) How do MSME leverage social network and embeddedness for mobilizing resources? An inductive, multiple-case research design was developed for the thesis. Data was collected from 6 MSMEs in India. Selection of organizations was done through theoretical sampling method. Data was collected and triangulated through semi-structured interviews, observations collected through field visits, documents such as financial reports provided by MSMEs, and data collected through secondary sources such as company websites. Data analysis was conducted through within case analysis and cross case analysis. The research thesis explores a hitherto less studied area of MSMEs within resource-scarce environments. This research would also assist MSME practitioners in emerging economies to plan for rapid resource mobilization and scaling up in their venture to achieve their objective of sustenance and growth under condition of resource scarcity. Finally, this research will also guide policymakers on what conducive and supportive conditions are needed to enable MSMEs to mobilize resources in emerging economies successfully.