खरडा kharaḍā Daybooks of Metalwork, mintwork, smithy, forge and Soma yajna depicted on Bactria silvervase Indus Script hypertext narratives

पशु--बन्ध, 'animal yajña', signifiers of wealth; meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) Rebus: mēd ʻboatman, fisher- manʼ मेध 'yajña', rebus मेधा = धन नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क. ii , 10. पशु--समाम्नाय m. "enumeration of यष्टृ yaṣṭṛ, worshipper animals" in the Veda texts include: Goat, sheep Ox Horse Dog Ass, mule Camel Winged creatures (hamsa, suparṇa, śakuna Amphibian śimsumāra, ‘alligator’, ajagara ‘crocodile’ Fish Fish (purikāya, jaṣa, matsya) Worms (rājasah) I submit that यष्टृ yaṣṭṛ which signify posts and animals tied to them signify performers of yajña, that is, those desirous of obtaining the riches and wealth signified by the animals. It will be a gross error and mis-representation to frame the metaphor as 'sacrificial victims' as often mentionedin western idioms and explanations of Veda texts. We have seen that the Yupa, 'post' signifies an aśva 'horse' in aśvamedha which is a yajna, for acquisition of sovereignty (and related shared wealth). The following Veda texts relate to the post as a signifier of aśva 'horse'; the references are simply metaphorical and DO NOT involve the killing of the horse orr any other animal tied to posts. Animals tied to the posts are also signifiers of specific categories of wealth resources as enunciated in hundreds of Indus Script inscriptions detailed in this monograph. rvs.1.64 They lead, as it were, the Strong Horse forth, that it may rain: they milk the thundering, the rvs.1.162 HYMN CLXII. The Horse. 162 rvs.1.162 12 They who observing that the Horse is ready call out and say, the smell is good; remove it; rvs.1.162 16 The robe they spread upon the Horse to clothe him, the upper covering and the golden trappings, rvs.1.163 HYMN CLXIII. The Horse. 163 rvs.1.163 3 Yama art thou, O Horse; thou art Aditya; Trita art thou by secret operation. rvs.1.173 Let the Horse neigh led near, let the Steer bellow: let the Voice go between both worlds as herald, IN RV 1.162 metaphor, for example, चषालं ये अश्वयूपाय तक्षति Rv.1.162.6: caṣālḥ चषालः 1 A wooden ring on the top of a sacrificial post; चषालं ये अश्वयूपाय तक्षति Rv.1.162.6; चषालयूपत- च्छन्नो हिरण्यरशनं विभुः Bhāg.4.19.19. -2 An iron ring at the base of the post. This post with the wheat chaff ring constitutes the pillar of fire when aflame yielding carbon infusion into the molten metal in the yajña process, to carburize iron, for example, to harden it and produce steel as a ferrous-carbon alloy. Trita ("the Third") is a minor deity of the Rigveda, mentioned 41 times. He is associated with the Maruts, with Vayu and with Indra, like Indra, or as Indra's assistant, fighting Tvastar, Vrtra and Vala. He is called Āptya, meaning "son of the deity of the Apas (waters)" and a friend of Indra. The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa mentions Trita and his brothers Ekata and Dvita as the sons of Apas or the water deities who were born as a result of Agni's anger with the waters. Fourfold, namely, was Agni (fire) at first. Now that Agni whom they at first chose for the office of Hotri priest passed away. He also whom they chose the second time passed away. He also whom they chose the third time passed away. Thereupon the one who still constitutes the fire in our own time, concealed himself from fear. He entered into the waters. Him the gods discovered and brought forcibly away from the waters. He spat upon the waters, saying, 'Bespitten are ye who are an unsafe place of refuge, from whom they take me away against my will!' Thence sprung the Âptya deities, Trita, Dvita, and Ekata. - 1:2:3:1 The metaphor of त्वष्टृ relates to generative energy during the yajña. Relation to Indra and Killing of त्रि--शिरस् (a reference to त्वाष्ट्र , author of RV. x , 8.), three-headed son of त्वाष्ट्र, artificer त्वष्टृ m. a carpenter , maker of carriages (= त्/अष्टृ) AV. xii , 3 , 33; " creator of living beings " , the heavenly builder , N. of a god (called सु-क्/ऋत् , -पाण्/इ , -ग्/अभस्ति , -ज्/अनिमन् , स्व्-/अपस् , अप्/असाम् अप्/अस्तम , विश्व्/अ-रूप &c RV. ; maker of divine implements , esp. of इन्द्र's thunderbolt and teacher of the ऋभुs i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146 f. R. ii , 91 , 12 ; former of the bodies of men and animals , hence called " firstborn " and invoked for the sake of offspring , esp. in the आप्री hymns RV. AV. &c MBh. iv , 1178 Hariv. 587 ff. Ragh. vi , 32 ; associated with the similar deities धातृ , सवितृ , प्रजा-पति , पूषन् , and surrounded by divine females [ग्न्/आस् , जन्/अयस् , देव्/आनाम् प्/अत्नीस् ; cf. त्व्/अष्टा-व्/अरूत्री] recipients of his generative energy RV. S3Br. i Ka1tyS3r. iii ; supposed author of RV. x , 184 with the epithet गर्भ-पति RAnukr. ; father of सरण्यू [सु-रेणु Hariv. ; स्व-रेणु L. ] whose double twin-children by विवस्वत् [or वायु ? RV. viii , 26 , 21 f.] are यमयमी and the अश्विन्s x , 17 , 1 f. Nir. xii , 10 Br2ih. Hariv. 545 ff. VP. ; also father of त्रि-शिरस्or विश्वरूप ib. ; overpowered by इन्द्र who recovers the सोम [ RV. iii f. ] concealed by him because इन्द्र had killed his son विश्व-रूप TS. ii S3Br. i , v , xii ; regent of the नक्षत्र चित्रा TBr. S3a1n3khGr2. S3a1ntik. VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. ); a form of the sun MBh. iii , 146 Hariv. 13143 BhP. iii , 6 , 15 त्वाष्ट्र mfn. belonging to or coming from Tvasht2r2 i RV. i , 117 , 22 AV. VS. &c (पुत्र , " son of त्वष्टृ " Prab. ii , 31); having त्वष्टृ as regent VarBr2S. viii , 37 Jyot. (YV.) 6 Sch.; m. the son of त्वष्टृ (विश्व-रूप RV. &c ; आभूति S3Br. xiv वृत्र BhP. vi , 9 , 17 ; xi , 12 , 5 ; त्रि-शिरस् , RAnukr. ); n. त्वष्टृ's energy , creative power RV. iii , 7 , 4 BhP. viii , 11 , 35;n. a small car; m. N. of an eclipse VarBr2S. iiic , 2 त्रि--शिरस् mfn. three-headed (त्वाष्ट्र , author of RV. x , 8.) Ta1n2d2yaBr. xvii Br2ih. KaushUp. MBh. Ka1m.; (ज्वर) BhP. x , 63 , 22; three-pointed MBh. xiii R. iv. The text also mentions that they followed Indra just as a Brahman follows the train of a king. They roamed about with Indra, even as nowadays a Brâhman follows in the train of a king. When he slew Visvarûpa, the three-headed son of Tvashtri, they also knew of his going to be killed.; and straightway Trita slew him. Indra, assuredly, was free from that (sin), for he is a god. - 1:2:3:2 In RV 1.105, Trita fallen into a well begs aid from the gods. Sayana on 1.105 comments that this relates to three rishis, Ekata, Dvita and Trita who found a well, and Trita, drawing water, was pushed down by the other two and imprisoned, where he composed a hymn to the gods, and managed miraculously to prepare the yajña Soma; this is alluded to in RV 9.34.4 and described in Mahabharata 9.2095. The secret process of Trita, the artificer, results in a three-fold bandhana, 'alloying of carbon or infusion into the molten metal of Soma'. RV 1.163.3 explains a secret process: Griffith translation: 1.163.3 Yama art thou, O Horse; thou art Aditya; Trita art thou by secret operation. Thou art divided thoroughly from Soma. They say thou hast three bonds in heaven. that hold thee.Wilson translation: 1.163.03 Your horse is Yama and you are A_ditya; you are Trita by a mysterious act; you are associated with Soma. The sages have said there are three bindings of you in heaven. [By a mysterious act: guhyena vratena gopani_yena, durdina ru_pen.a va_ karman.a_ sarvatra vya_ptiru_pen.a, by a secret nature of a cloudy day,or an act of a universally penetrating character; the three bindings: bandhana_ni tri_n.i = utpattika_ran.a_ni, media of origin, that is the Vasus, A_ditya and heaven]. I suggest that the Varāha Bhutan mask of Kerala with a vividly protruding tongue out of the snout, signifies an alchemist. Varāha is baḍhi, 'boar', vaḍraṅgi, vaḍlaṅgi, vaḍlavāḍu, baḍaga, vardhaki, 'worker in metal and wood'. The phaḍā, 'cobrahoods' signify that he is a member of a paṭṭaḍi, phaḍā 'smithy, metals manufactory'. रसः [रस्-अच्] The tongue (as the organ of taste); वाण्यां च छन्दांसि रसे जलेशम् Bhāg.8.2.27; जितं सर्वं जिते रसे 11.8.21. Rebus: रसः Gold. -3 A metal in a state of fusion. -वादः alchemy (Apte). चषालः, गोधूम 'snout of a boar', wheat chaff (used to carburize molten metal, to harden the alloy with infusion of carbon). Rebus: caṣālḥ चषालः 1 A wooden ring on the top of a sacrificial post; चषालं ये अश्वयूपाय तक्षति Rv.1.162.6; चषालयूपत- च्छन्नो हिरण्यरशनं विभुः Bhāg.4.19.19. -2 An iron ring at the base of the post.

The Seated Nobleman of L-Area as it was excavated. "Seated male figure with head missing (45, 46). On the back of the figure, the hair style can be partially reconstructed by a wide swath of hair and a braided lock of hair or ribbon hanging along the right side of the back. A cloak is draped over the edge of the left shoulder and covers the folded legs and lower body, leaving the right shoulder and chest bare. The left arm is clasping the left knee and the hand is visible peeking out from underneath the cloak. The right hand is resting on the right knee which is folded beneath the body." (Gregory Possehl, Indus Age: The Beginnings, p. 78)." (Plate 2.29 in the book, facing p. 92.) • • Male Statue . "[The Seated Nobleman was] found above pavement in N.E. corner of Chamber 75 in L-Area. (its datum was 2.5 feet below datum.) Late Period. Material, veined grey alabaster. The figure, which is 11.5 inches high, is obviously that of a male and is dressed in a thin kilt-like garment fastened round the waist. (It is not clear how Mr. Mackay infers the existence of this kilt beneath the outer garment.–[ED.].) Another garment or shawl of thin material is worn over the left shoulder and under the right arm, and appears to hang down over the kilt. The left knee of the figure is raised, but there is nothing to indicate the position of the right foot beneath it. The sculptor, and not subsequent weathering, is responsible for this lack of detail. The left arm is carried around the side of the left knee, so that the hand clasps the front of the knee. This hand is only roughly indicated, and the sculptor evidently was not clear how it should be arranged. Indeed, it is difficult to believe that the same man carved both the arms and hands, for the right arm, though of rough workmanship, shows some power of modeling, whereas the left arm and hand are positively shapeless. (It should not be forgotten that the left arm is hidden beneath the mantle or shawl, while the right arm is bare. It is not to be expected, therefore, that there should be much definition in the modeling of the left arm. Probably the mantle itself was painted, and this would have made a great difference to the apparent uncouthness of the lower part of the figure.) A squarish projection at the back of the head is evidently intended to represent a knot of hair. It is, however, unfinished and shows the chisel marks of the preliminary dressing. There is somewhat more finish about what may be a rope of hair hanging down the back." (John Marshall, Mohenjo-daro, Plate C, 1-3 (L 950), pp. 358-9) • https://www.harappa.com/blog/3-l-area-mohenjodaro-statues • Seated Male Sculpture Seated male figure with head missing. On the back of the figure, the hair style can be partially reconstructed by a wide swath of hair and a braided lock of hair or ribbon hanging along the right side of the back. A cloak is draped over the edge of the left shoulder and covers the folded legs and lower body, leaving the right shoulder and chest bare. The left arm is clasping the left knee and the hand is visible peeking out from underneath the cloak. The right hand is resting on the right knee which is folded beneath the body. Material: limestone Dimensions: 28 cm height, 22 cm width Mohenjo-daro, L 950 Islamabad Museum • "Priest King", Mohenjo-daro Seated male sculpture, or "Priest King" from Mohenjo-daro. Fillet or ribbon headband with circular inlay ornament on the forehead and similar but smaller ornament on the right upper arm. The two ends of the fillet fall along the back and though the hair is carefully combed towards the back of the head, no bun is present. The flat back of the head may have held a separately carved bun as is traditional on the other seated figures, or it could have held a more elaborate horn and plumed headdress. Two holes beneath the highly stylized ears suggest that a necklace or other head ornament was attached to the sculpture. The left shoulder is covered with a cloak decorated with trefoil, double circle and single circle designs that were originally filled with red pigment. Drill holes in the center of each circle indicate they were made with a specialized drill and then touched up with a chisel. Eyes are deeply incised and may have held inlay. The upper lip is shaved and a short combed beard frames the face. The large crack in the face is the result of weathering or it may be due to original firing of this object. Material: white, low fired steatite Dimensions: 17.5 cm height, 11 cm width Mohenjo-daro, DK 1909 National Museum, Karachi, 50.852 • Male head, Mohenjo-daro Male head probably broken from a seated sculpture. Finely braided or wavy combed hair tied into a double bun on the back of the head and a plain fillet or headband with two hanging ribbons falling down the back The upper lip is shaved and a closely cropped and combed beard lines the pronounced lower jaw. The stylized almond shaped eyes are framed by long eyebrows. The wide mouth is very similar to that on the "Priest-King" sculpture. Stylized ears are made of a double curve with a central knob. Material: sandstone Dimensions: 13.5 cm height Mohenjo-daro, DK-B 1057 Mohenjo-daro Museum, MM 431

-- Indus Script hypertexts of trefoil, pierced bead signify semantics of pōtu 'hole', pōta 'garment', pṓta 'young animal'. This monograph provides, in six sections, semantic elucidations of the dotted circle, trefoil hieroglyphs on Indus Script Corpora read rebus in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund, 'language union') expressions related to wealth-accounting metalwork and ore/metal smelting activities of artisans. Semantically, the 'purifier' is a smelter and hence, dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' is signified by the Mohenjo-daro priest statue: Hieroglyph: ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore'; dã̄u ʻtyingʼ, ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ read rebus: dhāu 'ore' in the context of glosses: dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -smelters', dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ. Thus, Potr̥ 'purifier', priest (R̥gveda) is a semantic reinforcement, a phonetic determinant of the functions of dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter' as purifer of mineral ores and metals through smelting processes. Trefoil (or dotted circle or circles with holes) is the theme which is common in the following artifacts which vividly signify underlying Indus Script semantics, since Indus Script cipher is logo-semantic detailed in the following sections: 1. Young animal (with trefoils on body) pṓta 'young animal' 2. Section 2a. Dotted circle on garment of Mohenjo-daro priest pōta 'garment'; Section 2b. Garment of Mohenjo-daro priest (with embroidered trefoils) 3. Round mark (dotted circle) on forehead and shoulder of fillet worn by Mohenjo-daro priest pōtu 'hole' 4. Glass bead with perforated hole pot m. ʻglass beadʼ pōtu 'hole' (perforated bead) 5. Potr̥'s soma vessel, purifier or cleaning instrument: पोतृ प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. "Purifier" , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv.; N. of विष्णु L. पोत्री f. N. of दुर्गा Gal. (cf. पौत्री). Associated in a fire Soma yajña, with cognate homonym pottige 'flaming, flame' (Kannada)(DEDR 4517) 6. Dotted circle on the standard device (bottom crucible) device generally in front of one-horned young bull (konda 'young bull' rebus; kondaṇa 'fine gold') Section 1. Young animal (with trefoils on body) Mesopotamian lama deity, a bull with a human head, kind, protective spirits associated with the great sun god Shamash. In one inscription, an Assyrian king called upon lama deities to "turn back an evil person, guard the steps, and secure the path of the king who fashioned them." 2100-2000 BCE Serpentine, a smooth green stone the color of life-giving water in a desert area. The hollowed-out shapes on the body originally were inlaid with pearly shell or lapis lazuli. Crete. Cow-head rhython with trefoil decor. G. Contenau, Manual d'archeologie orientale, II, Paris, 1931, p. 698-9. Funeral couch of Tutankhamen (1336 BC - 1327 BCE) features cow with solar disc and inlay blue glass trefoils decorating the body. Said to represent Goddess Hathor. Sumerian marble calf with inlaid trefoils of blue stone. From the late Uruk era, Jemdet Nasr cira 3300 - 2900 B.C.E 5.3 cm. long; Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin; Parpola, 1994, p. 213. Trefoil inlay decorated on a bull calf. Uruk (W.16017) ca. 3000 BCE. Trefoils are cut into stone surface and inlaid with lapis lazuli and carnelian. These are found on several small amulets from Sumer, having the shape of reclining bulls; they are from Uruk dated to te Jemdet Nasr period, ca. 3100-2900 BCE. (After Fig. 18.10 Parpola, 2015, p. 232) (a) Neo-Sumerian steatite bowl from Ur (U.239), bearing symbols of the sun, the moon (crucible), stars and trefoils (b) Fragmentary steatite statuette from Mohenjo-daro. After Ardeleanu-Jansen 1989-205, fig. 19 and 196, fig. 1 Steatite statue fragment; Mohenjodaro (Sd 767); trefoil-decorated bull; traces of red pigment remain inside the trefoils. Parpola, 1994, p. 213. Section 2a. Dotted circle on garment of Mohenjo-daro priest Single strand (one dotted-circle) Two strands (pair of dotted-circles) Three strands (three dotted-circles as a trefoil) Section 2b. Garment of Mohenjo-daro priest (with embroidered trefoils) Source: Marshall, 1931: Pl. CXVIII. Harappan male ornament styles. After Fig.6.7 in Kenoyer, JM, 1991, Ornament styles of the Indus valley tradition: evidence from recent excavations at Harappa, Pakistan in: Paleorient, vol. 17/2 -1991, p.93. Section 3. Round mark (dotted circle) on forehead and shoulder of fillet worn by Mohenjo-daro priest Section 4. Glass bead with perforated hole pot m. ʻglass beadʼ pōtu 'hole' (perforated bead) See other examples in: Venerated Trefoil. Mohenjo-daro and Bactrian priests wear तार्प्य Sky Garment of Varuṇa Indus Script signifiers of dhā̆vaḍ potr̥, 'smelter, purifier priest' https://tinyurl.com/ycpghhse Trefoil Decorated bead. Pl. CXLVI, 53 (Marshall, opcit.) Trefoil decoration on bangles: Late Harappan Period dish or lid with perforation at edge for hanging or attaching to large jar. It shows a Blackbuck antelope with trefoil design made of combined circle-and-dot motifs. The animal is composite: ram + zebu miṇḍāl markhor (Tor.wali) meḍho a ram, a sheep (G.)(CDIAL 10120) PLUS पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)mẽṛh t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Munda) Dotted circle signifies पोतृ, m. "Purifier" Thus, the plate inscription signifies iron smelter. https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en-GB/asset/162921/harappan/bracelet-from-mohenjo-daro-indus-valley-pakistan-c-3000-bc-polished-stone? National Museum, Delhi. One of the beads has trefoil designs. Inlaid bead. Trefoils painted on steatite beads, Harappa (After Vats, Pl. CXXXIII, Fig.2) Section 5. Potr̥'s soma vessel, purifier or cleaning instrument: पोतृ प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. "Purifier" m0352 cdef Dotted circle signifies पोतृ, m. "Purifier" Section 6. Dotted circle on the standard device (bottom crucible) device generally in front of one-horned young bull (konda 'young bull' rebus; kondaṇa 'fine gold') See the dotted circle hieroglyph on the bottom of the sacred device, sangaḍa. The bottom vessel is kammatamu 'portable gold furnace' (Telugu) Ta. po (-pp-, -tt-) to perforate, puncture, make a hole; poy (-v-, -t-) to be hollowed; n. tubularity, hole, hollow or recess in tree; potir (-pp-, -tt-) to pierce; potu (-v-, -nt-) to be perforated; (-pp-, -tt-) to bore, pierce; potumpu hole, hollow in a tree, pit, cave; pottu hole, rat-hole, hollow in a tree, rent or puncture, defect; pottal, pottai hole, orifice, defect; pottilam hole in a tree; pōttu, pontar, pontu hole, hollow; pōṉ cave. Ma. pottu hole in the ground, cavity, hollow hand; pōtu a hole as in worm-eaten wood. Pa. botta id.; potpa, poppa a chisel.Go.boḍga hole Konḍa (BB) pot- (-t-) to bore, perforate. Pe. pot- (-t-) id. Kuipospa (post-) to pierce, bore a hole, mortise; n. act of piercing, mortising; pondo hole; ? bojo wood dust resulting from dry rot. Kuwi (F.) pōthali to hollow out; (S.) poth'nai to hole; (Isr.) pot- (-h-) to make a hole (in wood, etc.)(DEDR 4452) போத்து2 pōttu, n. < பொத்து. 1. Hole, hollow; பொந்து. 2. Lair of a beast; விலங்கு துயிலிடம். (பிங்.) 3. Vice, fault, as hollowness of mind; மனக்குற்றம். போத்தறார் புல்லறிவினார் (நாலடி, 351). Ta. poṭṭu drop, spot, round mark worn on forehead. Ma. poṭṭu, poṟṟu a circular mark on the forehead, mostly red. Ka. boṭṭu, baṭṭu drop, mark on the forehead. Koḍ. boṭṭï round mark worn on the forehead. Tu.boṭṭa a spot, mark, a drop; (B-K.) buṭṭe a dot. Te. boṭṭu a drop, the sectarian mark worn on the forehead. Kol.(SR.) boṭla drop. Pa. boṭ id. Ga. (P.) boṭu drop, spot. Konḍa boṭu drop of water, mark on forehead. Kuwi (F.) būttū, (Isr.) buṭu tattoo.(DEDR 4492)

Citragupta is a quintessential accountant, a keeper of accounts, wealth-accounting ledgers. This tradition is traceable to R̥gveda and Indus Script Corpora. --Bull anthropomorphs, Kubera of navanidhi fame and Citragupta, accountant. -- King Citra of R̥gveda (RV VIII.21.18) is Citragupta of Hindu tradition, a scribe, wealth-ledger accountant of Indus Script Cipher tradition. -- Citragupta is born of kāya, 'the body of Brahma' and hence, called kāyasta, 'guild of merchants'. -- The name citragupta is instructive; citra signifies hieroglyphic writing and gupta signifies a cipher and is a synonym of mlecchita vikalpa 'alternative messaging by mleccha,meluhha 'copper artisans, dialect-speakers who mispronounce words and expressions'. -- Lotus stalk held on the hands of Varuna, Kubera, Bull anthropomorphs, Citragupta signify tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper'. This monograph demonstrates that the Indus Script Cipher tradition continues into historical periods and evidenced on rendition of bull anthropomorphs, Kubera and Citragupta on sculptural friezes. Bull anthropomorphs, Kubera, Citragupta sculptures hold lotus stalks to signify writing instruments. Hieroglyph: stalk: खोंड khōṇḍa A variety of जोंधळा., holcus sorghum (Marathi) Rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'potter's kiln' (Kashmiri) kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. ʻ single joint of a plant ʼ AV., ʻ arrow ʼ MBh., ʻ cluster, heap ʼ (in tr̥ṇa -- kāṇḍa -- Pāṇ. Kāś.). [Poss. connexion with gaṇḍa -- 2 makes prob. non -- Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < kr̥ntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ ʻ joint of bamboo or sugarcane ʼ EWA i 197]Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. ʻ joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ʼ; Pk. kaṁḍa -- , ˚aya -- m.n. ʻ knot of bough, bough, stick ʼ; Ash. kaṇ ʻ arrow ʼ, Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, ãdotdot; Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lauṛ. kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, kuṛ. kō̃, dar. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ torch ʼ; Shum. kō̃ṛ, kō̃ ʻ arrow ʼ, Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan ʻ tree, large bush ʼ; Bshk. kāˋ'n ʻ arrow ʼ, Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ Ḍ. kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ stalk of a reed, straw ʼ (kān m. ʻ arrow ʼ ← Sh.?); S. kānu m. ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚no m. ʻ reed ʼ, ˚nī f. ʻ topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ʼ; L. kānã̄ m. ʻ stalk of the reed Sara ʼ, ˚nī˜ f. ʻ pen, small spear ʼ; P. kānnā m. ʻ the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp ʼ, kānī f. ʻ arrow ʼ; WPah. bhal. kān n. ʻ arrow ʼ, jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛo ʻ rafter ʼ; A. kã̄r ʻ arrow ʼ; B. kã̄ṛ ʻ arrow ʼ, ˚ṛā ʻ oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting ʼ, kẽṛiyā ʻ wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ʼ; Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻ stalk, arrow ʼ; Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ, kã̄ṛī ʻ wooden milkpail ʼ; Bhoj. kaṇḍā ʻ reeds ʼ; H. kã̄ṛī f. ʻ rafter, yoke ʼ, kaṇḍā m. ʻ reed, bush ʼ (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. ʻ joint, bough, arrow ʼ, ˚ḍũ n. ʻ wrist ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ʼ; M. kã̄ḍ n. ʻ trunk, stem ʼ, ˚ḍẽ n. ʻ joint, knot, stem, straw ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ʼ; Si. kaḍaya ʻ arrow ʼ. -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba ʻ to shoot with an arrow ʼ.(CDIAL 3023) Rebus: kanda 'fire-altar'.Rebus: kāṇḍā '(metal) equipment'. What does a Bull anthroporph signify? dangra 'bull' *ḍaṅgara1 ʻ cattle ʼ. 2. *daṅgara -- . [Same as ḍaṅ- gara -- 2 s.v. *ḍagga -- 2 as a pejorative term for cattle] 1. K. ḍangur m. ʻ bullock ʼ, L. ḍaṅgur, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãgar m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ; P. ḍaṅgar m. ʻ cattle ʼ, Or. ḍaṅgara; Bi. ḍã̄gar ʻ old worn -- out beast, dead cattle ʼ, dhūr ḍã̄gar ʻ cattle in general ʼ; Bhoj. ḍāṅgar ʻ cattle ʼ; H. ḍã̄gar, ḍã̄grā m. ʻ horned cattle ʼ.2. H. dã̄gar m. = prec.(CDIAL 5526) rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' (Maithili) became thākur, 'blacksmith' and later royalty. Sculptures of bull anthropomorphs are also shown carrying lotus stalks signifying reed-pens as writing instruments. ṭhakkura m. ʻ idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), ʼ lex., ʻ title ʼ Rājat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. ʻ Rajput, chief man of a village ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) takur ʻ barber ʼ (= ṭ˚ ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. ʻ idol ʼ ( ← Ind.?); S. ṭhakuru m. ʻ fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ʼ; P. ṭhākar m. ʻ landholder ʼ, ludh. ṭhaukar m. ʻ lord ʼ; Ku. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, title of a Rajput ʼ; N. ṭhākur ʻ term of address from slave to master ʼ (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri ʻ a clan of Chetris ʼ (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur ʻ a Brahman ʼ, ṭhākurānī ʻ goddess ʼ; B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, ˚run ʻ honoured lady, goddess ʼ; Or. ṭhākura ʻ term of address to a Brahman, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāṇī ʻ goddess ʼ; Bi. ṭhākur ʻ barber ʼ; Mth. ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur ʻ lord, master ʼ; H. ṭhākur m. ʻ master, landlord, god, idol ʼ, ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. ʻ mistress, goddess ʼ; G. ṭhākor, ˚kar m. ʻ member of a clan of Rajputs ʼ, ṭhakrāṇī f. ʻ his wife ʼ, ṭhākor ʻ god, idol ʼ; M. ṭhākur m. ʻ jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ʼ; Si. mald. "tacourou" ʻ title added to names of noblemen ʼ (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind.Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur ʻ master ʼ; A. ṭhākur also ʻ idol ʼ (CDIAL 5488) The vāhana of Kubera is a mongoose. This hieroglyph signifies Hieroglyph: magguśa 'mongoose' rebus: maṅginī 'ship'; mañci a large sort of boat, single-masted Pattimar in coasting trade, holding 10-40 tons. He is shown holding a lotus stalk and carries a purse of mongoose skin, signifying him as a seafaring merchant creating the wealth and treasures of a nation. Hieroglyph: maggūśa m. ʻ mongoose ʼ Bhoj., madguśa -- m. Hem. [← Drav. DED 4014]Pk. maṁgū˘sa -- , muggasa -- , muggusu -- , maṁkusa -- m. ʻ mongoose ʼ, H. mãgūs, mũgūs m., . mãgūs, mũgas, mũgūs m.(CDIAL 9702) Ta. mūṅkā mongoose, Viverra ichneumon. Ka. muṅgi, muṅgisi, muṅguli, muṅgili, muṅgali, muṅguri. Tu. muṅgili, muṅguli, muṅgilè. Te. muṅgi, muṅgisa. Kol. muŋgus. Nk. muŋśak. Nk. (Ch.) muŋgus. Ga. (S.2) muŋgi pōtu. Go. (Tr.) mungus, (Y.) muŋgus, (S.) muŋsi, (A.) mugus (Voc. 2870); (ASu.) muggūs. Konḍa muŋgi, muŋgi elka. Kuwi (P.) muŋgi orli. / Cf. Skt. (Hem. Uṇ.) madguśa-, (Bhoj. Uṇ.) magguśa-, Pkt. maṃgusa-, muggasa-, muggusu-, H. mũgūs, mãgūs, Mar. mũgūs, mũgas, Sgh. mugaṭi; Turner, CDIAL, no. 9702. (DEDR 4900) Rebus:maṅga m.n. ʻ head of a boat, mast or side of a ship ʼ lex. (maṅginī -- f. ʻ ship ʼ HPariś.). [Cf. *majjhika -- ?]H. mãg m. ʻ head of a boat ʼ, mãgrā m. ʻ ridgepole ʼ. (CDIAL 9705) Ta. mañci cargo boat with a raised platform; vañci canoe. Ma. mañci a large sort of boat, single-masted Pattimar in coasting trade, holding 10-40 tons; vañci a large boat. Ka. mañji a large boat with one mast used in coasting trade; (Bark.) maccïve a kind of boat. Tu. mañji a long boat, a single-masted country vessel. / Possibly < IA; Turner, CDIAL, no. 9715, mañca- stage, platform.(DEDR 4638) Portrait of Abdul Karim (the Munshi) by Rudolf Swoboda.This is cognate with Persian word "Munshi (Urdu: مُنشی‎; Hindi: मुंशी; Bengali: মুন্সী) is a Persian word, originally used for a contractor, writer, or secretary, and later used in the Mughal Empire and British India for native language teachers, teachers of various subjects especially administrative principles, religious texts, science, and philosophy and were also secretaries and translators employed by Europeans." (Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Munshi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshi RV VIII.21.18 Griffith RV. VIII.21.18 Citra is King, and only kinglings are the rest who dwell beside Sarasvati. He, like Parjanya with his rain, hath spread himself with thousand, yea, with myriad gifts. Wilson: 8.021.18 Verily the Ra_ja_ Citra, giving his thousands and tens of thousands, has overspread (with his bounty) those other petty princes, who rules along the Sarasvati_, as Parjanya (overspeads the earth) with rain. Varuna on Khajuraho temples Holds lotus stalk, noose, stands on makara. Makara is a composite animal composed of hieroglyphs: crocodile, elephant trunk, feline paws, fish-fins;the Meluhha rebus readings are: (dh)mākara 'composite animal' rebus: dhmākara 'bellows-blower, blacksmith'; kara 'crocodile' rebus: khar 'blacksmith'; karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'; panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' aya khambhaṛā 'fih-fin' rebus: aya kammaṭa 'iron mint, coiner, coinage'. Kubera on Khajuraho temples Holds lotus stalk, next to mongoose Kubera, hholding mace, lotus stalk, and a mongoose skin purse, with unidentified animal by his side, Jagadambi Temple Seated Kubera, with cup, mongoose purse, and lotus stalks, with pots by his side, Kandariya Mahadev Temple Who's this anthropomorph with a bull's head on Khajuraho temples? One of the Ashta Vasus, holding two lotus stalks, Javari temple One of the Ashta Vasus, holding trishul, lotus stalk and Kamandalu, with fire by his side, Chitragupta Temple One of the Ashta Vasus, holding lotus stalk and scroll, Chitragupta Temple

Person seated in penance on seal m1181, metalcasting armourer signified by Indus Script hieroglyphs Akshay @AkshaySP1993 A seal from Harappan civilization depicting a multi-headed Divinity seated in a classic Yogic posture. In fact we encounter this exact same posture in later depictions, long after collapse of Harappan civilization. For instance we have here is a coin from Ujjain dated to 2nd-1st century BCE depicting multi-headed Lord Shiva seated in same Yogic posture. m1181 Square seal depicting a nude male deity with three faces, seated in yogic position on a throne, wearing bangles on both arms and an elaborate headdress. Five symbols of the Indus script appear on either side of the headdress which is made of two outward projecting buffalo style curved horns, with two upward projecting points. A single branch with three pipal leaves rises from the middle of the headdress. Seven bangles are depicted on the left arm and six on the right, with the hands resting on the knees. The heels are pressed together under the groin and the feet project beyond the edge of the throne. The feet of the throne are carved with the hoof of a bovine as is seen on the bull and unicorn seals. The seal may not have been fired, but the stone is very hard. A grooved and perforated boss is present on the back of the seal. Material: tan steatite Dimensions: 2.65 x 2.7 cm, 0.83 to 0.86 thickness Mohenjo-daro, DK 12050 Islamabad Museum, NMP 50.296 Mackay 1938: 335, pl. LXXXVII, 222 Thanks to Akshay for comparing the seated figure on Mohenjo-daro seal with seat.ed śivá on a Ujjain coin (with a bull nearby and tree-in-railing; he seems to carry a leafless tree branch on his right hand). tri—śiras mfn. three-headed (Tvāṣṭra, author of RV. x, 8. ), TāṇḍyaBr. xvii ; Bṛh. ; KauṣUp. ; MBh. ; Kām. (Monier-Williams). Thus, three-heads signify Tvāṣṭra cognate *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 2. *ṭhaṭṭhakara -- 1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, °rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5491, 5493) (See Annex Notes on m0304). Tree on Ujjain coin signifies: kuṭi 'tree' rebus kuṭhi 'smelter' Leafless tree branch held on right hand: dhamkara 'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith'. Both the figures on Mohenjo-daro seal and Ujjain coin are three-headed. A twig adorns the yogi on m1181 seal whose arms are decorated with bangles. He is seated on a stool or platform. The feet of the stool are carved with bovine hoofs. karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ (Gujarati) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' kūtī = bunch of twigs (Skt.) Rebus: kuṭhi = (smelter) furnace (Santali) The twig is flanked by two crucibles: kuṭhāru 'crucible', rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'. Thus, the seated person is a smelter and a metalcasting armourer. -- kamadha 'penance' Rebus: kammata 'coiner, mint' -- maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool, arch' rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse' PLUS (Feet of bovine of the stool or platform), पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus taurus' rebus pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4' dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771). धातु ‘strand, element’ rebus: ‘primary element of the earth, mineral, metal’ dhātu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā] Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ(whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) kuṭi 'a slice, a bit, a small piece'(Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi. 'iron smelter furnace' (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) badhi 'to ligature, to bandage' Rebus: baḍhi = worker in wood and metal (Santali) baṛae = blacksmith (Ash.) kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman'kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; (CDIAL 2831) kaṇḍa kanka; Rebus: furnace account (scribe). kaṇḍ = fire-altar (Santali); kan = copper (Tamil) khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus: karanikamu. Clerkship: the office of a Karanam or clerk. (Telugu) káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻdoingʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻworkʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻinstrumentʼ(CDIAL 2790)rebus: 'helmsman', karṇi 'supercargo' kuṭila ‘bent’; rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. āra-kūṭa, ‘brass’ (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' -- Sign 70 'fish PLUS notch' Hieroglyph shown on m0299 inscription अयस्--काण्ड ayaskāṇḍa m. n. " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कस्का*दि q.v.) अयस् ayas अयस् a. [इ-गतौ-असुन्] Going, moving; nimble. n. (-यः) 1 Iron (एति चलति अयस्कान्तसंनिकर्षं इति तथात्वम्; नायसोल्लिख्यते रत्नम् Śukra 4.169. अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43. -2 Steel. -3 Gold. -4 A metal in general. -5 Aloe wood. -6 An iron instrument; यदयोनिधनं याति सो$स्य धर्मः सनातनः Mb.6.17.11. -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin]. -Comp. -अग्रम्, -अग्रकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain. -अपाष्टि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels. -कंसः, -सम् an iron goblet. -कणपम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयःकणपचक्राश्म- भुशुण्डयुक्तबाहवः Mb.1.227.25. -काण्डः 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron (Apte) PLUS खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'. Annex Notes on m0304 Three-heades seated figure on seal m304 त्रिशिरस् three-headed son of Tvaṣṭā on seal m304 is master of pasara 'animals' rebus pasarā ʻtray of goods for sale' https://tinyurl.com/y8k977dx त्रिशिरस्, is the three-headed son of Tvaṣṭā, 'smelter, brass-worker'. He is invoked in RV 10.125 together with Soma and other divinities. The Sukta is devoted to devatA AtmA, 'supreme life principle of materiality'. त्रि--शिरस् is Kubera, divinity of wealth artificer in copper and carpentry. त्रि--शिरस्, son of त्वाष्ट्र is author of RV. x , 8 and refers to त्रि--शिरस् narrative सायणभाष्यम् RV 10.8 ‘प्र केतुना' इति नवर्चमष्टमं सूक्तं त्रैष्टुभम् । त्वष्टृपुत्रस्त्रिशिरा नामर्षिः । आदितः षडाग्नेय्यस्ततस्तिस्र ऐन्द्र्यः । तथा चानुक्रान्तं- प्र केतुना नव त्रिशिरास्वाष्ट्रस्तृचोऽन्त्य ऐन्द्रः' इति । आदितः षण्णां प्रातरनुवाकाश्विनशस्त्रयोराग्नेयक्रतावुक्तो विनियोगः ॥ प्र । केतुना । बृहता । याति । अग्निः । आ । रोदसी इति । वृषभः । रोरवीति । दिवः । चित् । अन्तान् । उपऽमान् । उत् । आनट् । अपाम् । उपऽस्थे । महिषः । ववर्ध ॥१ “अग्निः “बृहता महता “केतुना प्रज्ञानेन युक्तः सन् “आ इदानीं “रोदसी द्यावापृथिव्यौ “प्र “याति प्रकर्षेण गच्छति । किंच देवानामाह्वानकाले “वृषभः इव “रोरवीति अत्यर्थं शब्दं करोति । “दिवश्चित् द्युलोकस्यापि “अन्तान् अवसानान् “उपमान् समीपांश्च प्रदेशान् ज्वलनात्मनादित्यात्मना वा स्थितः “उदानट् ऊर्ध्वं व्याप्नोति । “अपां वृष्टिलक्षणानामुदकानाम् “उपस्थे उपस्थानेऽन्तरिक्षे वैद्युतात्मना “महिषः महान् ववर्ध वर्धते ॥ मुमोद । गर्भः । वृषभः । ककुत्ऽमान् । अस्रेमा । वत्सः । शिमीऽवान् । अरावीत् । सः । देवऽताति । उत्ऽयतानि । कृण्वन् । स्वेषु । क्षयेषु । प्रथमः । जिगाति ॥२ “गर्भः द्यावापृथिव्योरन्तर्गतः “वृषभः कामानां वर्षिताग्निः “ककुद्मान् उन्नततेजस्कः "मुमोद मोदते । किंच “अस्रेमा । प्रशस्यनामैतत् । प्रशस्तः "वत्सः नक्तोषसोर्वत्सभूतः सायंप्रातराहुत्युपजीवनात् “शिमीवान् हविर्वहनदेवाहृानादिकर्मवानग्निः अरावीत् देवाह्वानादिशब्दं करोति । “सः अग्निः “देवताति यज्ञे “उद्यतानि उद्यमान्युत्साहकर्माणि कृण्वन् कुर्वन् “स्वेषु “क्षयेषु आत्मीयेष्वाहवनीयादिस्थानेषु स्थितः “प्रथमः देवानां स्थानेषु मुख्यः “जिगाति गच्छति ॥ आ । यः । मूर्धानम् । पित्रोः । अरब्ध । नि । अध्वरे । दधिरे । सूरः । अर्णः । अस्य । पत्मन् । अरुषीः । अश्वऽबुध्नाः । ऋतस्य । योनौ । तन्वः । जुषन्त ॥३ “यः अग्निः “पित्रोः मातापितृभूतयोर्द्यावापृथिव्योः “मूर्धानम् “आ “अरब्ध स्वतेजोभिरारभते । यद्वा । मातापितृभूतयोररण्योर्मूर्धानं शिरोवत् प्रधानभूतं मन्थनप्रदेशम् । आङीषदर्थे। आरब्ध ईषद्धिनस्ति । निर्मथनकालेऽपि दाहेन दग्धुं समर्थः । “सूरः सुवीर्यस्याग्नेः "अर्णः गमनशीलं तेजः “अध्वरे यज्ञे “नि “दधिरे । यष्टारो नियमेन धारयन्ति । “अस्य अग्नेः “पत्मन् पतने “अरुषीः आरोचमानाः “ऋतस्य यज्ञस्य “योनौ स्थाने अश्वबुध्नाः व्याप्तमूला अशनबन्धना वा । हविराहारान्विता इत्यर्थः । “तन्वः तदीयास्तनूः "जुषन्त कवयः सेवन्ते ॥ उषःऽउषः । हि । वसो इति । अग्रम् । एषि । त्वम् । यमयोः । अभवः । विभाऽवा । ऋताय । सप्त । दधिषे । पदानि । जनयन् । मित्रम् । तन्वे । स्वायै ॥४ हे “वसो स्वेन तेजसा सर्वस्याच्छादयितर्वसुमन् वा प्रशस्य वा अग्ने “त्वम् "उषउषः सर्वस्या एवोषसः “अग्रं पूर्वम् “एषि प्राप्नोषि । अपि च “यमयोः युग्मयोः परस्परमवियुक्तयोरहोरात्रयोः “विभावा दीप्तिमान् “अभवः भवसि । “तन्वे “स्वायै आत्मीयाच्छरीरात् “मित्रम् आदित्यं “जनयन् उत्पादयन् “सप्त “पदानि सप्तसंख्याकानि धिष्ण्यादिस्थानानि “ऋताय यज्ञार्थं “दधिषे धारयसि ।। भुवः । चक्षुः । महः । ऋतस्य । गोपाः । भुवः । वरुणः । यत् । ऋताय । वेषि । भुवः । अपाम् । नपात् । जातऽवेदः । भुवः । दूतः । यस्य । हव्यम् । जुजोषः ॥५ “महः महतः “ऋतस्य यज्ञस्य हे अग्ने त्वं “चक्षुः इव प्रकाशकः “भुवः भवसि । “गोपाः यज्ञस्य रक्षकस्त्वमेव भवसि । “यत् यदा “ऋताय सोमरसलक्षणस्योदकस्यादानार्थं वरुणः आदित्यः “वेषि गच्छसि तदा त्वमेव “भुवः भवसि । हे “जातवेदः जातप्रज्ञाग्ने “अपां वृष्टिलक्षणानामुदकानां “नपात् पौत्रस्त्वमेव “भुवः भवसि । अद्भ्यो हि मेघो जायते मेघादग्निर्विद्यद्रूपो जायत इत्यपां पौत्रत्वमुच्यते । “यस्य यजमानस्य “हव्यं हविः “जुजोषः सेवसे तस्य “दूतः “भुवः भवसि ॥

The objective of this note is to further evaluate the significance of 'trefoil' decoration on the statue of 'priest-king'’of Mohenjo-daro in the context of the Vedic yajna tradition, exemplified by the Binjor yajna kunda with an octagonal brick signifying that a Soma yaga was performed at Binjor ca. 3rd-2nd millennium BCE (this date suggested based on the discovery of an inscribed Indus Script seal, is subject to validation by detailed excavation report). Size of Binjor seal documenting a Soma Yaga, like a Yupa inscription of historical periods, like the terracota cake inscription of Kalibangan which is also a Soma Yaga inscription showing a hunter and a tiger dragged by a rope. Sanjay Kumar Manjul, Director of the Institute of Archaeology and also Director of Excavation at 4MSR (Binjor), examining a painted pot. Manjul is a specialist in ceramics. Photo:Subhash Chandel, ASI Indus Scrip seal discovered in Binjor (Metalwork catalogue). http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/12/binjor-seal-with-indus-script.html Fish + scales, aya ã̄s (amśu) ‘metallic stalks of stone ore’. Vikalpa: badhoṛ ‘a species of fish with many bones’ (Santali) Rebus: baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' Together with cognate ancu 'iron' the message is: native metal implements. Thus, the hieroglyph multiplex reads: aya ancu khaNDa 'metallic iron alloy implements'. koḍi ‘flag’ (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus 1: koḍ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) Rebus 2: khŏḍ m. ‘pit’, khö̆ḍü f. ‘small pit’ (Kashmiri. CDIAL 3947) The bird hieroglyph: karaḍa करण्ड m. a sort of duck L. కారండవము (p. 0274) [ kāraṇḍavamu ] kāraṇḍavamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. (Telugu) karaṭa1 m. ʻ crow ʼ BhP., °aka -- m. lex. [Cf. karaṭu -- , karkaṭu -- m. ʻ Numidian crane ʼ, karēṭu -- , °ēṭavya -- , °ēḍuka -- m. lex., karaṇḍa2 -- m. ʻ duck ʼ lex: see kāraṇḍava -- ]Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ crow ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a partic. kind of bird ʼ; S. karaṛa -- ḍhī˜gu m. ʻ a very large aquatic bird ʼ; L. karṛā m., °ṛī f. ʻ the common teal ʼ.(CDIAL 2787) Rebus: karaḍā 'hard alloy' Thus, the text of Indus Script inscription on the Binjor Seal reads: 'metallic iron alloy implements, hard alloy workshop' PLUS the hieroglyphs of one-horned young bull PLUS standard device in front read rebus: kõda 'young bull, bull-calf' rebus: kõdā 'to turn in a lathe'; kōnda 'engraver, lapidary'; kundār 'turner'. Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati) Rebus: sangara 'proclamation. Together, the message of the Binjor Seal with inscribed text is a proclamation, a metalwork catalogue (of) 'metallic iron alloy implements, hard alloy workshop' See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/dharma-samjna-corporate-badges-of-indus.html Dharma saṁjñā Corporate badges of Indus Script orpora,ceramic (stoneware) bangles, seals, fillets The following lynchpins demonstrate that triskele is a signifier of 3 crucibles producing ingots. A variant is used on punchmarked coins of Kuru janapada (see embedded note). British Museum. Lynchpin Museum number 1987,0404.13 Description Detail Copper alloy and iron linch pin; exposed iron shank, rectangular in section and markedly off-centre to the upper terminal. Upper terminal slightly lop-sided, its perforation is clear of corrosion, and there are wear facets at two points on the edge of the upper disc. Terminals are decorated like 1987,0404.12: between the two arches, on one side only, is the outline of a pelta-like motif with a central raised ring enclosing seven dots, a 'berried rosette'. On top of upper terminal is relief triskele motif, terminating in 'bird heads', surrounded by a raised beaded border. The lower terminal ends in decorated disc, a smaller version of the design on the top. There is a strip of mineral preserved animal skin with fibres/fur round top of iron shank. Iron Age, 3rd century BCE A chariot lynchpin shows a variant of 'trefoil' with clarity. This shows a triskelion or triskele three interlocked spirals, three bent crucibles with an emerging round object, ingot, or three bent/curved lines extending from the center of the symbol. This is a way of making 'crucible steel' of pure dhAtu 'minerals'. Three such minerals are indicated by the triskele. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/triskelion-mollusc-safflower-endless.html How did the ancient people of Sarasvati civilization look like? Some indications are seen in stone or terracotta statues and even cire perdue (lost-wax) bronze castings. Some distinguished persons are identified and indus script hieroglyphs associated are deciphered as śrēṣṭhin, 'guild master and dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'’of tri-dhAtu,'three minerals'. The weltanchauung, 'world perception' of artisans in a Vedic village was governed by 1. dharma, assigned responsibilities and 2. the metaphor of a kole.l 'smithy-forge' as a kole.l 'temple'. సెట్టి [ seṭṭi ] or శెట్టి seṭṭi. [from Skt. శ్రేష్ఠీ.] n. A merchant, వర్తకుడు. A title assumed by all members of the Bēri Komati, or Balija caste who are merchants. செட்டி¹ ceṭṭi, n. < Pkt. sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin. [M. ceṭṭi.] 1. Vaišya or mercantile caste; வைசியன். முட்டில் வாழ்க்கைச் செட்டியார் பெருமகன் (பெரு இலாவாண. 20, 126). 2. Title of traders; வியாபாரிகளின் பட்டப்பெயர். 3. Skanda; முருகன். கடற்சூர் தடிந்திட்ட செட்டி (தேவா. 742, 10). செட்டிச்சி ceṭṭicci, n. Fem. of செட்டி. [K. seṭṭiti, M. ceṭṭicci.] Woman of Vaišya caste; வைசியகுலப்பெண். Colloq.காசுக்காரச்செட்டி kācu-k-kāra-c-ceṭṭi , n. < id. +. A sub-division of the Tamil chetti caste who are by profession money-changers, dealers in coins, gold, silver and gems; செட்டி களுள் ஒரு பிரிவினராகிய பொன்வாணிகர். காசு³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; பொன். (ஆ. நி.) 2. Necklace of gold coins; அச்சுத்தாலி. காசும் பிறப்புங் கலகலப்ப (திவ். திருப்பா. 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ஒரு பழைய பொன்னாணயம். (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin; சிறுசெப்புக்காசு. நெஞ்சே யுனையோர் காசா மதியேன் (தாயு. உடல்பொய். 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ரொக்கம். எப்பேர்ப்பட்ட பல காசா யங்களும் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; மணி. நாண்வழிக் காசுபோலவும் (இறை. 2, உரை, பக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; மேகலாபர ணம். பட்டுடை சூழ்ந்த காசு (சீவக. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; வெண்பாவின் இறுதிச்சீர்வாய்பாட்டுள் ஒன்று. (காரிகை, செய். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; பல்லாங்குழி யாட்டத்திற் காய்கள் சேர்தற்குரிய நடுக்குழிகள். Some were adorned with distinct badges of honour, entrusted with a responsible function in a guild or community.. Ceramic (Stoneware) bangles which served as such badges were presented with Indus Script inscriptions. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/dharma-samjna-corporate-badges-of-indus.html Dharma saṁjñā Corporate badges of Indus Script Corpora,ceramic (stoneware)bangles, seals, fillets Male head probably broken from a seated sculpture. Finely braided or wavy combed hair tied into a double bun on the back of the head and a plain fillet or headband with hanging ribbons falling down the back. The upper lip is shaved and a closely cropped and combed beard lines the pronounced lower jaw. Functions assigned were recognized by distribution of ceramic (stoneware) bangles worn as paṭa, 'socio-cultural honour-badges'. Such a paṭa m. ʻ slab, tablet, metal plate ʼ,was distinct from the seals and tablets. One badge used had a bangle with trefoil hieroglyph. It was suggested that this may relate to the functions of a dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter'. Sucha paṭa m. ʻ slab, tablet, metal plate ʼ, was distinct from the seals and tablets. This was called पट्ट paṭṭa, 'bandage, fillet'. Historical, ancient Hindu traditions, clearly look upon such a badge as an insignia of honour, of some kind of recognition for contributing to social welfare. Such a person also was perhaps recognized as a guild master, a leader of the community or guild. He is a śrēṣṭhin as shown on a hieroglyph signified on a stoneware bangle. He is a person of distinction. Maybe, such a person invented the hieroglyphic writing system and enshrined the rules of writing on ceramic stoneware bangles as badges, as memory markers. h419 Harappa seal. Hieroglyph: khāra, 'squirrel', rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). *śrēṣṭrī1 ʻ clinger ʼ. [√śriṣ1]Phal. šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ ʻ flying squirrel ʼ?(CDIAL 12723) Rebus: guild master: m1639bangle (ceramic, stoneware bangle) Sign 86 koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS 'notch': खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali).

-- Mohenjo-daro priest performs traidhātavīyā iṣṭi, as Indus Script पोतदार pōtadāra casts 3 metals, wealth accounting categories -- Indus Script पोतदार pōtadāra shroffs, purifies, casts 3 mineral wealth elements -- Evidence from Mari of तार्प्य vegetable garment of Ishtar, Mari priest, scribe, traidhātavī tārpya 'sky garment having 3 elements, layers' पाण्ड्व garment of Mohenjo-daro Potr̥, purifier priest -- tisrah purah are three forts, three worlds of copper, silver, gold; The gods, verily, and the Asuras were contending against each other.The Asuras had a stronghold, the gods had none... The gods were defeated persisten¿Ly, for they had no stronghold... (MS 3,10,5, transl. Rau 1976: 38 f.) -- त्रिधातु पु० त्रीन् धर्मार्थकामान् दधाति पुष्णाति धा--तुन् ।१ गणेशे त्रिका० । समा० द्विगुः । २ धातु त्रये न० ।https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम् त्रिधातुः, पुं, (त्रीन् धर्म्मार्थकामान् दधाति पुष्णा-तीति । धा + तुन् ।) गणेशः । इति त्रिकाण्ड-शेषः ॥ (त्रयाणां घातूनां समाहारः ।) धातु-त्रये, क्ली ॥ https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रु -- धिष्ण्य m. (f(आ). only RV. iv , 3 , 6 ; n. MBh. i , 7944) a sort of subordinate or side-altar (generally a heap of earth covered with sand on which the fire is placed , and of which 8 are enumerated , viz. besides the आग्नीध्रीय [in the आग्नीध्र] those in the सदस् [see s.v.] belonging to the होतृ , the मैत्रा-वरुण or प्र-शस्तृ , the ब्राह्मणाच्छंसिन् , the पोतृ , नेष्टृ and अच्छा-वाक ; and the मार्जालीय) Br. S3rS. &c (cf. कॢप्त-) &c ; n. the seat of a god i.e. a quarter of the sky VP.; mfn. placed upon a mound of earth serving as an altar AV. Br. &c; m. (with or scil. अग्नि) a fire so placed VS. TS. &c(Monier-Williams) -- पोतृ, m. " Purifier " ,= यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि -- pōta pouring, casting in metal (Telugu) -- पोतदार pōtadāra m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith. पोतदारी pōtadārī f ( P) The office or business of पोतदार: also his rights or fees. पोतनिशी pōtaniśī f ( P) The office or business of पोतनीस. पोतनीस pōtanīsa m ( P) The treasurer or cash-keeper. పోత pōta. [Tel. from పోయు.] n. Pouring, పోయుట. Casting, as of melted metal. Bathing, washing. పోత pōta. adj. Molten, cast in metal. పోతచెంబు a metal bottle or jug, which has been cast not hammered.पोतृ प्/ओतृ or पोतृ, m. " Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यज्ञस्य शोधयिट्रि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv. ; name of विष्णु; पोत्री f. N. of दुर्गा (Demetrius Galanos's Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes) The imagery of 'pouring' from a pot finds brilliant expression on many artifacts of Ancient Near East. Ta. pey (-v-, -t-) to rain, fall (as dew or hail); pour down or into (tr.), put, place, serve up (as food in a dish), throw out, discharge (as urine), shed (as tears), distribute; peyal showering, rain, raindrop, cloud; peyalai rain; puyal, pucal cloud, raining, water; gale, storm, tempest; poci (-v-, -nt-) to ooze, percolate, flow. Ma. peyyuka to pour, rain; peyttu raining; peyyikka to cause to rain. Ko. oy- (oc-) (rain) rains. Ka. poy to pour, cast; n. pouring; puy to pour, cast; pōcal pouring water. Koḍ. poyy- (poyyuv-, pojj-) (rain) rains, (wind) blows. Kor. (O.) pī- to pour. Te. pōyu to pour, cast in metal; (K. also) (sweat, pus) forms; pō̃ta pouring, casting in metal. Kol. (SR.) paiyeng to pour. Nk. (Ch.) pī- id. Go. poy- (Ma.) (water) pours, flows, (Ko.) to be spilled, flow (Voc. 2396); (Koya Su.) poy- (water) to be spilled; (ASu.) poccī- to pour out (water). Kuwi (F.) boiyali (bōt-) to overflow (a vessel); (Su. Isr.) bō- (-t-) to be spilled. Kur.poē̃nā (before vowel pońń-, pō̃yy-; past possā) to fall (of rain); puỹdnā to pour some water on rice when ready for a meal. Malt. poye (pos-) to rain; puthyeto pour.(DEDR 4407) -- P دامن or دامان dāman or dāmān, s.m. (2nd) The skirt of a garment, the sheet of a sail. (Pashto) dāmāna दामान वस्त्रप्रान्तभागः m. a skirt, a hem, i.q. dāman, q.v. --chalun --छलुन् । असत्याक्षेपः m.inf. to make a false accusation. -palav -पलव् । छिन्नो वसनप्रान्तः m. the torn edge or skirt of a garment. --raṭun --रटुन् । दीनतया याचनम् m.inf. to seize by the skirt; met. to implore, beseech (Śiv. 1732). Cf. dāman raṭun. dāmānas mīṭhi dini दामानस् मीठि॒ दिनि॒ m. pl. inf. to give kisses to the skirt, to kiss the hem of (a person's) garment, to show great humility (Śiv. 1150).dāmạni दाम॑नि॒ । शिरोभूषणविशेषः f. a woman's veil or mantle; a certain ornament worn on the fore- head.dāmandār दामन्दार् । अधःप्रान्ते चित्रोपेतः adj. c.g. skirted, having an embroidered skirt or border (of a garment). dāmāndörī दामान्दा॑री । प्रार्थना f. the act of seizing the skirt, making an entreaty; esp. asking in marriage, proposals for marriage made by the relations of the bridegroom to those of the bride or vice versa.(Kashmiri) Rebus: damun 1 दमुन् । वायुनाग्निसंदीपनम् conj. 1 (pres. part. damān दमान्, or, Śiv. 1854, daman 3 दमन्; 1 p.p. domu द॑मु॒), to blow up a fire (with bellows or the mouth); as vb. impers. in past tenses (past domun द॑मुन्), to roar (of wind or a blast of air on fire) (Gr.Gr. xxxviii); to roar (as a wild beast) (Śiv. 1854). domu-motu द॑मु॒-म॑तु॒ । वायुना संदीपितः perf. part. (f. dümü-müʦü द॑मू॒-म॑च़ू॒), blown up (with bellows or by the mouth, of fire).damun 2 दमुन् m. (sg. dat. damanas दमनस्), a pair of bellows (K.Pr. 46). For daman 1 see dam 1, for 2 see s.v., for 3 see damun 1, for 4 see bel. daman-basta दमन्-बस्त । धमनचर्म f. the leather bag, alternately inflated with and emptied of air, used as the body of a bellows (K.Pr. 46). -nôru -नोरु॒ । वायुनलिका m. the metal nozzle or pipe of a pair of bellows. (Kashmiri) "A finger-ring (DK 8498) made of steatite,measuring1.45 inches in diameter outside and 0.69 inches inside, and 0.63 inches in width, has ‘a trefoil pattern carved in relief, the interiors of the lobes having first been drilled’ and ‘the sunken portions…probably once filled in with a coloured paste’. (Fig.6) This exceptional find comes from block 10, house I, room 11 in the G section of the DK areaof Mohenjo-daro (at a level of 22 ft., representing the ‘Intermediate III’ period). Because the trefoil appears to have been a sacred motif, and because a ring of this material would not have stood hard everyday wear’, Mackay assumed that it ‘was worn by a priest or in the performance of some ritual’. (Mackay 1938: I,531; II, pl. 139:14.)” (Asko Parpola, 1985, pp.23-24) Seal. Mohenjo-daro. Hieroglyph: rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali) Hieroglyphs: dul 'two'; ayo 'fish'; kANDa 'arrow': dula 'cast' ayo 'iron, metal' (Gujarati. Rigveda); kANDa 'metalware, pots and pans, tools' (Marathi) Hieroglyph: Rings on neck: koDiyum (Gujarati) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (Gujarati)Rebus: koD 'artisan's workshop'(Kuwi) koD = place where artisans work (Gujarati) koṭe 'forge' (Mu.) koṭe meṛed = forged iron, in contrast to dul meṛed, cast iron (Mundari) pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild' ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter, alloy' Buffalo. Mohenjo-daro. Buffalo. Daimabad bronze. Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai. ran:gā ‘buffalo’; ran:ga ‘pewter or alloy of tin (ran:ku), lead (nāga) and antimony (añjana)’(Santali) kaṭái ʻ buffalo calf ʼ(Gaw.) kāṭo ʻ young buffalo bull ʼ (Kumaoni) (CDIAL 2645). kāṛā ‘buffalo’ bull (Tamil) khaḍā ‘nodule (ore), stone’ (Marathi). Alternative: கண்டி kaṇṭi buffalo. Rebus: kāḍ ‘stone ore’gaḍa ‘large stone mould’. Glyph: kuṇḍī ‘crooked buffalo horns’ (Lahnda.) Rebus: kuṇḍī = chief of village (Prakrit).The artisan is kundakara— m. ‘turner’ (Skt.); H. kũderā m. ‘one who works a lathe, one who scrapes’ (CDIAL 3297).ḍabe, ḍabea ‘large horns, with a sweeping upward curve, applied to buffaloes’ (Santali) Rebus: ḍab, ḍhimba, ḍhompo ‘lump (ingot?)’, clot, make a lump or clot, coagulate, fuse, melt together (Santali)

-- Anzu (Sumerian), Simorg (Persian), Śyena (R̥gveda),'falcon, thunderbolt' associated with metalwork -- aśan, ahan 'falcon' rebus: ahan 'iron' PLUS kamadha 'penance' rebus: kammaṭa; together, the Meluhha expression is:ahan kammaṭa 'iron mint' -- Śyena ('falcon, thunderbolt' (R̥gveda, Indus Script) elaborated as metalwork narratives of Anzu (Sumerian), Simorg (Persian) ahan kammaṭa 'iron mint' - श्येन is N. of a ऋषि (having the patr. आग्नेय and author of RV. x , 188) (अनुक्रमणिका ) -- श्येन is a particular एका* ह (षड्विंश-ब्राह्मण, कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र); एका* ह is a सोम sacrifice in which सोम is prepared during one day only (as the अग्निष्टोम &c ) (शतपथ-ब्राह्मण iv , vi , xii , xiii ऐतरेय-ब्राह्मण vi आश्वलायन-श्रौत-सूत्र ii , कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र &c) -- एकाह पु० एकमहः टच्समा० एकशब्दोत्तरत्वात् माह्ना-देशः । “अह्नाहान्ताःपुंसि” पा० पुंस्त्वम् ।“एकस्मिन् दिवसे “एकाहेनैव निर्वपेत्” ऋष्य० स्मृतिः “सब्रह्म-चारिण्येकाहः” मनुः । “अश्वस्यैकाहगमः” पा० ।उपचारात् । २ एकाहसाध्ये अग्निष्टोमादौ यागभेदेच । “उक्तप्रकृतयोऽहीनैकाहाः” आश्व० ९, १, १ ।“उक्तो ज्योतिष्टोम एकाहाहीनसत्राणां प्रकृतिभूतःउक्तानि पञ्चविंशतिरहानि सात्रिकाणि एतेभ्य एवसात्रिकेभ्योऽहोभ्यो ऽहीनैकाहा व्याख्यायन्त इत्युक्तम्इदानीं तानेकाहाहीनान् वक्तुकामेनाचार्य्येण “उक्तप्रकृतयोऽहीनैकाहा” इत्युक्तम् । तस्यायमर्घः उक्ता प्रकृति-र्येषां ते इमे उक्तप्रकृतयोऽहीनैकाहाः । प्रकृतिः प्रकारोन रूपान्तरमित्यनर्थान्तरं ज्योतिष्टोमोहि सर्वेषामेकाहाहीनसत्राणां प्रकृतिरिति सिद्धम्” नारा० । “अनतिदेशेत्वेकाहो ज्योतिष्टोमो द्वादशशतदक्षिणस्तेन शस्यमेका-हानास्” ९, १, ३ । https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम् Indus Script Corpora evidence points to the early working with magnetite, ferrite ore as seen by the signifier hieroglyph पोळ pōḷa, 'bos indicus, zebu'. The prologue dedication is first to this bos indicus signified by the synonym: Nanda, nandi. The word नांदी nāndī signifies prologue dedication. पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large. Rebus: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. As eulogium or praise of the divine, the synonym used is: नंदी (p. 256) nandī m (S) The bull on which Mahádeva rides. A stone-bull is fixed in front of all temples to Mahádeva. The word nanda has specific meanings in the context of trade transactions. नंद (p. 256) nanda m नंदकी f (नंद was a proper name.) A clandestine or covert term, amongst dealers and brokers, for दल्लाली or the fees of brokerage. De- vised to keep the secrets of trade from the employer of the broker and the mere customer. Its vocabulary is भुरका One rupee, ढोकळा One pysa, केवली One, अवारू Two, उधानू Three, पोकू Four, मुळू Five, शेली Six, पवित्रू Seven, भंगी Eight, तेवसू or लेवनू Nine, अंगुळू Ten, एकडू Eleven, रेघी Twelve, ठेपरू Thirteen, चोपडू Fourteen, तळी Fifteen. To this last term the first four numerals successively added (the sense of addition being expressed by तान) form successively 16, 17, 18, 19, as भुरका तान तळी अवारू तान तळी, उधानू तान तळी, पोकू तान तळी. काटी stands for 20; then भुरका तान काटी, अवारू तान काटी &c. express 21, 22 &c. बिटी is 100, ढकार 1000, फाटा is An̤á, अवारू फाटे Two án̤ás, मंगी फाटे Eight án̤ás, तळी फाटे Fifteen án̤ás, दुकार One án̤á, चकार Two án̤ás, पकार Four án̤ás, टाली Half a rupee. The नंद vocabulary however has variations. Expressive of the above account the following अभंग has been composed, मुळू 5 वदनाचा उधानु 3 नेत्राचा ॥ अंगूळू 10 हातांचा स्वामी माझा ॥1॥ मुगुट जयाचा केव- ळ्या 1 आगळी कांटी 20 पवित्र तळवटी चरण ज्याचे ॥2॥ ढकार 1000 वदनाचा आला वर्णावया ॥ जिव्हा त्याच्या चिरल्या वर्णवेना ॥3॥ शेली 6 वेडावली पोकू 4 भौनावली ॥ अगुंळूमंगि 18 थकली नकळे त्यांसी ॥4॥ सद्भावें शरण आवारू 2 जोडून ॥ खेचरवीसा म्हणे स्वामी माझा ॥5॥. नंद थाकणें or ठेवणें To make (i. e. obtain) नंद or secret brokerage. Another connotation is a mystical figure of lines drawn on the sacred cloth held at marriages between bride and bridegroom: नंद (p. 256) nanda m (S) Red lines or figures, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक, drawn on the अंतःपट or cloth which, at marriages, is held between the bride and bridegroom. 2 Vertigo incidental to puerperal women. नंदाचा पासोडा (p. 256) nandācā pāsōḍā m नंदाचा शेला m The अंतःपट (cloth held at marriages between the bride and bridegroom) having red lines or figures drawn over it, esp. the mystical figure called स्वस्तिक which is termed नंद. नंदी nandī (Or नंद) The lines or figures drawn with कुंकूं &c. upon the अंतःपट. Thus, the terms nanda, nandi get associated with mystic, vikalpa signifiers as in पोळ (p. 305) pōḷa m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large, as a rebus signifier of: पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'. While rendering eulogies and prayers to the divine, the oblations are signified as नांदीमुख nāndīmukha A set of synonymous words & expressions: नांदी (p. 259) nāndī f S Eulogium of a king or praise of a deity recited in benedictory verses at the opening of a drama &c. नांदीमुख nāndīmukha n S नांदीश्राद्ध n S Oblations to the manes offered on festal occasions. నాంది (p. 640) nāndi nāndi. [Skt.] n. A preliminary. The exordium, prelude, prologue dedication, or praise of a deity, recited in benedictory verses at the commencement of a religious ceremony or poem. నాందీ యాగము the opening rite. Anand. vi. 1. The opening benedictory verses in a drama. నాటకప్రథమాంగము, మొదలుపెట్టడము. నాందీకరుడు or నాందివాది nāndī-karuḍu. n. One who pronounces the benediction. ఆశీర్వాదముచేయువాడు. నంది (p. 626) nandi or నందికేశ్వరుడు nandi. [Skt.] n. The name of the bull of Siva. A bull, వృషభము. A synonym for 'bull', bos indicus, is: poḷa 'zebu' which is a definitive Indus Script hieroglyph. Rebus signifier of poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'-- a metalwork for wealth creation by artisans of Sarasvati_Sindhu Civilization. This Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies 'zebu' or poḷa is seen on early inscriptions of Indus Script as on the paintings of Nausharo pots. The bird perched on the shoulder of the zebu painting is black drongo: pōlaḍu, 'black drongo',rebus: pōlaḍ, 'steel', The zebu is tied to a post with a rope to signify: meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each end; mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Vikalpa:Glyph: ‘zebu’: khũṭ ‘zebu’. Rebus: khũṭ ‘guild, community’ (Semantic determinant of the ‘jointed animals’ glyphic composition). kūṭa joining, connexion, assembly, crowd, fellowship (DEDR 1882) Pa. gotta ‘clan’; Pk. gotta, gōya id. (CDIAL 4279) Semantics of Pkt. lexeme gōya is concordant with Hebrew ‘goy’ in ha-goy-im (lit. the-nation-s). Pa. gotta -- n. ʻ clan ʼ, Pk. gotta -- , gutta -- , amg. gōya -- n.; Gau. gū ʻ house ʼ (in Kaf. and Dard. several other words for ʻ cowpen ʼ > ʻ house ʼ: gōṣṭhá -- , Pr. gūˊṭu ʻ cow ʼ; S. g̠oṭru m. ʻ parentage ʼ, L. got f. ʻ clan ʼ, P. gotar, got f.; Ku. N. got ʻ family ʼ; A. got -- nāti ʻ relatives ʼ; B. got ʻ clan ʼ; Or. gota ʻ family, relative ʼ; Bhoj. H. got m. ʻ family, clan ʼ, G. got n.; M. got ʻ clan, relatives ʼ; -- Si. gota ʻ clan, family ʼ ← Pa. (CDIAL 4279). Alternative: adar ḍangra ‘zebu or humped bull’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Ka.); ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’ (H.) khuṇḍ ʻtethering peg or post' (Western Pahari) Rebus: kūṭa ‘workshop’; kuṭi= smelter furnace (Santali); Rebus 2: kuṇḍ 'fire-altar' Why are animals shown in pairs? dula ‘pair’ (Kashmiri); rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ (Mu.) Tukulti Ninurta venerates the tablet and stylus of destiny. Tukulti-Ninurta I (meaning: "my trust is in [the warrior god] Ninurta"; reigned 1243–1207 BCE) was a king of Assyria (Sumer-Akkad) during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366 - 1050 BCE).Pedestal of Tukulti-Ninurta I shows Ningirsu writing tablet and stylus and Indus Script hieroglyphs nave-of-wheel, safflower https://tinyurl.com/y6zqc397eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'metal infusion'; څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, s.m. (2nd) A wheel (particularly a potter's, or of a water-mill or well).rebus: arka 'sun's rays' eraka 'metal infusion'. dang 'mountain rage' rebus: dhangar,thakur 'blacksmith, deity'. medha 'ram' rebus: medho 'merchant'. kāṇḍa काण्डः m. the stalk or stem of a reed. Rebus: kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and metalware'. करडई karaḍī f Safflower, Carthamus. 2 Its seed. करडी karaḍī f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. करडेल karaḍēla n (करडई & तेल) Oil of Carthamus or safflower. karaṭa2 m. ʻ Carthamus tinctorius ʼ lex. Pk. karaḍa -- m. ʻ safflower ʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ; M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, Carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ.*karaṭataila ʻ oil of safflower ʼ. [karaṭa -- 2, tailá -- ] M. karḍel n. ʻ oil from the seed of safflower ʼ.(CDIAL 2788, 2789) Rebus: karandi 'fire-god' (Munda.Remo) Votive figure from Altyn-Depe (the Golden Hill), Turkmenistan. Altyn-Depe is an ancient settlement of the Bronze Age (3,000 - 2,000 B.C.E.) on the territory of ancient Abiver. It's known locally as the "Turkmen Stonehenge". União Soviética. I suggest that this figure has inscribed Indus Script hypertexts read rebus related to metal smelting of elements, aduru 'native metal' and metal implements work. Hieroglyph: kola 'woman' (Nahali) rebus: kol 'working in iron'खोंड khōṇḍa, खुंडी khuṇḍī A variety of जोंधळा.जोंधळा jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप &38;c.; दगडी जोंधळा dagaḍī jōndhaḷā m or शाळू f A variety of the corn जोंधळा. Its ear is hard and close-filled.

This monograph refutes pictorial symbolism of Biblical scholar Othmar Keel. An alternative to Biblical interpretations is offered. Meanings of Indus Script hypertexts, on gypsum plaster priest of Mari, Steatite priest of Mohenjo-daro are related to metalwork wealth catalogues, accounting ledgers. Beyond symbolism, many hypertexts of Ancient Near East, in the tradition of Indus Script hypertexts are interpreted as metalwork document archives. An announcement on 24 Oct 2017 08:40 AM PDT referred to a newly added title to Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Online • Images as Sources: Studies on ancient Near Eastern artefacts and the Bible inspired by the work of Othmar Keel. Edited by: Bickel, Susanne; Schroer, Silvia; Schurte, René; Uehlinger, Christoph (2007). Fribourg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Academic Press / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Online This site had 89 volumes as of 16 Oct. 2017 and shows the intensity of Biblical scholarship to trace roots from Oriental history and proto-history. I suggest that Veda studies in Bhāratīya Itihāsa narratives should reach this level of profundity and scholarship attained by Biblical studies scholars, e.g.,Othmar Keel and other Biblical scholars cited in the 89+ volumes of Orbis: Biblicus et Orientalis. m290 Mohenjo-daro seal. Decipherment: kola 'tiger' Rebus; kolle 'blacksmith' kol 'working in iron' kole.l 'smithy, temple' kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS pattar 'trough' Rebus: pattar 'guild of goldsmiths'. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus: ṭaṅka 'mint' khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' khāra-- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ (Kashmiri)(CDIAL 9424) kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) rebus: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) khaṛ m. ʻ grass, weeds ʼ (Sindhi): khaṭa m., khaḍa -- m.n. ʻ thatching grass ʼ lex. [Cf. kaṭa -- 2, khēṭa -- 4 n. ʻ grass ʼ lex.: ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 368] Pk. khaḍa -- n. ʻ grass ʼ; K. khoru m. ʻ a round -- leaved swamp plant used for fodder, Limnanthemum nymphoides ʼ; L. khaṛ ʻ a tall grass used for fodder ʼ; P. khaṛ m. ʻ straw ʼ; Ku. khaṛ ʻ thatching grass ʼ, N. khar; A.khari ʻ fuel ʼ, kharikā ʻ the stiff part of thatching grass ʼ; B. khaṛ ʻ straw, grass ʼ, khaṛuyā ʻ thatched with straw ʼ; Or. khaṛā ʻ a kind of spinach ʼ; Bi. khar ʻ thatching grass ʼ; Mth. khaṛ, khaṛh ʻ grass, esp. long thatching grass ʼ, khaṛahī ʻ long stiff grass for thatching ʼ; H. khaṛ m. ʻ ricestalk, rice straw ʼ, khaṛh, khar f. ʻ grass, straw, long grass for thatching ʼ; G. khaṛ n. ʻ grass, weeds ʼ; M. khaḍ f. ʻ short tender grass, fodder (grass, grain, oilcake, &c.) ʼ; -- poss. therefore also S. khaṛu m. f. ʻ dregs of mustard seed after the oil is pressed out, oilcake ʼ if not < khalī -- for which there is no other evidence of earlier -- ḍ -- .khaṭakkikā -- ? Addenda: khaṭa -- : S.kcch. khaṛ m. ʻ grass, weeds ʼ; WPah.kṭg. khɔ́̄ṛ m., poet. khɔṛu m. ʻ grass, straw, grass for fodder ʼ, J. khauṛ m.(CDIAL 3769) cf. karba 'culm of millet' (Punjabi) rebus: karba 'iron'. When signified as a flagpost to hold aloft a one-horned young bull, the metallurgical association is expressed: kundār 'young bull' rebus; kundaṇa 'fine gold' Alternative: कोल्ही (p. 105) kōlhī f A variety of जोंधळा. Its corn is hidden in the ear. जोंधळा (p. 187) jōndhaḷā m A cereal plant or its grain, Holcus sorghum. Eight varieties are reckoned, viz. उता- वळी, निळवा, शाळू, रातडी, पिवळा जोंधळा, खुंडी, काळबोंडी जोंधळा, दूध मोगरा. There are however many others as केळी, अरगडी, डुकरी, बेंदरी, मडगूप &c. The 'culm of millet' orthography may also relate to a variety of holcus sorghum. Rebus: kolhe 'smelter'. A number of lute or harp string instruments are attested in Bronze Age. Typically, the categories are: kora, domra, yār̤. Many conjectures have been made on the spread in Eurasia, of these categories of string musical instruments. On the Standard of Ur, a harp is shown in association with an onager. Hence, a hypothesis is that the onager called khara 'onager' was read rebus -- by the artists who composed the Standard of Ur -- as kora 'harp' (iconography and khār 'blacksmith' (Indus Script hypertext). Onager shown on Standard of Ur (2600 BCE) is also shown on Indus Script inscriptions. An example is the seal from Mohenjo-daro (m290)(ca. 2500 BCE) which is a documentation of metalwork wealth by smelters' guild. Othmar Keel (2009) "Othmar Keel's scientific work exploring the links between the imagery of the Ancient Near East and the Bible and the religious history of Palestine / Israel...In his biblical studies, he has shown how the pictorial symbolism of ancient oriental cultures can serve as a key to the understanding of Old Testament texts (eg, High Song , Gospel in the Book of Job , YHWH Visions in the Books of Isaiah , Ezekiel and Zechariah )." https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othmar_Keel See: Brent A. Strawn & Joel M.LeMon,2007, ‘Everything that has breath’: animal praise in Psalm 150:6 in the light of ancient Near Eastern iconography, in: Images as Sources: Studies on ancient Near Eastern artefacts and the Bible inspired by the work of Othmar Keel. Edited by: Bickel, Susanne; Schroer, Silvia; Schurte, René; Uehlinger, Christoph (2007). Fribourg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Academic Press / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht, pp. 451-485) http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/141092/1/Bickel_Schroer_Schurte_Uehlinger_2007_Images_as_Sources.pdf) The following image sources from Plates XXXIII and XXXIV are cited by Brent A. Strawn & Joel M LeMon, following the iconographic analytical method given academic respectability by the work of Othmar Keel. Plate XXXIII Plate XXXIV. Fig. 1 Plate XXXIV Fig. 2 The Plate XXXIV. Fig. 2 is presented in colour: Ur lyre. The association of 'harp' with a one-horned young bull is seen on this frieze from Ur. kundār ‘young bull' rebus: kundār ‘turner’ kundaṇa 'fine gold'; kora 'harp' rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith'. Brent A. Strawn & Joel M LeMon, opcit. analyse the following pictorials for the symbolism signified. On Figures 14, 15, and 16, onagers are signified as harp-players, performing in presence of a lion. The Indus Script hypertext readings: arye 'lion' rebus: ara 'brass' khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' A phonetic determinative: kora 'harp'. On Figure 13 noted by Brent A. Strawn & Joel M. LeMon, an onager as harp-player is signified by a one-horned young bull in the presence of a jackal. कोला (p. 105) kōlā m (Commonly कोल्हा) A jackal. For compounds see under कोल्हे. कोल्हा (p. 105) kōlhā m A jackal, Canis aureus. Linn. कोल्ही (p. 105) kōlhī A she-jackal.कोल्हें (p. 105) kōlhēṃ n A jackal. Without reference to sex. Pr. अडलें कोल्हें मंगळ गाय Even the yelling jackal can sing pleasantly when he is in distress. कोल्हें लागलें Applied to a practical joke. कोल्हेभूंक (p. 105) kōlhēbhūṅka or -भोंक f (कोल्हा & भुंकणें To bark.) The yelling of jackals. 2 Early dawn; peep of day. rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'. In the bottom register, a scorpion-man is shown. bici 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. Thus, the symbolic ensemble is a documentation of metalwork in Indus Script Cipher. Inlay panel from the soundbox of lyre.from Ur, c. 2600 B.C.E Gold, lapis lazuli, shell and bitumen tambura 'lyre' Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' Alternative: khara 'onager', kora 'harp' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' barad, barat 'bull' Rebus: bharata, baran 'alloy of copper, pewter, tin' kola 'tiger, jackal' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'hematite, ferrite ore'. See: Art historians' dilemma and Occam's razor : not to treat Indus Script, Luristan bronze hieroglyphs as divine mastery over animals http://tinyurl.com/nw56f5j West African stringed instrument with 21 strings. The kora is a 21-string lute-bridge-harp used extensively in West Africa...Kora players have traditionally come from griot families (also from the Mandinka nationalities) who are traditional historians, genealogists and storytellers who pass their skills on to their descendants.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_(instrument) Master kora-maker Alieu Suso of the Gambia Ta. yāḷi, āḷi a lion; a mythological lion-faced animal with elephantine proboscis and tusks. Ma. yār̤i lion; panther; āḷi a fabulous animal.(DEDR 5158) யா-த்தல் yā- To tell, utter; சொல்லுதல். சூத் திரத்தியல்பென யாத்தனர் புலவர் (தொல். பொ. 655).யாழ் yāḻ , n. perh. யா-. Stringed musical instruments, of which there are four kinds, viz., pēri-yāḻ, cakōṭa-yāḻ, makara- yāḻ, ceṅkōṭṭi-yāḻ; பேரியாழ், சகோடயாழ், மகர யாழ், செங்கோட்டியாழ் என்ற நால்வகை வீணைக் கருவி. (சிலப். 3, 26.) (பிங்.) (Mus.) Melody-type; பண். (இறை. 1, உரை.) யாழ்ப்பாணர் yāḻ-p-pāṇar , n. < யாழ் +. An ancient caste of lute-players; யாழ்வாசினை யில் வல்ல பாணர்வகையார். (பு. வெ. 9, 19, கொளு.) Samudragupta, gold dinar, c. 335-375 CE Weight: 7.85 gm, Diameter: 20 mm. King seated left on a couch, playing the vina circular Brāhmī legend around / Lakshmi seated left on a stool, holding a cornucopia and diadem, Brāhmī legend at right: Samudraguptah The Lyrist type of Samudragupta is also a very beautiful and unique design. On this coin, the king is shown seated at ease on a high-backed couch, playing a string instrument like a simple lyre or lute. The fact that the king wanted to publicize an image of himself as a musician is remarkable and a window into the value system of the Gupta state. Samudragupta is known to have been a great patron of the arts and was indeed an accomplished musician and poet.

baḍaga, varāha is venerated, worshipped as Veda puruṣa, yajñapuruṣa. On this Khajuraho monument, the caṣāla , ‘snout’ is sigified by the sacred Pratimā of Sarasvatī, embodiment of knowledge system. Circular working platforms: pavements:*prastarapaṭṭa ʻ stone slab ʼ. [prastará -- , paṭṭa -- 1]Ku. pathrauṭī f. ʻ pavement of slates and stones ʼ.(CDIAL 8858) prastará m. ʻ anything strewn, grass to sit on ʼ RV., ʻ flat surface ʼ Mn., ʻ (v.l. prastāra -- ) plain ʼ Hariv., ʻ rock, stone ʼ Hit. [√str̥]K. pathur, °thuru (dat. °tharas, °tharis) m. ʻ levelled area, bare floor ʼ, pathürü f. ʻ level piece of ground, plateau, small village ʼ; S. patharu m. ʻ rug, mat ʼ; Or. athuripathuri ʻ bag and baggage ʼ; Bi. pāthar ʻ outside of edge of felly when flat (not bevelled), sowing wide apart ʼ; G. pāthrɔ m. ʻ cut grass lying in a field ʼ; M. pāthrā m. ʻ a line (of plants &c.) set out to dry ʼ; Si. patara ʻ anything that spreads itself ʼ (or < prastāra -- ); -- Pa. Pk. patthara -- m. ʻ stone ʼ, S. patharu m., L. (Ju.) pathar m., khet. patthar, P. patthar m. (→ forms of Bi. Mth. Bhoj. H. G. below with atth or ath), WPah.jaun. pātthar; Ku. pāthar m. ʻ slates, stones ʼ, gng. pāth*lr ʻ flat stone ʼ; A. B. pāthar ʻ stone ʼ, Or. pathara; Bi. pāthar, patthar, patthal ʻ hailstone ʼ; Mth. pāthar, pathal ʻ stone ʼ, Bhoj. pathal, Aw.lakh. pāthar, H. pāthar, patthar, pathar, patthal m., G. patthar, pathrɔ m.; M. pāthar f. ʻ flat stone ʼ; Ko. phāttaru ʻ stone ʼ; Si. patura ʻ chip, fragment ʼ; -- S. pathirī f. ʻ stone in the bladder ʼ; P. pathrī f. ʻ small stone ʼ; Ku. patharī ʻ stone cup ʼ; B. pāthri ʻ stone in the bladder, tartar on teeth ʼ; Or. pathurī ʻ stoneware ʼ; H. patthrī f. ʻ grit ʼ, G. pathrī f.*prastarapaṭṭa -- , *prastaramr̥ttikā -- , *prastarāsa -- .Addenda: prastará -- : WPah.kṭg. pátthər m. ʻ stone, rock ʼ; pəthreuṇõ ʻ to stone ʼ; J. pāthar m. ʻ stone ʼ; OMarw. pātharī ʻ precious stone ʼ.(CDIAL 8857) Feeding trough in front of cattle (even wild animals) Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe (as on a temple wall), piebald colour, dapple. Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Koḍ. paṭṭe striped or spotted (as tiger or leopard); paṭṭati n.pr. of dappled cow. Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paḍita stripe, streak, wale.(DEDR 3877) Ta. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., wooden trough for feeding animals. Ka. pāti basin for water round the foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree(DEDR 4079) Rebus 1: pāṭaṇ maritime town, port: పట్ర paṭra paṭra. [Tel.] n. A village, a hamlet. పల్లెపట్ర villages and hamlets. H. iv. 108. paṭṭana n. ʻ town ʼ Kauṭ., °nī -- f. lex. 2. páttana -- n. MBh. [Prob. ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 383 and EWA ii 192 with ṭṭ replaced by IA. tt. But its specific meaning as ʻ ferry ʼ in S. L. P. B. H. does lend support to its derivation by R. A. Hall in Language 12, 133 from *partana -- (√pr̥ ~ Lat. portus, &c.). Poss. MIA. pattana -- , paṭṭana -- ʻ *ferry ʼ has collided with Drav. loanword for ʻ town ʼ] 1. Pa. paṭṭana -- n. ʻ city ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ a kind of village ʼ; Pk. paṭṭaṇa -- n. ʻ city ʼ; K. paṭan m. ʻ quarter of a town, name of a village 14 miles NW of Śrinagar ʼ; N. pāṭan ʻ name of a town in the Nepal Valley ʼ; B. pāṭan ʻ town, market ʼ; Or. pā̆ṭaṇā, °anā ʻ town, village, hamlet on outskirts of a big village ʼ; Bi. paṭnā ʻ name of a town ʼ; H. pāṭan m. ʻ town ʼ, G. pāṭaṇ n.; M. pāṭaṇ ʻ name of a town ʼ; Si. paṭuna ʻ town ʼ. -- Pa. paṭṭana -- n. ʻ harbour, port ʼ, Pk. paṭṭaṇa -- n.; H. paṭnī, pā̆ṭaunī, pāṭūnī m. ʻ ferryman ʼ; Si. paṭuna ʻ harbour, seaport ʼ.2. Pk. pattaṇa -- n. ʻ town ʼ, Si. patana. -- S. pataṇu m. ʻ ferry ʼ (whence pātaṇī m. ʻ ferryman ʼ, f. ʻ ferry boat ʼ); L. pattan, (Ju.) pataṇ m. ʻ ferry ʼ; P. pattaṇ ʻ ferry, landing -- place ʼ, pattaṇī, °tuṇī m. ʻ ferryman, one who lives near a ferry ʼ; B. pātanī ʻ ferryman ʼ.(CDIAL 7705) Chanhudaro seal . Tail of composite animal seals Cobra hood. m0492 seal. The classifier is the cobra hood hieroglyph/hypertext: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers. Text on obverse of the tablet m453A: Text 1629. m453BC Seated in penance, the person is flanked on either side by a kneeling adorant, offering a pot and a hooded serpent rearing up. See: All Indus Script hypertexts with phaḍā 'serpent hood' signify metals manufactory public officers https://tinyurl.com/y7a26nhe Hieroglyph: फडा phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. फडी phaḍī f (Dim. of फडा) The expanded hood of Coluber Nága &c. फडी फिंदारणें To expand its hood--the नाग. phaṭa n. ʻ expanded hood of snake ʼ MBh. 2. *phēṭṭa -- 2. [Cf. phuṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphuṭa -- m. lex., °ṭā -- f. Pañcat. (Pk. phuḍā -- f.), sphaṭa -- m., °ṭā -- f., sphōṭā -- f. lex. and phaṇa -- 1. Conn. words in Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xii 386]1. Pk. phaḍa -- m.n. ʻ snake's hood ʼ, °ḍā -- f., M. phaḍā m., °ḍī f.2. A. pheṭ, phẽṭ.(CDIAL 9040) phaṇa1 m. ʻ expanded hood of snake (esp. of cobra) ʼ MBh.(CDIAL 9042) फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers. फडपूस (p. 313) phaḍapūsa f (फड & पुसणें) Public or open inquiry. फडफरमाश or स (p. 313) phaḍapharamāśa or sa f ( H & P) Fruit, vegetables &c. furnished on occasions to Rajas and public officers, on the authority of their order upon the villages; any petty article or trifling work exacted from the Ryots by Government or a public officer. Rebus 2: metals manufactory, retail shop, artificer's workshop: फड्या phaḍyā m ( H) One who sells (grain &c.) in small quantities, a retail-dealer. फडनीस फडनिविशी or सी phaḍaniviśī or sī & फडनिवीस Commonly फड- निशी & फडनीस. phaḍanīsa m ( H) A public officer,--the keeper of the registers &c. By him were issued all grants, commissions, and orders; and to him were rendered all accounts from the other departments. He answers to Deputy auditor and accountant. Formerly the head Kárkún of a district-cutcherry who had charge of the accounts &c. was called फडनीस. फडझडती phaḍajhaḍatī f sometimes फडझाडणी f A clearing off of public business (of any business comprehended under the word फड q. v.): also clearing examination of any फड or place of public business. 2 fig. Scolding vehemently; paying off. v काढ, घे g. of o. 3 Search of or inquiry at the several फड q.v.; taking the accounts of the several फड (as to arrivals of goods, sales, rates &c.) फडकरी phaḍakarī m A man belonging to a company or band (of players, showmen &c.) 2 A superintendent or master of a फड or public place. See under फड. 3 A retail-dealer (esp. in grain). फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room: also, in an ill-sense, as खेळण्या- चा फड A gambling-house, नाचण्याचा फड A nachhouse, गाण्याचा or ख्यालीखुशालीचा फड A singingshop or merriment shop. The word expresses freely Gymnasium or arena, circus, club-room, debating-room, house or room or stand for idlers, newsmongers, gossips, scamps &c. 2 The spot to which field-produce is brought, that the crop may be ascertained and the tax fixed; the depot at which the Government-revenue in kind is delivered; a place in general where goods in quantity are exposed for inspection or sale. 3 Any office or place of extensive business or work,--as a factory, manufactory, arsenal, dock-yard, printing-office &c. 4 A plantation or field (as of ऊस, वांग्या, मिरच्या, खरबुजे &c.): also a standing crop of such produce. 5 fig. Full and vigorous operation or proceeding, the going on with high animation and bustle (of business in general). v चाल, पड, घाल, मांड. 6 A company, a troop, a band or set (as of actors, showmen, dancers &c.) 7 The stand of a great gun. फड पडणें g. of s. To be in full and active operation. 2 To come under brisk discussion. फड मारणें- राखणें-संभाळणें To save appearances, फड मारणें or संपादणें To cut a dash; to make a display (upon an occasion). फडाच्या मापानें With full tale; in flowing measure. फडास येणें To come before the public; to come under general discussion. పట్టెడ A small anvil. దాగలి. Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop. Cf. 86 Ta. aṭai (DEDR 3865) பட்டடை¹ paṭṭaṭai , n. prob. படு¹- + அடை¹-. 1. [T. paṭṭika, K. paṭṭaḍe.] Anvil; அடைகல். (பிங்.) சீரிடங்காணி னெறிதற்குப் பட்ட டை (குறள், 821). 2. [K. paṭṭaḍi.] Smithy, forge; கொல்லன் களரி. 3. Stock, heap, pile, as of straw, firewood or timber; குவியல். (W.)பட்டறை¹ paṭṭaṟai , n. < பட்டடை¹. 1. See பட்டடை, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14. 2. Machine; யந்திரம். 3. Rice-hulling machine; நெல்லுக் குத்தும் யந்திரம். Mod. 4. Factory; தொழிற்சாலை. Mod. 5. Beam of a house; வீட்டின் உத்திரம். 6. Wall of the required height from the flooring of a house; வீட்டின் தளத்திலிருந்து எழுப்ப வேண்டும் அளவில் எழுப்பிய சுவர். வீடுகளுக்குப் பட்டறை மட்டம் ஒன்பதடி உயரத்துக்குக் குறை யாமல் (சர்வா. சிற். 48).பட்டறை² paṭṭaṟai, n. < K. paṭṭale. 1. Community; சனக்கூட்டம். 2. Guild, as of workmen; தொழிலாளர் சமுதாயம்.கடைச்சற்காரன் kaṭaiccaṟ-kāraṉ, n. < id. +. Turner; கடைசல்வேலைசெய்வோன். (W.)கடைச்சற்பட்டை kaṭaiccaṟ-paṭṭai, n. < id. +. Turner's lathe; கடைச்சலுளியின் சுற் றுக்கட்டை. (C.E.M.)கடைசற்பட்டரை kaṭaicaṟ-paṭṭarai, n. < id. +. Turner's shop; கடைசல்வேலைசெய்யுஞ் சாலை. Loc.கொல்லன்பட்டரை kollaṉ-paṭṭarai, n. < id. +. Blacksmith's workshop, smithy; கொல்லன் உலைக்கூடம்.