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Review
. 2023 May 17;11(5):1308.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051308.

Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Matthew T J Halma  1 , Christof Plothe  2 , Paul Marik  3 , Theresa A Lawrie  1
Affiliations
Review

Strategies for the Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology

Matthew T J Halma et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, COVID-19 vaccine injury and long COVID-19, both of which can trace at least part of their aetiology to the spike protein, which can cause harm through several mechanisms. One significant mechanism of harm is vascular, and it is mediated by the spike protein, a common element of the COVID-19 illness, and it is related to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Given the significant number of people experiencing these two related conditions, it is imperative to develop treatment protocols, as well as to consider the diversity of people experiencing long COVID-19 and vaccine injury. This review summarizes the known treatment options for long COVID-19 and vaccine injury, their mechanisms, and their evidentiary basis.

Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine injury; autophagy; inflammation; long COVID; repurposed medication; spike protein; thrombosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

M.T.J.H., C.P., and T.A.L. are on the Health and Science Committee of the World Council for Health, a people-centered initiative of the not-for-profit Community Interest Company (CIC) EbMCsquared, for advancing holistic health.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The process of spike protein cleavage into S1 and S2 subunits and subsequent binding of the S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) to the angiotension converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor on host cells. Each of the different subprocesses present opportunities for interference in spike binding to ACE2, as well as a potential means of treating spike protein related pathology.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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