{"id":419,"date":"2017-04-14T21:53:51","date_gmt":"2017-04-14T21:53:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.runningunraveled.com\/?p=419"},"modified":"2017-08-11T17:51:04","modified_gmt":"2017-08-12T00:51:04","slug":"unlv-research-study-2016-validation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/unlv-research-study-2016-validation\/","title":{"rendered":"UNLV Research Study &#8212; Validation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>UNLV\/RunScribe Study \u2014 Summer 2016<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Purpose<\/strong>:<br \/>\nThe primary purpose of the project was to compare RunScribe metrics with high speed video and motion capture data measurements over an expanded range of running speeds and fitness levels. A secondary purpose was to investigate possible relationships between RunScribe metrics and running economy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methods:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Subjects<\/strong><br \/>\nSubjects: 23 runners. The runners represent a wide range of running performance and include a mixture of UNLV athletes, student recreational runners, and runners from the local triathlete and running community. The time commitment for the runner was approximately 1.5 hours (one day test) to complete the study.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instruments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Equipment included an instrumented force treadmill (Bertec FIT), portable metabolic system (Cosmed K4b2), a 10-camera motion capture system (Vicon), and 4 RunScribe sensors. Kinetic and kinematic post processing was conducted using custom laboratory software (Visual3D and Matlab).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Procedures<br \/>\n<\/strong>Subjects were included in the study if they were currently running at least 10 km per week and had run at least a 5 km race in the past 6 months. Upon arrival, subjects completed a short running history survey and university approved informed consent form. Following completion of documentation, subjects were instructed to complete a 5-minute warm-up on the treadmill, serving as a warm-up and treadmill familiarization period. At the end of the 5-min warm-up period, subjects were asked to choose their preferred running speed (PRS) that would be representative of a 30 minute run on the treadmill. This speed was blind to the subject and were the average of 3 trials. Subjects were instrumented with a lower extremity cluster marker set(for the motion capture system), 4-RunScribe sensors and portable metabolic system. Subjects performed 3 speed conditions on the treadmill, with all systems collecting simultaneously. The three treadmill running speed conditions were PRS, plus 2 additional speeds as a function of their LT (Lactate Threshold) pace (90% &amp; 80%). Conditions lasted upwards of 10 minutes per condition. Once the subject achieves steady state running, they ran for 5 more minutes. Motion capture occurred in 15 sec windows. The order of speed conditions was randomized across subjects.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deliverables:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subject demographics<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3D kinematic variables<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COM motion<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stance time<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stride angle data (from projectile motion)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kinetic variables\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Absorption\/propulsion ratio<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Running economy<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LT pace<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submax VO2 measurement at each speed condition<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RunScribe<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per-FootStep metrics synced to other data collection times.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Raw (200Hz) sensor data for each step.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Results:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this blog entry, we focus on the comparison between the laboratory gold standards of High Speed Video and <a href=\"http:\/\/runscribex.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/runscribe_P34C2.mov\">Motion Capture<\/a>, as they compare to metrics captured by RunScribe.<\/p>\n<p>Here we see select frames captured by the high speed (128Hz) video system which have been manually digitised for the various gait events (foot-strike, foot-flat, and toe-off).<\/p>\n[table id=2 \/]\n<p><strong>Ground Contact Time &#8211; High Speed Video vs Motion Capture<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-421 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/runscribex.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/HSV-MOCAP-GCT.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1423\" height=\"690\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ground contact time during running is defined as the time elapsed between initial ground contact and toe off. The gold standard in measuring ground contact time during running is high speed video, where heel strike and toe off are manually digitized to find the time elapsed. This system is limited for reasons including the time consuming process of manual digitization, as well as the restriction to recording on a treadmill or limited number of steps in the field. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this plot, we compare the results of the high speed video digitization with the Vicon (10-camera) motion capture system. The solid line depicts a 1.0 correlation, with the two dashed lines showing +\/- 25 ms &#8216;error bars&#8217;. The left and right side correlations (0.76 and 0.74 respectively) show strong (but not perfect) correlation, thus highlighting the variance in even the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; systems of measurement.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ground Contact Time &#8211; RunScribe vs High Speed Video<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-422 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/runscribex.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-HSV-GCT.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1423\" height=\"690\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Here we see the RunScribe correlation in all 4 mounting locations (Left-Heel, Left-Laces, Right-Heel, Right-Laces) compared with the same High Speed Video data, with all configurations showing over 0.9 (very strong) correlation. Again, the solid line depicting a 1:1 correlation, and the dashed lines showing +\/- 25 ms &#8216;error bars&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pronation Excursion &#8211; RunScribe vs Motion Capture<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/runscribex.wpengine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1423\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP.png 1423w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-1024x497.png 1024w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-100x48.png 100w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-816x396.png 816w, https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/RS-MOCAP-ProFSMP-1184x574.png 1184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1423px) 100vw, 1423px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Here we compare the RunScribe Pronation FSMP metric with the Pronation measurements of the Motion Capture System, capturing data in all 4 mounting locations (Left-Heel, Left-Laces, Right-Heel, Right-Laces) Again, the solid line depicting a 1:1 correlation, and in this case the dashed lines showing +\/- 2.5 deg &#8216;error bars&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both contact time and pronation excursion measured by RunScribe showed very good overall agreement to the gold standards of high speed video and motion capture. Correlation coefficients between both systems was high for all speeds measured, and i<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n both mounting locations (All ICC &gt; .75 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&lt;0.01). Accuracy was not statistically dependent on foot or mounting location.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible limitations of this study include human error in manual digitization of footstrike and toe off, as these events can be difficult to pinpoint in a single frame, and the inaccuracies of automatic detection of these same gait events in the motion capture system (Vicon). Many gait labs use the automatic detection algorithm that come with their motion capture systems as the gold standard because of the very large time commitment to manual digitization. However, in recent years the use of auto detection of running and walking gait events has come under scrutiny because of the high variability in the results.\u00a0 In this study we assumed that the manually digitized data was the best representation of footstrike, foot flat, and toe off for all subjects.\u00a0 The auto detected gait events from the motion capture system correlated fairly well with the manually digitized data but not quite as well as the RunScribe data.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RunScribe was found to be a reliable and sensitive tool for detecting small differences in both contact time and pronation during treadmill running and can, by extension, allow for valid measurements of running in the field.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Maykut, Jennifer N. et al. \u201cConcurrent validity and reliability of 2D kinematic analysis of frontal plan motion during running.\u201d <i>International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy<\/i> 10.2 (2015): 136\u2013146.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cuesta-Vargas A. The use of inertial sensors system for human motion analysis. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical Therapy Reviews<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2010;15(6):462-473. doi: 10.1179\/1743288X11Y.0000000006.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Fong DT, Chan Y. The use of wearable inertial motion sensors in human lower limb biomechanics studies: A systematic review. <i>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)<\/i>. 2010;10(12):11556-11565. doi: 10.3390\/s101211556.<\/li>\n<li>Purcell B, Channells J, James D, Barrett R. Use of accelerometers for detecting foot- ground contact time during running. . 2005:603615-603615-8.<\/li>\n<li>Boutaayamou M, Schwartz C, Stamatakis J, et al. Development and validation of an accelerometer-based method for quantifying gait events. <i>Med Eng Phys<\/i>. 2015;37(2):226-232.<\/li>\n<li>Sinclair J, Hobbs SJ, Protheroe L, Edmundson CJ, Greenhalgh A. Determination of gait events using an externally mounted shank accelerometer. <i>Journal of applied biomechanics<\/i>. 2013;29(1):118-122.<\/li>\n<li>Pearson correlation coefficient. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearson_correlation_coefficient<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>UNLV\/RunScribe Study \u2014 Summer 2016 Purpose: The primary purpose of the project was to compare RunScribe metrics with high speed video and motion capture data measurements over an expanded range of running speeds and fitness levels. A secondary purpose was to investigate possible relationships between RunScribe metrics and running economy. Methods: Subjects Subjects: 23 runners. The runners represent a wide &#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/unlv-research-study-2016-validation\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[35],"tags":[23,24,33],"yst_prominent_words":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/419"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=419"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/419\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=419"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=419"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/runscribe.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}