Simple AFP Forensics using Access Logs

Mac OS X Server’s AFP server access logs aren’t the greatest (no full paths is a glaring omission), but if you have them enabled, they can be useful for finding who deleted a file or folder for example.

If the item’s name starts with “Important File”, this command gives us the ip address of the client that deleted the item :
file_server:~ root# grep -i "Delete Important File*" /Library/Logs/AppleFileService/AppleFileServiceAccess.log
IP 10.1.21.6 - - [08/Jul/2008:14:26:14 -0500] "Delete Important File 2009.xls" 0 0 0

Then we pass the ip address into this command to give us the login of the user:
file_server:~ root# grep 10.1.21.6 /Library/Logs/AppleFileService/AppleFileServiceAccess.log | grep Login
IP 10.1.21.6 - - [08/Jul/2008:09:05:43 -0500] "Login mpickens" 0 0 0

Finally we can use dscl to lookup the full name the user:
file_server:~ root# dscl localhost read /Search/Users/mpickens RealName
RealName: Pickens, Mary Ellen

Older logs are available too in zipped form. Use gunzip -c to read the contents.
file_server:~ root# gunzip -c '/Library/Logs/AppleFileService/AppleFileServiceAccess.log 12.11.07.gz' | grep Login | grep mpickens
IP 10.1.21.143 - - [14/Dec/2007:19:12:38 -0500] "Login mpickens" 0 0 0
IP 10.1.21.143 - - [14/Dec/2007:19:24:32 -0500] "Login mpickens" 0 0 0
IP 10.1.21.143 - - [17/Dec/2007:09:21:38 -0500] "Login mpickens" 0 0 0
IP 10.1.21.143 - - [17/Dec/2007:10:37:49 -0500] "Login mpickens" 0 0 0
...

dockutil 1.0 released

As a Mac sysadmin, I’ve had the need to manipulate the dock on hundreds of systems at a time.

I used to cobble together terrible shell scripts to do the job, but now thanks to plistlib and python, plist manipulation is really easy. I am releasing this utility free under the Apache 2.0 license. Hopefully some other sysadmins will find it useful.

dockutil is a command line utility for managing Mac OS X dock items.
It can add, replace, list, move, find, and delete dock items. It supports Applications, Folders, Stacks, and URLs. It can act on a specific dock plist or every dock plist in a folder of home directories.
It is compatible with Mac OS X Tiger and Leopard.

Download dockutil here.

Here is the usage information:

usage: dockutil -h
usage: dockutil --add (path to item) | (url) [--label (label)] [ folder_options ] [ position_options ] [ plist_location_specification ]
usage: dockutil --remove (dock item label) [ plist_location_specification ]
usage: dockutil --move (dock item label) position_options [ plist_location_specification ]
usage: dockutil --find (dock item label) [ plist_location_specification ]
usage: dockutil --list [ plist_location_specification ]

position_options:
--replacing (dock item label name) replaces the item with the given dock label or adds the item to the end if item to replace is not found
--position [ index_number | beginning | end | middle ] inserts the item at a fixed position: can be an position by index number or keyword
--after (dock item label name) inserts the item immediately after the given dock label or at the end if the item is not found
--before (dock item label name) inserts the item immediately before the given dock label or at the end if the item is not found
--section [ apps | others ] specifies whether the item should be added to the apps or others section

plist_location_specifications:
(path to a specific plist) default is the dock plist for current user
(path to a home directory)
--allhomes attempts to locate all home directories and perform the operation on each of them
--homeloc overrides the default /Users location for home directories

folder_options:
--view [grid|fan|list|automatic] stack view option
--display [folder|stack] how to display a folder's icon
--sort [name|dateadded|datemodified|datecreated|kind] sets sorting option for a folder view

Examples:
The following adds TextEdit.app to the end of the current user's dock:
dockutil --add /Applications/TextEdit.app

The following replaces Time Machine with TextEdit.app in the current user's dock:
dockutil --add /Applications/TextEdit.app --replacing 'Time Machine'

The following adds TextEdit.app after the item Time Machine in every user's dock on that machine:
dockutil --add /Applications/TextEdit.app --after 'Time Machine' --allhomes

The following adds ~/Downloads as a grid stack displayed as a folder for every user's dock on that machine:
dockutil --add '~/Downloads' --view grid --display folder --allhomes

The following adds a url dock item after the Downloads dock item for every user's dock on that machine:
dockutil --add vnc://miniserver.local --label 'Mini VNC' --after Downloads --allhomes

The following removes System Preferences from every user's dock on that machine:
dockutil --remove 'System Preferences' --allhomes

The following moves System Preferences to the second slot on every user's dock on that machine:
dockutil --move 'System Preferences' --position 2 --allhomes

The following finds any instance of iTunes in the specified home directory's dock:
dockutil --find iTunes /Users/jsmith

The following lists all dock items for all home directories at homeloc in the form: item(tab)path(tab)(section)tab(plist)
dockutil --list --homeloc /Volumes/RAID/Homes --allhomes

Notes:
When specifying a relative path like ~/Documents with the --allhomes option, ~/Documents must be quoted like '~/Documents' to get the item relative to each home

Bugs:
Names containing special characters like accent marks will fail

Contact:
Send bug reports and comments to kcrwfrd at gmail.

Shell Injection with AppleScript’s do shell script

AppleScript’s do shell script capability is immensely useful, but if you are sending variable data to do shell script, always validate input and use quoted form of variableName. See the following example:

set dialogResult to (display dialog "Enter a directory name to pass to ls:" default answer ";say boo" buttons {"Cancel", "Quoted Form", "Raw"})

if button returned of dialogResult is "Quoted Form" then
try
set theCommand to "ls ~/" & quoted form of text returned of dialogResult
display dialog "Will execute:" & return & theCommand & return & "Proceed?"
do shell script theCommand
end try
else
try
set theCommand to "ls ~/" & text returned of dialogResult
display dialog "Will execute:" & return & theCommand & return & "Proceed?"
do shell script theCommand
end try
end if

Note you’ll have to fix the quotes to standard double quotes to get this to compile. I couldn’t get wordpress to cooperate.

Unix Environment Variable Scope/Security

I recently encountered a command line tool which exposed passwords in the process listing.

The command would also also accept a password as an environment variable. I was concerned with the security of storing a password in an environment variable.

This article at itworld.com does a nice job explaining environment variable scope.

Environment variables are only accessible in the shell in which they are set.

If you export the variable, it is accessible to any subshell of the shell in which it is exported. Simply logging in as another user on the system or even the same user does not allow access to the exported variable.

So, until someone corrects me, I believe that setting and exporting environment variables containing passwords in a script does protect the password from exposure. As soon as the command requiring the password has completed, the variable can be reset to an empty string to prevent any further access to the password.

Play mp3 from python on Mac

This site has a few nice little PyObjC samples.
One of them shows how to play a sound using AppKit’s NSSound. This is exactly what I was trying to do today.

And since PyObjC is built-in in 10.5, no addtional software is required.

Python is already batteries included, with PyObjC, you’ve got batteries galore.

ipython output:

In [1]: from AppKit import NSSound
In [2]: sound = NSSound.alloc()
In [3]: sound.initWithContentsOfFile_byReference_('/System/Library/CoreServices/Setup Assistant.app/Contents/Resources/TransitionSection.bundle/Contents/Resources/intro-sound.mp3', True)
Out[3]:
In [4]: sound.play()
Out[4]: True
In [5]: sound.stop()
Out[5]: True

No creation dates from stat

I was surprised to learn that creation dates are not included in stat output. I really thought stat would include something so basic. You get time of last access, time of last data modification, and time of last file status change, but creation date isn’t in there.

On the Mac, this info is stored in the resource fork. You can get it from the command line using GetFileInfo which is installed when you install Apple’s free Developer Tools.

/Developer/Tools/GetFileInfo -d path/to/file

In Applescript you can use info for:

creation date of (info for (choose file))

convert lines to comma separated items with tr

If you have output that is separated by new lines, but you really want it formatted into a single line with commas as separators or maybe a space as a separator, just pipe to tr.

Here is a simple example:

kserver:~ patternbuffer$ diskutil list | grep ^/dev
/dev/disk0
/dev/disk1

If we want them separated by spaces, we could do:

kserver:~ patternbuffer$ diskutil list | grep ^/dev | tr '\n' ' '
/dev/disk0 /dev/disk1

Note that there is a newline on the end of the output, so that trailing newline is also translated. So if you don’t want it there, you’ll have to chomp it off. I use sed, but use what you like.

Here is the same as above, but with commas, with sed to remove the trailing comma.

kserver:~ patternbuffer$ diskutil list | grep ^/dev | tr '\n' ',' | sed 's/.$//'
/dev/disk0,/dev/disk1

Daemons and Agents Tech Note Updated for Leopard

There are TONS of changes to the way daemons and agents are handled in Leopard.  This new Apple technical note explains a lot.  If you are having trouble running a GUI app from a script or at startup in Leopard, this is required reading. http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2005/tn2083.html  Thanks Quinn “The Eskimo!”