1 FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER 1
    1.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum; Elementary Properties of Radiation 1
    1.2 Radiative Flux 2
        Macroscopic Description of the Propagation of Radiation 2
        Flux from an Isotropic Source-The Inverse Square Law 2
    1.3 The Specific Intensity and Its Moments 3
        Definition of Specific Intensity or Brightness 3
        Net Flux and Momentum Flux 4
        Radiative Energy Density 5
        Radiation Pressure in an Enclosure Containing an Isotropic Radiation Field 6
        Constancy of Specific Zntensiw Along Rays in Free Space 7
        Proof of the Inverse Square Law for a Uniformly Bright Sphere 7
    1.4 Radiative Transfer 8
        Emission 9
        Absorption 9
        The Radiative Transfer Equation 11
        Optical Depth and Source Function 12
        Mean Free Path 14
        Radiation Force 15
    1.5 Thermal Radiation 15
        Blackbody Radiation 15
        Kirchhof's Law for Thermal Emission 16
        Thermodynamics of Blackbody Radiation 17
        The Planck Spectrum 20
        Properties of the Planck Law 23
        Characteristic Temperatures Related to Planck Spectrum 25
    1.6 The Einstein Coefficients 27
        Definition of Coefficients 27
        Relations between Einstein Coefficients 29
        Absorption and Emission Coefficients in Terms of Einstein Coefficients 30
    1.7 Scattering Effects; Random Walks 33
        Pure Scattering 33
        Combined Scattering and Absorption 36
    1.8 Radiative Diffusion 39
        The Rosseland Approximation 39
        The Eddington Approximation; Two-Stream Approximation 42
    PROBLEMS 45
    REFERENCES 50
2 BASIC THEORY OF RADIATION FIELDS 51
    2.1 Review of Maxwell’s Equations 51
    2.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 55
    2.3 The Radiation Spectrum 58
    2.4 Polarization and Stokes Parameters 62
        Monochromatic Waves 62
        Quasi-monochromatic Waves 65
    2.5 Electromagnetic Potentials 69
    2.6 Applicability of Transfer Theory and the Geometrical Optics Limit 72
    PROBLEMS 74
    REFERENCES 76
3 RADIATION FROM MOVING CHARGES 77
    3.1 Retarded Potentials of Single Moving Charges: The Lienard-Wiechart Potentials 77
    3.2 The Velocity and Radiation Fields 80
    3.3 Radiation from Nonrelativistic Systems of Particles 83
        Larmor's Formula 83
        The Dipole Approximation 85
        The General Multipole Expansion 88
    3.4 Thomson Scattering (Electron Scattering) 90
    3.5 Radiation Reaction 93
    3.6 Radiation from Harmonically Bound Particles 96
        Undriven Harmonically Bound Particles 96
        Driven Harmonically Bound Particles 99
    PROBLEMS 102
    REFERENCE 105
4 RELATIVISTIC COVARIANCE AND KINEMATICS 106
    4.1 Review of Lorentz Transformations 106
    4.2 Four-Vectors 113
    4.3 Tensor Analysis 122
    4.4 Covariance of Electromagnetic Phenomena 125
    4.5 A Physical Understanding of Field Transformations 129
    4.6 Fields of a Uniformly Moving Charge 130
    4.7 Relativistic Mechanics and the Lorentz Four-Force 136
    4.8 Emission from Relativistic Particles 138
        Total Emission 138
        Angular Distribution of Emitted and Received Power 140
    4.9 Invariant Phase Volumes and Specific Intensity 145
    PROBLEMS I48
    REFERENCES 154
5 BREMSSTRAHLUNG 155
    5.1 Emission from Single-Speed Electrons 156
    5.2 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Emission 159
    5.3 Thermal Bremsstrahlung (Free-Free) Absorption
    5.4 Relativistic Bremsstrahlung 163
    PROBLEMS 165
    REFERENCES I46
6 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 167
    6.1 Total Emitted Power 167
    6.2 Spectrum of Synchrotron Radiation: A Qualitative Discussion 169
    6.3 Spectral Index for Power-Law Electron Distribution 173
    6.4 Spectrum and Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation: A Detailed Discussion 175
    6.5 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation 180
    6.6 Transition from Cyclotron to Synchrotron Emission 181
    6.7 Distinction between Received and Emitted Power 184
    6.8 Synchrotron Self-Absorption 186
    6.9 The Impossibility of a Synchrotron Maser in Vacuum 191
    PROBLEMS 192
    REFERENCES 194
7 COMPTON SCATTERING 195
    7.1 Cross Section and Energy Transfer for the Fundamental Process 195
        Scattering from Electrons at Rest 195
        Scattering from Electrons in Motion: Energy Transfer 197
    7.2 Inverse Compton Power for Single Scattering 199
    7.3 Inverse Compton Spectra for Single Scattering 202
    7.4 Energy Transfer for Repeated Scatterings in a Finite, Thermal Medium: The Compton Y Parameter 208
    7.5 Inverse Compton Spectra and Power for Repeated Scatterings by Relativistic Electrons of Small Optical Depth 211
    7.6 Repeated Scatterings by Nonrelativistic Electrons: The Kompaneets Equation 213
    7.7 Spectral Regimes for Repeated Scattering by Nonrelativistic Electrons 216
        Modified Blackbody Spectra; y<<1 218
        Wien Spectra; y>>1 219
        Unsaturated Comptoniration with Soft Photon Input 221
    PROBLEMS 223
    REFERENCES 223
8 PLASMA EFFECTS 224
    8.1 Dispersion in Cold, Isotropic Plasma 224
        The Plasma Frequency 224
        Group and Phase Velocity and the Index of Refraction 227
    8.2 Propagation Along a Magnetic Field; Faraday Rotation 229
    8.3 Plasma Effects in High-Energy Emission Processes 232
        Cherenkov Radiation 233
        Razin Effect 234
    PROBLEMS 236
    REFERENCES 237
9 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 238
    9.1 A Review of the Schrodinger Equation 238
    9.2 One Electron in a Central Field 240
        Wave Functions 240
        Spin 243
    9.3 Many-Electron Systems 243
        Statistics: The Pauli Principle 243
        Hartree-Fock Approximation: Configurations 245
        The Electrostatic Interaction; LS Coupling and Terms 247
    9.4 Perturbations, Level Splittings, and Term Diagrams 248
        Equivalent and Nonequivalent Electrons and Their Spectroscopic Terms 248
        Parity 251
        Spin-Orbit Coupling 252
        Zeeman Effect 256
        Role of the Nucleus; Hyperfine Structure 257
    9.5 Thermal Distribution of Energy Levels and
        Ionization 259
        Thermal Equilibrium: Boltzmann Population of
        Levels 259
        The Saha Equation 260
    PROBLEMS 263
    REFERENCES 266
10 RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS 267
    10.1 Semi-Classical Theory of Radiative Transitions 267
        The Electromagnetic Hamiltonian 268
        The Transition Probability 269
    10.2 The Dipole Approximation 271
    10.3 Einstein Coefficients and Oscillator Strengths 274
    10.4 Selection Rules 278
    10.5 Transition Rates 280
        Bound-Bound Transitions for Hydrogen 280
        Bound-Free Transitions (Continuous Absorption) for Hydrogen 282
        Radiative Recombination- Milne Relations 284
        The Role of Coupling Schemes in the Determination off Values 286
    10.6 Line Broadening Mechanisms 287
        Doppler Broadening 287
        Natural Broadening 289
        Collisional Broadening 290
        Combined Doppler and Lorentz Profiles 291
    PROBLEMS 291
    REFERENCES 292
11 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 294
    11.1 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation: An Order of Magnitude Estimate of Energy Levels 294
    11.2 Electronic Binding of Nuclei 296
        The H_2^+ Zon 297
        The H_2 Molecule 300
    11.3 Pure Rotation Spectra 302
        Energy Levels 302
        Selection Rules and Emission Frequencies 304
    11.4 Rotation-Vibration Spectra 305
        Energy Levels and the Morse Potential 305
        Selection Rules and Emission Frequencies 306
    11.5 Electronic-Rotational-Vibrational Spectra 308
        Energy Levels 308
        Selection Rules and Emission Frequencies 308
    PROBLEMS 311
    REFERENCES 312
SOLUTIONS 313
INDEX 375