{"id":54444,"date":"2022-07-07T10:51:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-07T05:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mind.help\/?post_type=topic&#038;p=54444"},"modified":"2025-07-18T14:56:07","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T09:26:07","slug":"serial-killers","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/serial-killers\/","title":{"rendered":"The Psychology Of Serial Killers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#who-is-a-serial-killer\">Who Is A Serial Killer?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#what-is-serial-killing\">What Is Serial Killing?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#the-psychology-behind-serial-killing\">The Psychology Behind Serial Killing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#traits-of-a-serial-killer\">Traits Of A Serial Killer<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#types-of-serial-killers\">Types Of Serial Killers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#serial-killer-myths\">Serial Killer Myths<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#an-infamous-serial-killers-list\">An Infamous Serial Killers List<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#takeaway\">Takeaway<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#at-a-glance\">At A Glance<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions-faqs\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial killers are criminals who commit three or more murders over a considerable period of time, for psychological and psychopathic gratification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"who-is-a-serial-killer\"><strong>Who Is A Serial Killer?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.themindsjournal.com\/the-most-notorious-serial-killers-murders\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">serial killer<\/a> is a type of multicide perpetrator who kills three or more people over a long period of time <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\"> Dogra, T. D., Leenaars, A. A., Chadha, R. K., Manju, M., Lalwani, S., Sood, M., Lester, D., Raina, A., &amp; Behera, C. (2012). A psychological profile of a serial killer: a case report. Omega, 65(4), 299\u2013316.<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2190\/OM.65.4.d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/OM.65.4.d<\/a> <\/span>. Modern criminology explains that serial killers display amplified traits of psychopathy <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"2\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-2\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"2\"> Kiehl, K. A., &amp; Hoffman, M. B. (2011). THE CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATH: HISTORY, NEUROSCIENCE, TREATMENT, AND ECONOMICS. Jurimetrics, 51, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4059069\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">355\u2013397<\/a>. <\/span>, exhibiting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>shallow affect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lack of empathy, guilt and remorse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>irresponsibility, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>impulsivity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Normal-Brain-Serial-Killer-Brain.jpg\" alt=\"Normal Brain Serial Killer Brain\" class=\"wp-image-121830\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Normal-Brain-Serial-Killer-Brain.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Normal-Brain-Serial-Killer-Brain-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Normal-Brain-Serial-Killer-Brain-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Normal-Brain-Serial-Killer-Brain-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Normal Brain Serial Killer Brain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#efefef\"><strong>Read More About <a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/guilt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guilt Here<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"what-is-serial-killing\"><strong>What Is Serial Killing?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial homicide or killing is a premeditated, consciously perpetrated, voluntary act of violence directed to cause harm or loss of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a 2020 study <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"3\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-3\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"3\"> Marono, A. J., Reid, S., Yaksic, E., &amp; Keatley, D. A. (2020). A Behaviour Sequence Analysis of Serial Killers&#8217; Lives: From Childhood Abuse to Methods of Murder. Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(1), 126\u2013137. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7144278\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2019.1695517<\/a> <\/span>, serial killing or serial homicide is an all-inclusive term for the \u201cunlawful killing of two or more victims in separate events\u201d. The threshold number of murders <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"4\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-4\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"4\"> Deepak, S. A., &amp; Ramdoss, S. (2021). The Life-Course Theory of Serial Killing: A Motivation Model. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 65(13-14), 1446\u20131472. <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X20981030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X20981030<\/a> <\/span> in a serial killing range from 3 to 5 but is never less than two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial killers usually don\u2019t stop until they\u2019re either caught by the police or killed. In most cases, they follow a pattern, choosing similar types of victims, using the same methods, and repeating their crimes at certain intervals <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"5\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-5\">5<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-5\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"5\"> Pecino-Latorre, M., P\u00e9rez-Fuentes, M., &amp; Patr\u00f3-Hern\u00e1ndez, R. M. (2019). Homicide Profiles Based on Crime Scene and Victim Characteristics. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3629. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6801526\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16193629<\/a> <\/span> with respect to their type of victims, killing methods, killing frequency, etc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial homicide is often accompanied by other crimes such as rape, burglary, necrophilia, pedophilia, theft, spree killing, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"serial-killing-vs-mass-murder\"><strong>Serial Killing Vs Mass Murder<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is often confused with other types of multicide <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"6\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-6\">6<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-6\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"6\"> Marono, A. J., Reid, S., Yaksic, E., &amp; Keatley, D. A. (2020). A Behaviour Sequence Analysis of Serial Killers&#8217; Lives: From Childhood Abuse to Methods of Murder. Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(1), 126\u2013137. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7144278\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2019.1695517<\/a> <\/span> like mass murder, spree-killing, or contract killing. However, despite the conceptual similarities, the acts are essentially different\u2014distinguished by factors <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"7\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-7\">7<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-7\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"7\"> Chan, H. C., Beauregard, E., &amp; Myers, W. C. (2015). Single-victim and serial sexual homicide offenders: differences in crime, paraphilias and personality traits.&nbsp;<em>Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>25<\/em>(1), 66\u201378.<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25111158\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1925<\/a> <\/span> like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Timeline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of homicides<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of victims<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Killing methods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For instance, mass murder is four or more murders occurring at one event without any distinctive time lapse between them. On the other hand, spree-killing is any murder that occurs at two or more locations with no emotional cooling-off period in-between. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, the sure signs of a serial killer comprise murdering three or more people, with cooling-off periods in-between, over a lengthy stretch of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"the-psychology-behind-serial-killing\"><strong>The Psychology Behind Serial Killing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A question that intrigues most people is: How do serial killers think? What makes them kill?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a majority of cases, crime experts attribute this psychopathy to harrowing developmental experiences <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"8\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-8\">8<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-8\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"8\"> Marono, A. J., Reid, S., Yaksic, E., &amp; Keatley, D. A. (2020). A Behaviour Sequence Analysis of Serial Killers&#8217; Lives: From Childhood Abuse to Methods of Murder. Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(1), 126\u2013137. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7144278\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2019.1695517<\/a> <\/span> and mental deterioration . Such experiences hark back to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Childhood abuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early separation from mother<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sexual abuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Domestic violence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poverty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social or romantic failures, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>More often than not, serial killers act on motives <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"9\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-9\">9<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-9\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"9\"> Myers, W. C., Husted, D. S., Safarik, M. E., &amp; O&#8217;Toole, M. E. (2006). The motivation behind serial sexual homicide: is it sex, power, and control, or anger?. Journal of forensic sciences, 51(4), 900\u2013907. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16882237\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00168.x<\/a> <\/span> drawn from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anger<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thrill-seeking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lust<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Profit or power seeking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need for attention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Financial gain <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"10\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-10\">10<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-10\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"10\"> Myers, W. C., Husted, D. S., Safarik, M. E., &amp; O&#8217;Toole, M. E. (2006). The motivation behind serial sexual homicide: is it sex, power, and control, or anger?.&nbsp;<em>Journal of forensic sciences<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>51<\/em>(4), 900\u2013907. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16882237\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00168.x<\/a> <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fulfilling a delusional goal, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Motives-of-Serial-Killers.jpg\" alt=\"Motives of Serial Killers\" class=\"wp-image-121832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Motives-of-Serial-Killers.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Motives-of-Serial-Killers-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Motives-of-Serial-Killers-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Motives-of-Serial-Killers-96x96.jpg 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#efefef\"><strong>Read More About <a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/anger\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anger Here<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No matter what their motive is, all serial killers ultimately kill for the sake of killing. Sometimes they pick their victims at random, while other times they target people who match their personal idea of the \u201cperfect victim\u201d, often based on things like race, gender, or appearance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most serial killers, during trial, have been medically evaluated and popularly speculated to be suffering from serious mental health conditions. However, even if serial killers are considered mentally unstable <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"11\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-11\">11<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-11\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"11\"> Rath, N. M., &amp; Dash, B. (1990). A study on insanity related homicide. Indian journal of psychiatry, 32(1), <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21927430\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">69\u201371<\/a>. <\/span>, they are not adjudicated as such under the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"traits-of-a-serial-killer\"><strong>Traits Of A Serial Killer<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The time-tested Macdonald triad, <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"12\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-12\">12<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-12\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"12\"> Parfitt, C. H., &amp; Alleyne, E. (2020). Not the Sum of Its Parts: A Critical Review of the MacDonald Triad. Trauma, violence &amp; abuse, 21(2), 300\u2013310. <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1524838018764164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838018764164<\/a> <\/span> formulated in 1963 by the renowned psychiatrist J. M. Macdonald\u2019s theory continues to be referenced in modern times to assess or identify potential violent criminal behavior, particularly in cases related to serial homicide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the triad of sociopathy, the early indicators of a potential serial killer can often be observed during childhood <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"13\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-13\">13<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-13\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"13\"> Johnson, B. R., &amp; Becker, J. V. (1997). Natural born killers?: the development of the sexually sadistic serial killer. The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25(3), <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9323659\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">335\u2013348<\/a>. <\/span> are already present in childhood. These warning signs of a serial killer typically include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arson, or setting fires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cruelty to animals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enuresis, or unintentional bed-wetting during sleep<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the Macdonald triad has seen much flexibility and elaboration in recent years, thanks to rigorous in-field practices in criminology and forensic studies. Recent research <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"14\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-14\">14<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-14\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"14\"> Garc\u00eda-Baamonde, M. E., Bl\u00e1zquez-Alonso, M., Moreno-Manso, J. M., Guerrero-Barona, E., &amp; Guerrero-Molina, M. (2022). Youth Serial Killers: Psychological and Criminological Profiles. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(9), 5359. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35564753\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095359<\/a> <\/span> throws light on the characteristics of a serial killer, which include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signs of psychopathy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Egocentrism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Grandiose and sadistic ideas of pleasure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Being cruel, ruthless, and remorseless<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Having no or shallow emotions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of basic human values (like empathy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of responsibility for their crimes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Superficial charm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deceitful, and manipulative behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poor conduct control (like impulsivity, recklessness, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tendencies related to vandalism, arson, theft, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Extreme risk-taking behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rsearch has found that many serial killers were diagnosed with mental health conditions, such as:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antisocial personality disorder <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADHD [<a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read More<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Narcissistic personality disorder [<a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/narcissism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read More<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Substance abuse disorders <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schizophrenia [<a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/schizophrenia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read More<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Psychosis [<a href=\"https:\/\/mind.help\/topic\/psychosis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read More<\/a>], etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"types-of-serial-killers\"><strong>Types Of Serial Killers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on their \u2018human\u2019 characteristics, serial killers are primarily distinguished into two major types <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"15\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-15\">15<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-15\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"15\"> Promish, D. I., &amp; Lester, D. (1999). Classifying serial killers. Forensic science international, 105(3), 155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00123-1 <\/span>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-organized-killers\"><strong>1. Organized Killers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Organized killers are calculated and deliberate, often planning their crimes in advance to avoid detection and eliminate evidence. They usually choose victims based on specific obsessions or fantasies and may engage in behaviors like fetishism, necrophilia, partialism, or collecting human trophies. Such killers often target children, young women, homosexual men, and couples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-unorganized-killers\"><strong>2. Unorganized Killers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unorganized killers typically do not plan their crimes in advance, and their actions are often erratic and impulsive. Their killings tend to be chaotic in nature, often driven by severe underlying mental health issues that fuel their violent behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While they lack structured planning, unorganized killers still exhibit patterns in their victim selection\u2014often choosing locations at random but consistently targeting specific social groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both organized and unorganized serial killers can further be categorized based on the underlying motives behind their homicidal behavior <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"16\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-16\">16<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-16\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"16\"> Promish, D. I., &amp; Lester, D. (1999). Classifying serial killers. Forensic science international, 105(3), 155\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0379-0738(99)00123-1 <\/span>. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-visionary-killers\"><strong>1. Visionary Killers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A visionary serial killer is driven by intense, often delusional beliefs rooted in personal visions or hallucinations. These distorted perceptions frequently stem from an unstable mental state and are typically tied to grandiose religious ideologies, occult involvement, or ritualistic practices. The killer may believe they are chosen or commanded by higher powers to commit murder as part of a divine or supernatural mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notable examples include Herbert Mullin and Richard Chase, both of whom carried out a series of murders in the 1970s that they believed were necessary blood sacrifices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-mission-oriented-killers\"><strong>2. Mission-oriented Killers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mission-oriented serial killers believe it\u2019s their duty to eliminate certain groups of people. They often target others based on race, religion, or personal beliefs, thinking they are \u201ccleansing\u201d society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One example is Joseph Paul Franklin, who killed Black people, Jewish individuals, and interracial couples in the U.S. between 1977 and 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-hedonistic-killers\"><strong>3. Hedonistic killers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hedonistic serial killers kill for pleasure. Their motivation can come from excitement, sexual desire, or the hope of gaining something valuable like money. This type of killer is driven by personal satisfaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"i-lust-killer\">There are three main types of hedonistic killers:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lust Killers<\/strong>: These killers are sexually driven. They may torture, rape, or mutilate their victims for their own gratification. Examples include <strong>Ted Bundy<\/strong> and <strong>John Wayne Gacy<\/strong>, also known as the \u201cKiller Clown.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thrill Killers<\/strong>: Thrill killers murder for the excitement of the act itself. They enjoy the fear and control they have during the process, often involving stalking or threatening victims. <strong>Robert Hansen<\/strong>, who killed several women in Alaska from 1980 to 1983, is a known case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comfort Killers:<\/strong> These killers murder for material or financial gain. One famous comfort killer was Dr. H.H. Holmes, who lured victims into his Chicago \u201cMurder Castle\u201d in the late 1800s to benefit from their deaths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-killers-seeking-power-control\"><strong>4. Killers Seeking Power\/Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Power\/control killers are motivated by the desire to dominate their victims completely. They often enjoy the feeling of being in control and may use sexual violence, torture, or even keep body parts as \u201ctrophies\u201d to relive the experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A well-known example is the Zodiac Killer, who operated in California during the 1960s and used fear, threats, and mysterious messages to assert power over both victims and the public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"serial-killer-myths\"><strong>Serial Killer Myths<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial killers and their crimes continue to capture people\u2019s attention through stories, documentaries, and even dark obsessions. Many are drawn to the shocking murder methods, the disturbing minds behind the crimes, the ways they avoid getting caught, and what happens after, like arrest, trial, and punishment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Still, most serial killer cases have attracted intense media attention, often leading to stereotypes and sensationalized stories. Over time, this has created many myths and false or exaggerated ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some of the most common myths about serial killers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-all-serial-killers-are-men\"><strong>1. All serial killers are men.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Serial killers can be both men and women, even though female serial killers are rare compared to their male counterparts. In some cases, because of the meticulous documentation of modern-day serial killers in the US, it is widely believed that serial killers are mostly white men. This is not true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For instance, a 2006 study <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"17\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-17\">17<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-17\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"17\"> Frei, A., V\u00f6llm, B., Graf, M., &amp; Dittmann, V. (2006). Female serial killing: review and case report. Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH, 16(3), 167\u2013176. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16838388\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.615<\/a> <\/span> claims that, compared to 77% of male serial killers, female serial killers amount to 23%. It was also found that the most common motive for men was material gain or similar extrinsic gratification while women rarely were \u2018hedonistic\u2019 killers, who killed for sexual gratification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-all-serial-killers-have-an-above-average-iq\"><strong>2. All serial killers have an above-average IQ.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is widely believed that serial-killers are geniuses with an IQ level above the average person. Instead, it is found that serial killers are in reality, people of average intelligence with enhanced streaks of psychopathy <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"18\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-18\">18<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-0000000000000c120000000000000000_54444-18\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"18\"> Myers, W. C., Gooch, E., &amp; Meloy, J. R. (2005). The role of psychopathy and sexuality in a female serial killer. Journal of forensic sciences, 50(3), <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15932102\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">652\u2013657<\/a>. <\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-all-serial-killers-are-motivated-by-sex\"><strong>3. All serial killers are motivated by sex.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a popular notion that all serial killings are lust killings. This is a predominant generalization, as serial homicide is motivated by several causes (such as material gains, visions, the thrill of adventure, etc.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-all-serial-killers-can-t-stop-killing\"><strong>4. All serial killers can\u2019t stop killing.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people believe that serial killers don\u2019t stop until they\u2019re either caught or killed. But in some cases, like the Zodiac Killer, they seem to stop on their own, without being arrested or dying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-all-serial-killers-have-mental-health-conditions\"><strong>5. All serial killers have mental health conditions.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Criminal psychology always strives to locate the motive of this type of killing in the murky minds of the perpetrators. Experts try to signal out certain mental disorders\u2014like schizophrenia, ADHD, psychosis, antisocial personality, and narcissistic disorders\u2014that appear to contribute to the killing spree and associated wicked acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They have tried to trace and recognize the source of such mental health conditions, like childhood abuse, trauma, parental violence, bullying, etc. Hence, more often than not, people consider serial killers as \u201csocial casualties\u201d. They fail to see that serial killers mostly kill for the sake of killing itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-all-serial-killers-want-to-get-caught\"><strong>6. All serial killers want to get caught.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people think serial killers, who are too knee-deep in crime, get deranged and long to be discovered so as to put an end to their killing spree. However, as case studies show, all criminals do not long to be caught. They take extreme care to escape the consequences of their actions and that is why when they get caught\u2014it is usually by accident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"an-infamous-serial-killers-list\"><strong>An Infamous Serial Killers List<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the worst and infamous serial killers in history include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-jack-the-ripper\"><strong>1. Jack The Ripper<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jack the Ripper is one of the most infamous serial killers in modern history. He terrorized Victorian London in the 1880s, targeting and brutally killing at least five women, all believed to be prostitutes. Though his identity was never discovered, his crimes sparked countless myths and urban legends that continue to this day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-ted-bundy\"><strong>2. Ted Bundy<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the most notorious of male serial-killers, Theodore \u201cTed\u201d Bundy was charged with lust serial killing of at least 30 women, across 5 American states, between 1973 and 1978. In prison, he was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and mania as he exhibited different appearances, signatures, names, and criminal methods at different times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-vera-renczi-the-black-widow\"><strong>3. Vera Renczi, \u201cThe Black Widow\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The most famous female serial killer, Vera Renczi or \u201cThe Black Widow\u201d was a Romanian serial killer who killed 35 men by arsenic poisoning. Her victims included her husbands, her lovers, and her children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"other-notable-mentions-of-serial-killers-include\"><strong>Other Notable Mentions Include:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Zodiac<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Stoneman<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aileen Wuornos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George Beltrao Negramonte<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>John Wayne Gacy (\u201cThe Killer Clown\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pedro Lopez (\u201cThe Monster of the Andes\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harold Shipman (\u201cDr Death\u201d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00e9la Kiss, who pickled his victims in alcohol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Joshi-Abhyankar serial murderers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peter Sutcliffe, \u201cThe Yorkshire Ripper\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joachim Kroll, \u201cThe Ruhr Cannibal\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amir Qayyum, \u201cThe Brick Killer\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sleepy Hollow Killer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"takeaway\"><strong>Takeaway<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>More often than not, what we know of serial killers are products of colorful storylines and headlines. These were directed to create \u201clarger than life\u201d socially constructed \u201ccelebrity monsters\u201d who reduced the severity of their criminal actions into stylish \u201cwickedness\u201d and piqued newspaper sales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, this \u201cwickedness\u201d\u2014time and again\u2014poses significant investigative challenges to law enforcement, not to mention attracting an over-abundance of attention from the media, mental health experts, academia, and the general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"at-a-glance\"><strong>At A Glance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 52%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%)\" class=\"wp-block-list has-background\">\n<li>Serial killers are criminals who commit more than 3 murders over a considerable period of time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They act on motives drawn from anger, thrill-seeking, attention-seeking, financial gain, fulfilling a delusional goal, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most serial killers have a history of abuse, neglect and\/or mental health conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The characteristics of serial killers include psychopathy, impulsive behavior, lack of remorse, manipulative tendencies, risk-taking behavior, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most serial-killers follow a pattern in their type of victims, killing methods, killing frequency, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cases of serial killers are sensationalized by the media. Resultantly, what we know of them is based on myth and speculation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color has-background\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions-faqs\"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1655892705147\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">1. What are some best movies about serial killers?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Psycho, Last Night In Soho, Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, Zodiac, and The Silence of the Lambs, are some well known movies about serial killers.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1655892733846\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">2. Is serial killing a mental illness?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>While serial killers are linked to a bevy of mental disorders during the trial, most of them are not adjudicated as insane under the law. The tendency of killing may have its origin in mental health conditions in some criminals, but it in itself is not a mental illness.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1655892756104\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">3. Are all serial killers psychopaths?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>All psychopaths are not serial killers, but all serial killers are psychopaths. They possess traits consistent with psychopathy. These get amplified during their killing sprees and other criminal activities.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1662973737239\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">4. Do serial killers love their families?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Case studies show that serial killers exhibit protective and loving behavior towards their own families, even when they are killing other people. They usually lack basic humanistic and social values like empathy, respect for life, guilt, etc., and put on a superficial mask of humanity as they go on with their criminal activity.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1662973758527\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">5. How do serial killers select their victims?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>They select their victims based on their fantasy of the \u201cideal victim\u201d and certain social reservations based on race, gender, physical characteristics, etc.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1662973780685\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">6. Who are some famous serial killers with bipolar disorder?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>Anthony Hardy, Ted Bundy, Tommy Lynn Sells, and Gary Lee Sampson are some famous killers with the mental health condition, bipolar disorder.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Serial killers are criminals who commit three or more murders over time, for psychological and psychopathic gratification.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2682,"featured_media":141435,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[47,13,6,7,9,10],"alltopics":[785],"class_list":["post-54444","topic","type-topic","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-brain-disorders","tag-mental-health-101","tag-mental-health-awareness","tag-mental-health-support","tag-mental-wellness","tag-psychology","alltopics-mentalhealth"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/54444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2682"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54444"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/54444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":142077,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/54444\/revisions\/142077"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/141435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54444"},{"taxonomy":"alltopics","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mind.help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/alltopics?post=54444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}