{"id":14832,"date":"2023-08-06T07:01:04","date_gmt":"2023-08-06T07:01:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/?p=14832"},"modified":"2023-11-26T06:04:07","modified_gmt":"2023-11-26T06:04:07","slug":"bash-built-in-variables","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/","title":{"rendered":"What Are Built-in Variables in Bash? [2 Cases With Examples]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Built-in variables<\/strong> undeniably play an integral part in the field of interactive Bash scripting. These variables provide critical information about the shell\u2019s configuration and behavior which is enough to call them <strong>powerful tools<\/strong> in Bash. By leveraging the variables, a user can write more robust and efficient Bash scripts. So, let\u2019s go through the article to get more ideas about the <strong>Bash built-in variables<\/strong> with several cases and examples.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Key_Takeaways\" >Key Takeaways<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Free_Downloads\" >Free Downloads<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#What_Are_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\" >What Are Built-in Variables in Bash?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Some_Commonly_Used_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\" >Some Commonly Used Built-in Variables in Bash<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#2_Cases_for_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\" >2 Cases for Built-in Variables in Bash<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Case_1_Bash_Built-in_Variables_in_Case_of_Conditional_Statements\" >Case 1: Bash Built-in Variables in Case of Conditional Statements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Case_2_Bash_Built-in_Variables_in_Case_of_Modification_Purpose\" >Case 2: Bash Built-in Variables in Case of Modification Purpose<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#3_Examples_of_Bash_Built-in_Variables_for_Script_Control\" >3 Examples of Bash Built-in Variables for Script Control<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Example_1_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Checking_Command_Status\" >Example 1: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Checking Command Status<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Example_2_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Checking_the_Number_of_Arguments\" >Example 2: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Checking the Number of Arguments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Example_3_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Debugging\" >Example 3: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Debugging<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/built-in-variables\/#People_Also_Ask\" >People Also Ask<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Takeaways\"><\/span>Key Takeaways<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Learning about various built-in variables in Bash.<\/li>\n<li>Utilizing Bash built-in variables for multiple cases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Free_Downloads\"><\/span>Free Downloads<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"su-button-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Practice-Files_Bash-Built-in-Variables.zip\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-default\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#E8F9FF;border-color:#bac8cc;border-radius:56px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#000000;padding:8px 26px;font-size:20px;line-height:30px;border-color:#effbff;border-radius:56px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-download\" style=\"font-size:20px;color:#1AA1D6\"><\/i> Download the Practice Files<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\"><\/span>What Are Built-in Variables in Bash?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Built-in variables refer to the predefined and default <a href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>variable types<\/strong><\/a> that Bash uses to store various information. These variables provide crucial data for customizing and controlling the behavior of the Bash. Without arranging any additional setup, you can easily access these built-in variables and make scripting decisions quickly.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Commonly_Used_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\"><\/span>Some Commonly Used Built-in Variables in Bash<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are various built-in variables in Bash having different meanings based on different contexts. Here are some commonly used built-in variables lists in Bash:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-table su-table-responsive su-table-alternate su-table-fixed\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%\" width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\" width=\"161\"><strong>Syntax<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\" width=\"439\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$BASH<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The path to the Bash.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$BASH_VERSION<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The version number of the Bash shell.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$HOME<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The home directory of the current user.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$PWD<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The present working directory of the current user.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$OLDPWD<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The previous working directory of the current user.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$SHELL<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The path to the default shell.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$USER<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The username of the current user.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$UID<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The user ID number of the current user.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$HOSTNAME<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The current host system name.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$HOSTTYPE<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The current host system type.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$LINENO<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">Holds the current line number.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$IFS<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">Splits input into separate words.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$$<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The process ID of the current shell.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$0<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The name of the executing script.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$#<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The number of positional parameters passed to the script.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$@<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">All positional parameters as separate strings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$*<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">All positional parameters as a single string.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"161\">$?<\/td>\n<td width=\"439\">The exit status of the last executed command.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Cases_for_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash\"><\/span>2 Cases for Built-in Variables in Bash<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Built-in variables are so flexible that you can simply append them to a conditional statement or modify the value. In the following section, I\u2019m going to share two such cases of Bash built-in variables:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_1_Bash_Built-in_Variables_in_Case_of_Conditional_Statements\"><\/span>Case 1: Bash Built-in Variables in Case of Conditional Statements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>You can use Bash built-in variables in a conditional statement to create a directory by following the steps below:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong><a id=\"Steps-to-Follow\"><\/a>Steps to Follow &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u278a Open your <strong>Ubuntu <\/strong>Terminal.<\/p>\n<p>\u278b To open a script in the <a href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/nano-command-in-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>nano<\/strong><\/a> text editor, write the command below:<\/p>\n<p>nano conditional.sh<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nano<\/strong>: A text editor.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>conditional.sh<\/strong>: This is a script. Here, I have named the script by <strong>\u2018conditional.sh\u2019<\/strong>. You can name any of your choices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14854\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img1-Opening-the-script-in-Nano-text-editor.png\" alt=\"Opening the script in Nano editor\" width=\"825\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img1-Opening-the-script-in-Nano-text-editor.png 825w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img1-Opening-the-script-in-Nano-text-editor-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img1-Opening-the-script-in-Nano-text-editor-768x175.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u278c Hereafter, write the following script inside the editor:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Script (conditional.sh) &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n#Attempting to create a directory\nmkdir var_dir\n\nif [ $? -eq 0 ]; then\n\u00a0 \u00a0echo &quot;Directory created.&quot;\nelse\n\u00a0 \u00a0echo &quot;Failed to create directory.&quot;\nfi<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, in <strong>#!\/bin\/bash<\/strong>, \u2018<strong>#!<\/strong>\u2019 is called \u2018<strong>Shebang<\/strong>\u2019 or \u2018<strong>Hashbang<\/strong>\u2019. \u2018<strong>mkdir var_dir<\/strong>\u2019 attempts to create the directory \u2018var_dir\u2019. Now, in \u2018<strong>if [ $? -eq 0 ];<\/strong>\u2019<strong> then<\/strong>, the \u2018<strong>$?<\/strong>\u2019 holds the exit status of the last executed command \u2018mkdir\u2019. Then, if the exit status is 0, it indicates success, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/input-output\/output\/echo-command\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>echo command<\/strong><\/a> will print <strong>\u201cDirectory created.\u201d<\/strong>. If the exit status is non-zero, it indicates failure, and in the <strong>else <\/strong>block, the <strong>echo <\/strong>command will print <strong>\u201cFailed to create directory.\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>\u278d Then, press <strong>CTRL+S<\/strong> to save the file &amp; press <strong>CTRL+X <\/strong>to exit.<\/p>\n<p>\u278e After that, use the command below to make the<strong> script<\/strong> executable:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">chmod u+x conditional.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/chmod-command-in-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>chmod<\/strong><\/a><strong>: <\/strong>Changes the permission of the files and directories.<\/li>\n<li><strong>u+x: <\/strong>Adds the executable permission for the user.<\/li>\n<li><strong>conditional.sh: <\/strong>The file which you want to make executable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14880\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img3-adding-executable-permission-to-the-script-1.png\" alt=\"Adding executable permission to the script\" width=\"700\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img3-adding-executable-permission-to-the-script-1.png 700w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img3-adding-executable-permission-to-the-script-1-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img3-adding-executable-permission-to-the-script-1-765x212.png 765w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u278f Finally, run the script by the following command:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/conditional.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14882 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img4-new-directory-created.png\" alt=\"New directory created\" width=\"700\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img4-new-directory-created.png 700w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img4-new-directory-created-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img4-new-directory-created-764x190.png 764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>From the above image, you can see that I have created a new directory.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_2_Bash_Built-in_Variables_in_Case_of_Modification_Purpose\"><\/span>Case 2: Bash Built-in Variables in Case of Modification Purpose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>You can easily modify the built-in variable \u201c<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u201d in Bash, and alter the word-splitting behavior.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#e5e5e5;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;\">You can follow\u00a0<a href=\"#Steps-to-Follow\"><strong>the steps of Case 01<\/strong><\/a>, to save &amp; make the script executable.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Script (modify.sh) &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n#Saving the current values of IFS\nmain_ifs=&quot;$IFS&quot;\n\n#Customizing the IFS to use commas as the delimiter\nIFS=&quot;,&quot;\n\n#Creating a string separated with comma\npainting=&quot;canvas,color,brush&quot;\n\n#Splitting the string into an array using the modified IFS\nread -ra elements &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$painting&quot;\n\n#Displaying the array elements\necho &quot;First element: ${elements[0]}&quot;\necho &quot;Second element: ${elements[1]}&quot;\necho &quot;Third element: ${elements[2]}&quot;\n\n#Restoring the main IFS\nIFS=&quot;$main_ifs&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, I have saved the actual value of \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019 in the \u2018<strong>main_ifs<\/strong>\u2019, and modified \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019 to use a comma (<strong>,<\/strong>) as the delimiter. Next, in the line &#8216;<strong>painting=&#8221;canvas,color,brush&#8221;<\/strong>&#8216;, I have created a string called \u2019<strong>painting<\/strong>\u2019 which is separated by commas. Hereafter, in &#8216;<strong>read -ra elements &lt;&lt;&lt; &#8220;$painting&#8221;<\/strong>&#8216;, I have used the modified \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019 to split the string into an array called \u2018<strong>elements<\/strong>\u2019. Finally, the <strong>echo <\/strong>commands display the elements of the array and the actual value of \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019 is stored to prevent unexpected behavior of the script.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Now, run the following script by the command below:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/modify.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14884\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img6-The-output-as-array-format.png\" alt=\"Output as array elements by modifying the variable '$IFS'\" width=\"667\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img6-The-output-as-array-format.png 667w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img6-The-output-as-array-format-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img6-The-output-as-array-format-767x269.png 767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The above snapshot displays the array elements done by modifying the variable \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Examples_of_Bash_Built-in_Variables_for_Script_Control\"><\/span>3 Examples of Bash Built-in Variables for Script Control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Certainly, Bash built-in variables are very useful for script control purposes. Let\u2019s go through some script control examples of built-in variables in Bash:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_1_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Checking_Command_Status\"><\/span>Example 1: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Checking Command Status<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By using the built-in variable \u2018<strong>$?<\/strong>\u2019, you can easily check the command status in a Bash script. Though sometimes it doesn\u2019t work visibly in the code, it performs its task implicitly in the conditional statements.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#e5e5e5;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;\">You can follow <a href=\"#Steps-to-Follow\"><strong>the steps of Case 01<\/strong><\/a>, to save &amp; make the script executable.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Script (command-status.sh) &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n# Checking a file\u2019s existence\nfile=&quot;new.txt&quot;\nif [ -f &quot;$file&quot; ]; then\n\u00a0 \u00a0echo &quot;File &#039;$file&#039; exists.&quot;\nelse\n\u00a0 \u00a0echo &quot;File &#039;$file&#039; does not exist.&quot;\nfi<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, in \u2018<strong>if [ -f &#8220;$file&#8221; ]; then<\/strong>\u2019, the \u2018<strong>-f<\/strong>\u2019 test operator checks if \u2018new.txt\u2019 exists in the \u2018<strong>$file<\/strong>\u2019 variable. The \u2018<strong>[ ]<\/strong>\u2019 command evaluates the return values of the condition. If the condition is true, then the <strong>echo <\/strong>command prints <strong>&#8220;File &#8216;$file&#8217; exists.&#8221;<\/strong>. Or if the condition is false, then the <strong>echo <\/strong>command prints <strong>&#8220;File &#8216;$file&#8217; does not exist.&#8221;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The \u2018<strong>$?<\/strong>\u2019 variable is not apparently used in the code. But it contributes by holding the exit status or return values of the \u2018<strong>[ ]<\/strong>\u2019 command.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Now, run the <strong>script <\/strong>by the following command:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/command-status.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14888\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img8-Displaying-output.png\" alt=\"Displaying the output of command status \" width=\"700\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img8-Displaying-output.png 700w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img8-Displaying-output-300x91.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img8-Displaying-output-766x232.png 766w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>From the image, you can see that the mentioned file does not exist.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_2_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Checking_the_Number_of_Arguments\"><\/span>Example 2: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Checking the Number of Arguments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You can use the built-in variable \u2018<strong>$#<\/strong>\u2019 to define the number of arguments passed to a script and handle various cases under the conditional statements.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#e5e5e5;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;\">You can follow <a href=\"#Steps-to-Follow\"><strong>the steps of Case 01<\/strong><\/a>, to save &amp; make the script executable.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Script (argument.sh) &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n#Checking how many arguments are there\nif [ $# -eq 0 ]; then\necho &quot;No arguments provided.&quot;\nelif [ $# -eq 1 ]; then\necho &quot;One argument provided: $1&quot;\nelse\necho &quot;Multiple arguments provided: $@&quot;\nfi<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here, the special variable \u2018<strong>$#<\/strong>\u2019 inside the <strong>if condition<\/strong> contains the number of arguments (excluding the script name). First, the line \u2018<strong>if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then<\/strong>\u2019 checks if the number of arguments is equal to 0. If there are no arguments, the condition becomes true, and the <strong>echo <\/strong>command prints <strong>\u201cNo arguments provided.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When any arguments are passed to the script, the first condition becomes false, and the line \u2018<strong>elif [ $# -eq 1 ]; then<\/strong>\u2019 checks if the number of arguments is equal to 1. If there is one argument, then the script executes the line <strong>echo &#8220;One argument provided: $1&#8221; <\/strong>where the first argument is stored in \u2018<strong>$1<\/strong>\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If all the previous conditions are false, the script proceeds to the <strong>else <\/strong>block. When there is more than one argument passed to the script, the <strong>echo <\/strong>command prints <strong>&#8220;Multiple arguments provided: $@&#8221;<\/strong>. Here, the special variable \u2018<strong>$@<\/strong>\u2019 resembles all the parameters as separated by spaces.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Now, run the following script by the command below:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Scenario 1 &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/argument.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14891\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img10-output-showing-no-argument-is-provided.png\" alt=\"Output showing no argument is provided\" width=\"825\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img10-output-showing-no-argument-is-provided.png 825w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img10-output-showing-no-argument-is-provided-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img10-output-showing-no-argument-is-provided-767x186.png 767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In scenario 1, you can see that I have used no arguments while running the script \u2018<strong>argument.sh<\/strong>\u2019. So, the output tells that no arguments are provided.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Scenario 2 &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/argument.sh hello<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14892 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img11-output-showing-one-argument-is-provided.png\" alt=\"Output showing one argument is provided for built-in variables \" width=\"700\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img11-output-showing-one-argument-is-provided.png 700w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img11-output-showing-one-argument-is-provided-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img11-output-showing-one-argument-is-provided-765x212.png 765w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In scenario 2, I have run the script with an argument \u2018<strong>hello<\/strong>\u2019. That\u2019s why the output shows the one argument that is provided during the script execution.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Scenario 3 &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/argument.sh hello Bash<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14893 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img12-output-showing-multiple-arguments-are-provided.png\" alt=\"Output showing multiple arguments are provided for built-in variables\" width=\"825\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img12-output-showing-multiple-arguments-are-provided.png 825w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img12-output-showing-multiple-arguments-are-provided-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img12-output-showing-multiple-arguments-are-provided-767x225.png 767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In scenario 3, I have run the script with two arguments \u2018<strong>hello<\/strong>\u2019, and \u2018<strong>Bash<\/strong>\u2019. So, the output displays the multiple arguments provided with the script execution.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_3_Using_Built-in_Variables_in_Bash_for_Debugging\"><\/span>Example 3: Using Built-in Variables in Bash for Debugging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You can use the \u2018<strong>$LINENO<\/strong>\u2019 variable for debugging and finding the line number of the executed commands. This will help you to troubleshoot the errors of a Bash script.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#e5e5e5;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;\">You can follow <a href=\"#Steps-to-Follow\"><strong>the steps of Case 01<\/strong><\/a>, to save &amp; make the script executable.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Script (variable-debug.sh) &gt;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">#!\/bin\/bash\n\n#Debugging\nfunction debug_func() {\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 echo &quot;debug_func is being executed at line number: $LINENO&quot;\n}\n\necho &quot;This is line number: $LINENO&quot;\n\ndebug_func\n\necho &quot;This is line number: $LINENO&quot;\n\necho &quot;Error occurs here..&quot;\necho &quot;This is line number: $LINENO&quot;\n\n# More code..\necho &quot;End of the script at line number: $LINENO&quot;<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#aeb0b3;border-radius:0px;max-width:none\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#E1E3E6;color:#000000;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px\"> EXPLANATION<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The line \u2018<strong>function debug_func() {<\/strong>\u2018 defines the function named \u2018<strong>debug_func<\/strong>\u2019 and the <strong>echo <\/strong>command inside the function prints the current line number where the function is executed by using the \u2018<strong>$LINENO<\/strong>\u2019 variable. Then, the line <strong>echo &#8220;This is line number: $LINENO&#8221; <\/strong>prints the current line number where the <strong>echo <\/strong>command is executed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Now, the line \u2018<strong>debug_func<\/strong>\u2019 indicates the predefined function call. Then, it executes the <strong>echo <\/strong>command that prints the line number where the <strong>echo <\/strong>command is executed in the function. After that, the line <strong>echo &#8220;This is line number: $LINENO&#8221; <\/strong>prints the current line number after the <strong>debug_func <\/strong>function calling.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hereafter, the line <strong>echo &#8220;Error occurs here..&#8221; <\/strong>dictates that some errors might occur at this moment. And the line <strong>echo &#8220;This is line number: $LINENO&#8221; <\/strong>again prints the current line number here. Next, you can add more code in the \u2018<strong># More code..<\/strong>\u2019 section. Finally, <strong>echo &#8220;End of the script at line number: $LINENO&#8221; <\/strong>prints the current line number at the end of the script.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>Now, run the following script by the command below:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\" data-line=\"\">.\/variable-debug.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-14840 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img14-The-output-of-the-debugging-process-1.png\" alt=\"The output of the debugging process of built-in variables\" width=\"825\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img14-The-output-of-the-debugging-process-1.png 825w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img14-The-output-of-the-debugging-process-1-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/img14-The-output-of-the-debugging-process-1-767x319.png 767w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The above image demonstrates how the \u2018<strong>$LINENO<\/strong>\u2019 variable helps to debug by keeping track of command executions and unexpected errors.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Throughout the article, I have outlined how one can execute <strong>Bash built-in variables<\/strong>\u00a0practically and how these variables can help you to control the shell\u2019s environment. However, to wrap up, use these readily available variables in an explicit way for illustrating adaptable and user-friendly scripts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"People_Also_Ask\"><\/span>People Also Ask<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>How to access the value of a built-in variable?<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">You can access the value of a built-in variable by prefixing it with \u2018<strong>$<\/strong>\u2019. For example, you have to write \u2018<strong>$USER<\/strong>\u2019 to access the value of the variable \u2018<strong>USER<\/strong>\u2019.<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Are built-in variables case-sensitive in Bash?<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Built-in variables are case-sensitive in Bash. For instance, \u2018<strong>$home<\/strong>\u2019 and \u2018<strong>$HOME<\/strong>\u2019 variables are totally different.<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Can I modify a built-in variable\u2019s value?<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">You cannot modify all variables. You can modify the read-only variables like \u2018<strong>$UID<\/strong>\u2019, \u2018<strong>$HOME<\/strong>\u2019. But the variable like \u2018<strong>$IFS<\/strong>\u2019 can be modified for shell customization.<\/div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Can I delete any built-in variable from Bash?<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">As built-in variables are part of the Bash internal environment, you cannot delete or undefine any built-in variable from Bash.<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #003366;\"><strong>Related Articles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/environment-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Ultimate Guide of Using Bash Environment Variables<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/bashrc-environment-variable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The \u201c.bashrc\u201d Environment Variables [4 Cases]<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/string-variable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">String Variables in Bash [Manipulation, Interpolation &amp; Testing]<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxsimply.com\/bash-scripting-tutorial\/variables\/types\/array-variable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Variable Array in Bash? 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