Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhompyutha kusakazeke kakhulu kangangokuthi sivame ukukhohlwa, noma ukunganaki, ukuqonda ngokugcwele ingxenye ngayinye eyenza kube nokwenzeka. ukusebenza ngalezi zimangaliso zobuchwepheshe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana i-microprocessor...ingxenye ngaphandle kwayo bekungeke kwenzeke ukufeza konke ongakwenza ngekhompyutha yakho. Uzokuqonda konke lokhu njengoba uhlola isihloko sanamuhla, njengoba sihlola izici ezifana... imisebenzi ye-microprocessor, yayo isebenzisa kwezekhompyutha kanye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihambisana nayo.
Ngokufanayo, uzofunda imininingwane ngaye umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngaphezu kokwazi ngokulandelana kwezikhathi ukukhishwa kwemakethe kwamanye ama-microprocessor ane kushiye uphawu emhlabeni wekhompyutha.
Iyini i-microprocessor futhi isetshenziselwani ekubaleni?
Indlela evame kakhulu yokucabanga nge-microprocessor ukuyibiza ngokuthi ubuchopho bekhompyutha. Lokhu kusinika umbono ocacile wokubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwekhompyutha, njengoba Ngaphandle kwakhe bekungeke kwenzeke ukwenza iningi lemisebenzi eyenzeka kukhompyutha.
Ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi iprosesa, ihlanganiswe nebhodi lomama lekhompyutha, futhi yonke imisebenzi yezibalo kanye/noma elula enengqondo, kuze kube yimisebenzi ye-binary logic kanye nokufinyelela kwememori, idlula kuyo. Kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo.kusukela ohlelweni oluthile lokusebenza kuya kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zomsebenzisi ngesofthiwe.
Ngokufanayo, kumelwe sazi ukuthi i-microprocessor ingaba indawo ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamasekethe ahlanganisiwe ngaphakathi kwe-chip ye-silicon noma i-die. Le chip inamathela kubhodi lomama le-CPU ngesokhethi, kanye nesistimu yokulwa nokushisa equkethe ifeni yangaphakathi kanye nezinto zokusabalalisa ukushisa eziklanywe ngokukhethekile.
Kuleli qophelo, kumele sihlole indlela yokwenza iprosesa, evela enkambisweni elula kakhulu. Konke kuqala ngokukhipha i-silicon esihlabathini equkethe i-quartz ngobuningi obanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina ngokungangabazeki.
Mayelana ne- ukusebenza Ngokuphathelene nama-microprocessors, kumele siveze ukuthi nakuba kungekho silinganiso esimisiwe sale njongo, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuzoncika ezidingweni ezingase zibhekane nazo ngokwemishini lapho zifakwe khona.
Yimiphi imisebenzi eyinhloko ye-microprocessor kukhompyutha?
Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngqo ngemisebenzi eyinhloko i-microprocessor ekwazi ukuyenza kumakhompyutha, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi namuhla ingumkhiqizo osetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuyadingeka ku ukusebenza kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene nsuku zonke.
Ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ekupheleleni ukuvumelanisa okuhleliweukuze konke kwenzeke njengoba kuhleliwe ekwakhiweni kwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yewashi elihlanganisa konke okwenzekayo emabhulokini asebenzayo.
Ukuze sicacise kabanzi inqubo, sizokutshela ukuthi i-microprocessor ixhuma kwisekethe ye-PLL esebenza kahle kakhulu esisiza ukuthi iqalise ukusebenza imiyalelo egciniwe ngesimo sezinombolo ezimbili kwimemori yayo eyinhloko.
Inqubo iqala nge ukuthola imiyaleloIqopha futhi ifune izinhlelo ezihambisanayo ukuze ikhiphe umyalo; uma lokhu sekuqediwe, iyaqhubeka nokuhlaziya idatha enikeziwe; futhi ekugcineni, isibonisa imiphumela yokugcina yenqubo yonke ngaphambi kokudlulela kumyalo olandelayo, ngesikhathi esilinganisiwe. ngezingxenyana zomzuzwana.
Yiziphi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezichaza i-microprocessor?
Ukuze sixoxe ngezici ezivamile kuwo wonke ama-microprocessor, Kuyadingeka ukwenza kanjalo ngokuchaza ingxenye yesakhiwo sayoNgakho-ke, ukuze isebenze kahle, ingxenye ngayinye kumele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile.
Ngezansi sizobethula ngemininingwane eminingi:
- zimboziweLokhu kubhekisela esikhwameni noma isembozo esivikela i-silicon chip lapho kwenziwa khona idivayisi encane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala ingenazo izinhlayiya zokungcola kanye nokungcoliswa okubangelwa umoya-mpilo.
- kufihliweLe ngxenye ye-microprocessor inesibopho sokugcina idatha engasetshenziswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufinyelela ku- Imemori ye-RAMLokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izikhathi zokuphendula phakathi kwemiyalelo, okukunikeza izakhiwo zememori ezishesha kakhulu.
- I-Coprocessor YezibaloSingakuchaza njengobuchopho beprosesa, njengoba izibalo zezibalo zenziwa kulesi sigaba. Kusebenza njengeyunithi yephuzu elintantayo.
- AmarekhodiLuhlobo lwenkumbulo encane eyakhiwe amaqembu amabili anamarejista angu-32, iqembu ngalinye elizinikele ekulawuleni imisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kwe-microprocessor. Iqembu elilodwa lenzelwe ukuvimbela iprosesa ukuthi ingalawuli yodwa, kanti elinye lisiza... CPU kweminye imisebenzi.
- Memoria: yingxenye idivayisi eya kuyo uma ithola umyalelo, ngoba yilapho kugcinwa khona izinhlelo kanye nedatha yazo.
- AmaportsLezi zinomthwalo wokugcina ukuxhumana okuhlala njalo nokuhlelekile phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye izingxenye zekhompyutha. Ngamanye amazwi, yizo ezisebenzisa amasekethe ahlukene nezinye izingxenye zesistimu uma kudingeka.
Umlando kanye nokuvela kwe-microprocessor: Nini futhi ubani owasungula?
Nakuba kufanele kucace ukuthi i-microprocessor ivela kubuchwepheshe obaqala cishe ngawo-50, njengekhompyutha kanye nensimu yama-semiconductor, kuhle futhi ukugqamisa ukuthi yazalwa. kusuka ku-1971. Kwakungalowo nyaka lapho ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obudlule Lokhu kwaholela emikhiqizweni eqediwe kancane njengoba siyayazi namuhla.
UMarcian E. Hoff, owayesebenzela inkampani ye-Intel ngaleso sikhathi, ubhekwa njengoyise walo mshini osunguliwe ohlakaniphile, ngokungangabazeki owafika waguqula umhlaba wekhompyutha futhi waba ithuluzi elibalulekile lemisebenzi eminingi empilweni yanamuhla.
Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi unjiniyela uHoff wayebambisene nozakwabo. UFederico Faggin, uStanley Mazor noMasatoshi Shima, umlando oqaphela njengabasunguli abahlanganyeli. Kodwa-ke, kumelwe kucace ukuthi lokhu kusungulwa bekulokhu kuhlotshaniswa noHoff, njengoba kunguye owethula lesi siphakamiso ngo-1969.
Lokhu kusungulwa kwavela ukuthi yi-Intel 4004, i-microprocessor engu-4-bit, eyokuqala etholakala kwezentengiso. Kwakuyi-processor ehlelekayo, ehlanganiswe ne- 2.300 transistors ku-capsule eyodwa, okwathi ngokushesha yaphela ukwanelisa izidingo ezazifunwa yintuthuko kwezekhompyutha.
Yiqiniso, lokhu okungenhla kwaholela ekufuneni intuthuko ekwakhiweni namakhono, ngakho-ke i-microprocessor yaqala ukuthuthuka kwayo yaya ku- intuthuko emangalisayo esikwaziyo namuhla. Kodwa sizoyithuthukisa leso sihloko ngemininingwane eminingi esigabeni esilandelayo.
Ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwama-microprocessor abaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wekhompyutha
Kulesi sigaba sizokukhombisa ukukhethwa kwamaprosesa abonakalise izigaba ezibalulekile ekuguqukeni okungenakuvinjelwa kwama-microprocessors. esezikwazile ukunciphisa ubukhulu bazo bokuhlanganiswa, kusukela ekuqaleni okuncane, kuya i-nanometric:
I-Intel 4004
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lena kwakuyi-microprocessor yokuqala eyatholakala emhlabeni wonke kwezentengiso. Yayikwazi ukubhekana nezindawo ezingu-4096, ngenkumbulo yayo engu-4-bit. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwayivumela ukuthi yenze imisebenzi efinyelela ku-60000 ngomzuzwana, ngenxa yekhono layo lokusebenza ngemvamisa yewashi engaba ngu-700 KHz.
Enye yemikhawulo yayo, eyagcina iholele ekufuneni okuqinile ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo, ukuthi Yayingaphatha kuphela isethi yemiyalelo engu-45 ehlukeneLokhu akuzange kuyivumele ukuthi iphathe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kakhulu, ngakho ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa kuphela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezincishisiwe.
I-Intel 8008
I-8008, eyethulwa maphakathi no-1972, empeleni yaklanywa ukuze isetshenziswe ngempumelelo kuma-terminal ekhompyutha. Ihlanganiswe ne-capsule yayo encane... 3300 transistorsokusinika umbono wokuthi intuthuko efinyelelwe ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwaqala inkathi yama-microprocessor angu-8-bit, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa inkumbulo ibe ngu-16 KB. Lokhu kwayivumela ukuthi icubungule kuze kufike ku- Imiyalelo eyengeziwe engu-48, kumaza ewashi afinyelela ku-800 KHz.
I-Intel 8080
Yakhishwa ngo-1973 futhi yaklanywa ukuze isetshenziswe kaningi. Nakuba yayiseyi-microprocessor engu-8-bit, abathuthukisi bakwazile ukuyenza ikwazi ukubhekana nenani elikhulu lememori. Lokhu kwayivumela ukuthi ikhiphe imiyalelo. ngesikhathi esingaphansi ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunalowo owandulelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-8080 imele isinyathelo esikhulu sokufeza ukuxhumana ngezingxenye eziningi ze-TTL ezijwayelekile, ngenxa yokuhambisana kwale microprocessor nale logic yokubala.
I-SC/MP
Yethulwa ngo-1974 yinkampani Semiconductor KazwelonkeYasheshe yathandwa ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi. Yayinebhasi ledatha elingu-8-bit kanye nebhasi lekheli elingu-16-bit.
Esinye isizathu sokwamukelwa kwayo okukhulu ukuthi amabhasi akhululiwe angase abe kwabelwana ngamaprosesa angaphezu kweyodwa ngasikhathi sinye, ngingowokuqala ukuba naleso sici.
IMotorola 6800
Ukuze bangasali emuva emncintiswaneni wokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha, i-Motorola yethula lesi siphakamiso ngo-1975, esasiyi- yafakwa enanini elikhulu lama-microcomputer okuqala okwase kuqala ukubonakala kuleyo minyaka yaphakathi nawo-70.
Kwaphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwama-microprocessors, njengoba kwakungowokuqala ukuhlonyiswa nge- irekhodi lenkombaAma-microprocessor amaningana aqashelwa kakhulu kulo mkhiqizo athathwe kuwo.
I-Intel 8086
I-microprocessor yokuqala engu-16-bit, i-8086, yafika emakethe ngo-1978 futhi ngokungangabazeki yamelela intuthuko enkulu emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Ama-transistors ayo angu-29.000 ayakuvumela ukuthi sebenzisa imiyalelo ngama-nanosecond angu-400 kuphelaKwakuyiyokuqala eyayikwazi ukusebenzisa i-1 MB yememori.
Ngesikhathi sokwethulwa kwayo, cishe zazingekho izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikwazi ukusebenza ngama-bits angu-16, ngakho umenzi waphoqeleka ukwethula imodeli yayo. 8088, ngomqondo wokugcina isabelo sabo semakethe.
I-Intel 80386
Lapha sesivele sikhuluma nge-microprocessor ye 32 izingcezuYathengiswa maphakathi nawo-80. Ngenxa yama-transistors ayo angu-275.000, yayingafinyelela isivinini esingu-33 MHz. Umthamo wayo wememori wawuyi Ama-GByte angu-4.
Phakathi kwezici zayo ezintsha kukhona ukwenza lula ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga imemori ebonakalayo, ngokusebenzisa iyunithi yokuhumusha ikhasi ifakwe kule chip.
I-DEC Alpha (AXP)
Akungabazeki ukuthi kwakuyinguquko ezweni lama-microprocessors, yayinesethi yemiyalelo ye-RISC ekwaziyo 64 izingcezu, ezinikele ngqo ekubalweni kwezindawo ezintantayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, amakhompyutha akwazi ukumela izinombolo zangempela ngempumelelo enkulu.
Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemva kokuvela kwayo, e 1992, ama-microprocessor aqala ukuba yakhelwe ukusebenza kumarekhodi, ngakho-ke imemori ye-RAM yayidingeka kuphela ekulayisheni nasekugcineni imiyalelo.
I-Intel Pentium
Lena yi-microprocessor ye 64 izingcezueyethulwa ngo-1993. Nakuba i-DEC Alpha yaphuma ngaphambi kwayo ngo-1992, i-Pentium yathola ukuthandwa okukhulu ngoba yayishibhile kakhulu kunembangi yayo. Ekukhiqizweni kweyunithi ngayinye kwasetshenziswa 3.100.000 transistors ngomthamo wememori ongu-4 GBytes, kanye nemvamisa yokusebenza engu-66 MHz.
I-Pentium ngaphandle kokungabaza uphawule inkathi Emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, igama elisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wekhompyutha. Intuthuko eminingi isekelwe kubhasi layo ledatha lama-64-bit.
Nakuba lokhu esikunikezile kwenze uphawu ngaphambi nangemva Ekuguqukeni okungenakuvinjelwa kwama-microprocessor, kube khona futhi kuzoqhubeka nokuba khona amanye amangalisa ngokwengeziwe, kangangokuthi kulesi sikhathi sinenani nezinhlobonhlobo zawo zokusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukene.
