{"id":30655,"date":"2018-08-07T21:40:14","date_gmt":"2018-08-07T16:10:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3-inst.toejvy8-liquidwebsites.com\/?p=30655"},"modified":"2018-08-07T21:40:14","modified_gmt":"2018-08-07T16:10:14","slug":"voltmeters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrumentationtools.com\/voltmeters\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltmeters"},"content":{"rendered":"

A simple DC voltmeter can be constructed by placing a resistor (RS<\/sub>), called a multiplier, in series with the ammeter meter movement<\/a>, and marking the meter face to read voltage (as shown in Figure).<\/p>\n

Voltmeters are connected in parallel with the load (RL<\/sub>) being measured.<\/p>\n

\"All<\/p>\n

Figure : Simple DC Voltmeter<\/p>\n

When constructing a voltmeter, the resistance of the multiplier must be determined to measure the desired voltage. The Equation is a mathematical representation of the voltmeter\u2019s multiplier resistance.<\/p>\n

V = Im<\/sub>Rs<\/sub> + Im<\/sub>Rm<\/sub><\/h5>\n
Im<\/sub>Rs\u00a0<\/sub>=\u00a0V – Im<\/sub>Rm<\/sub><\/h5>\n

\"voltmeter<\/p>\n

where<\/p>\n

V = voltage range desired
\nIm\u00a0<\/sub>= meter current
\nRm<\/sub> = meter resistance
\nRs<\/sub> = multiplier resistance or series resistance<\/p>\n

Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n

A 2 mA meter movement with internal resistance of 25 ohms is to be constructed as a voltmeter. What value must the series resistance be to measure full scale voltage of 100 volts?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Solution :<\/p>\n

\"voltmeter<\/p>\n

Since\u00a0Rm<\/sub>\u00a0is negligibly low, then<\/p>\n

Rs<\/sub> = V\/Im<\/sub><\/p>\n

Rs<\/sub> = 100 \/ (2×10-3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n

Rs<\/sub> =\u00a0 50k\u2126<\/p>\n

When a voltmeter is connected in a circuit, the voltmeter will draw current from that circuit. This current causes a voltage drop across the resistance of the meter, which is subtracted from the voltage being measured by the meter. This reduction in voltage is known as the loading effect and can have a serious effect on measurement accuracy, especially for low current circuits.<\/p>\n

The accuracy of a voltmeter (Kv<\/sub> ) is defined as the ratio of measured voltage when the meter is in the circuit (Vw<\/sub>) to the voltage measured with the meter out of the circuit.<\/p>\n

The below Equation is a mathematical representation of the accuracy of a voltmeter, or true voltage (Vo<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

\"accuracy<\/p>\n

Meter accuracy can also be determined by comparing the relationship between the input and circuit resistances using Ohm\u2019s Law as described below.<\/p>\n

\"Meter<\/p>\n

where<\/p>\n

Im<\/sub> = meter current
\nVo<\/sub>\u00a0= true voltage
\nRo<\/sub> = circuit resistance
\nRin<\/sub> = input resistance of the voltmeter
\nVw<\/sub> = indicated voltage
\nKv<\/sub> = meter accuracy<\/p>\n

Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n

A voltmeter in the 100 volt range with a sensitivity of 40 K\u2126\/V is to measure the voltage across terminals ab.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Measuring<\/p>\n

Find :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Vo<\/sub>\u00a0, true voltage<\/li>\n
  2. Vw<\/sub> , indicated voltage<\/li>\n
  3. Kv<\/sub> , meter accuracy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Solution :<\/p>\n

    Find\u00a0Vo<\/sub>\u00a0, true voltage<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Vo<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a0 { 100 K\u2126 \/ (100 K\u2126 +\u00a0100 K\u2126) } x 220 volts<\/p>\n

    Vo<\/sub>\u00a0= 110 volts<\/p>\n

    Find\u00a0Vw<\/sub>\u00a0,\u00a0indicated voltage<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ro\u00a0<\/sub>= (100 x 100) \/ (100 + 100) = 50K\u2126<\/p>\n

    Rin\u00a0<\/sub>= S V = 40K\u2126 x 100 = 4.4 M\u2126<\/p>\n

    Vw\u00a0<\/sub>=\u00a0Rin\u00a0<\/sub>\/ (Ro + Rin )<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Vw\u00a0<\/sub>= { 4.4M\u2126 \/ (50K\u2126 + 4.4M\u2126) } 110 volts<\/p>\n

    Vw\u00a0<\/sub>= 108.9 volts<\/p>\n

    Find Kv<\/sub> , meter accuracy<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kv<\/sub>\u00a0=\u00a0Vw\u00a0<\/sub>\/\u00a0Vo<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Kv<\/sub>\u00a0= 108.9\/110<\/p>\n

    Kv<\/sub>\u00a0= 0.99 or 99%<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    A simple DC voltmeter can be constructed by placing a resistor (RS), called a multiplier, in series with the ammeter meter movement, and marking the meter face to read voltage (as shown in Figure). Voltmeters are connected in parallel with the load (RL) being measured. Figure : Simple DC Voltmeter When constructing a voltmeter, the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[52403],"tags":[53217,53216,53215,53214,53221,53218,53219,53220],"class_list":{"0":"post-30655","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-electrical-theory","8":"tag-voltmeter","9":"tag-voltmeter-accuracy","10":"tag-voltmeter-multiplier-resistance","11":"tag-voltmeter-multiplier-resistance-formula","12":"tag-voltmeter-operation","13":"tag-voltmeter-principle","14":"tag-voltmeter-theory","15":"tag-voltmeter-working"},"yoast_head":"\nVoltmeters - Inst Tools<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/instrumentationtools.com\/voltmeters\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Voltmeters\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A simple DC voltmeter can be constructed by placing a resistor (RS), called a multiplier, in series with the ammeter meter movement, and marking the meter face to read voltage (as shown in Figure). Voltmeters are connected in parallel with the load (RL) being measured. 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