Controls 101

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What exactly is a lighting control system?
   A lighting control system is an integrated set of devices and software that allow you to manage lighting levels, schedules, zones, and often related elements (shading, daylight harvesting, occupancy sensing, etc.). Its goal is to enhance energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and design flexibility.
2. How do lighting controls help with energy savings?
   • Automatically turning lights off or dimming when rooms are unoccupied or when natural daylight is sufficient.
   • Scheduling to align lighting with building hours.
   • Zoning that allows separate control over different areas so you aren’t lighting the whole space when only part is in use.
   • Using dimming and proper fixture selection further enhances savings.
3. What types of sensors are used in lighting control?
   • Occupancy sensors: detect motion or presence to turn lights on/off or adjust brightness.
   • Daylight sensors (photocells): adjust artificial light based on available natural daylight.
   • Ambient light sensors: monitor overall room lighting to maintain desired levels.
   • Infrared/Ultrasonic/Microwave: different technologies, each with trade-offs in range, coverage, false positives.
4. What is the difference between local control and networked/centralized control?
   • Local control: Each device (switch, sensor) operates “on-site” without a central controller — simple, less complex.
   • Networked/centralized control: Devices communicate (wired or wireless) to a central controller; enables scheduling, energy monitoring, integration with building management systems (BMS), remote configuration.
5. What maintenance is required for controls systems?
   • Periodic testing of sensors and switches.
   • Calibration of daylight sensors.
   • Firmware/software updates for smart or networked systems.
   • Inspection of wiring, checking for loose connections, ensuring dimming ballasts are operating correctly.
   • View service plan options
6. Can I retrofit an existing lighting system with controls?
   Yes. Many control technologies are well suited for retrofit: replacing switches with occupancy/dimming variants, adding sensors, upgrading to smart ballasts/drivers, etc. The feasibility depends on the existing infrastructure (wiring, fixture compatibility, space for sensors), budget, and desired outcome.
7. What are automated shades & how do they integrate?
   Automated roller shades (or motorized shades) can be programmed to raise/lower based on time of day, solar angle, or daylight levels. Integrating shades with lighting and daylight sensors optimizes energy use (reducing cooling/heating loads) and enhances occupant comfort (glare control, thermal comfort).
8. How user-friendly are modern lighting control systems?
   Very. Many systems include intuitive interfaces: wall panels, mobile apps, web dashboards. Training is generally provided, and many systems offer presets/scenes so users can easily change lighting modes (presentation, cleaning, meeting, etc.).

Glossary

Understanding Codes & Standards

Lighting control systems don’t operate in a vacuum—various codes, standards, and regulations influence design, installation, and performance. Here's what you should know:

1. Energy Codes (State & National)
   • The IECC (International Energy Conservation Code) is adopted by many states; it often mandates particular control strategies (automatic shutoffs, daylighting, etc.).
   • States may have their own energy codes or amendments (e.g., Title-24 in California) that go beyond the IECC. Always check local code requirements.
2. ASHRAE / ANSI Standards
   • ASHRAE 90.1 provides minimum requirements for energy efficiency in commercial buildings. It includes lighting power densities, control types, and defined lighting zones.
   • ANSI standards for safety, electrical performance, dimming compatibility, etc.
3. Certification Programs
   • LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design): includes credits for advanced lighting control (daylight harvesting, individual lighting control, etc.).
   • WELL and others may require controls for health and comfort, such as circadian lighting, glare control, etc.
4. Accessibility and Safety Codes
   • ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act): wall switches must be placed at certain heights; controls must be operable by people with disabilities.
   • Emergency lighting codes: special attention to how emergency lighting is integrated with controls.
5. Electrical & Building Codes
   • National Electrical Code (NEC) for wiring, grounding, circuit protection.
   • Local building codes may require permits, inspections, and testing of control systems (especially when integrated into BMS or affecting life safety).
6. Compatibility & Interoperability Standards
   • Ensuring devices from different manufacturers can talk to each other (e.g. DALI, BACnet).
   • Firmware/software update protocols.
   • Ensuring lighting fixtures, drivers, dimmers are compatible (e.g. LED drivers and sensors).