org.apache.commons.io

## Class IOUtils

- java.lang.Object
- - org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils

-     public class IOUtils
      extends Object

  General IO stream manipulation utilities.

  This class provides static utility methods for input/output operations.

  - closeQuietly - these methods close a stream ignoring nulls and exceptions
  - toXxx/read - these methods read data from a stream
  - write - these methods write data to a stream
  - copy - these methods copy all the data from one stream to another
  - contentEquals - these methods compare the content of two streams

  The byte-to-char methods and char-to-byte methods involve a conversion step. Two methods are provided in each case, one that uses the platform default encoding and the other which allows you to specify an encoding. You are encouraged to always specify an encoding because relying on the platform default can lead to unexpected results, for example when moving from development to production.

  All the methods in this class that read a stream are buffered internally. This means that there is no cause to use a `BufferedInputStream` or `BufferedReader`. The default buffer size of 4K has been shown to be efficient in tests.

  The various copy methods all delegate the actual copying to one of the following methods:

  - `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, byte[])`
  - `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, long, long, byte[])`
  - `copyLarge(Reader, Writer, char[])`
  - `copyLarge(Reader, Writer, long, long, char[])`
  For example, `copy(InputStream, OutputStream)` calls `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream)` which calls `copy(InputStream, OutputStream, int)` which creates the buffer and calls `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream, byte[])`.

  Applications can re-use buffers by using the underlying methods directly. This may improve performance for applications that need to do a lot of copying.

  Wherever possible, the methods in this class do not flush or close the stream. This is to avoid making non-portable assumptions about the streams' origin and further use. Thus the caller is still responsible for closing streams after use.

  Provenance: Excalibur.

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `static int` | `CR` CR char '13'.
    `static int` | `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE` The default buffer size (8192) to use in copy methods.
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR` The system directory separator character.
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX` The Unix directory separator character '47'.
    `static char` | `DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS` The Windows directory separator character '92'.
    `static byte[]` | `EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY` A singleton empty byte array.
    `static int` | `EOF` Represents the end-of-file (or stream) value -1.
    `static int` | `LF` LF char '10'.
    `static String` | `LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX` The Unix line separator string.
    `static String` | `LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS` The Windows line separator string.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Static Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `static BufferedInputStream` | `buffer(InputStream inputStream)` Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
    `static BufferedInputStream` | `buffer(InputStream inputStream, int size)` Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
    `static BufferedOutputStream` | `buffer(OutputStream outputStream)` Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
    `static BufferedOutputStream` | `buffer(OutputStream outputStream, int size)` Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
    `static BufferedReader` | `buffer(Reader reader)` Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedReader` | `buffer(Reader reader, int size)` Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedWriter` | `buffer(Writer writer)` Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
    `static BufferedWriter` | `buffer(Writer writer, int size)` Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
    `static byte[]` | `byteArray()` Returns a new byte array of size `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
    `static byte[]` | `byteArray(int size)` Returns a new byte array of the given size.
    `(package private) static void` | `clear()` Clears any state.
    `static void` | `close(Closeable... closeables)` Closes the given `Closeable`s as null-safe operations.
    `static void` | `close(Closeable closeable)` Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation.
    `static void` | `close(Closeable closeable, IOConsumer<IOException> consumer)` Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation.
    `static void` | `close(URLConnection conn)` Closes a URLConnection.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Closeable... closeables)` Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Closeable closeable)` Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Closeable closeable, java.util.function.Consumer<Exception> consumer)` Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation while consuming IOException by the given `consumer`.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(InputStream input)` Closes an `InputStream` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Iterable<Closeable> closeables)` Closes an iterable of `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(OutputStream output)` Closes an `OutputStream` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Reader reader)` Closes an `Reader` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Selector selector)` Closes a `Selector` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(ServerSocket serverSocket)` Closes a `ServerSocket` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Socket socket)` Closes a `Socket` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(java.util.stream.Stream<Closeable> closeables)` Closes a stream of `Closeable` unconditionally.
    `static void` | `closeQuietly(Writer writer)` Closes an `Writer` unconditionally.
    `static long` | `consume(InputStream input)` Consumes bytes from a `InputStream` and ignores them.
    `static long` | `consume(Reader input)` Consumes characters from a `Reader` and ignores them.
    `static boolean` | `contentEquals(InputStream input1, InputStream input2)` Compares the contents of two Streams to determine if they are equal or not.
    `static boolean` | `contentEquals(Reader input1, Reader input2)` Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not.
    `static boolean` | `contentEqualsIgnoreEOL(Reader reader1, Reader reader2)` Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not, ignoring EOL characters.
    `static QueueInputStream` | `copy(ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream)` Copies bytes from a `ByteArrayOutputStream` to a `QueueInputStream`.
    `static int` | `copy(InputStream inputStream, OutputStream outputStream)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copy(InputStream inputStream, OutputStream outputStream, int bufferSize)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream` using an internal buffer of the given size.
    `static void` | `copy(InputStream input, Writer writer, Charset inputCharset)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `copy(InputStream input, Writer writer, String inputCharsetName)` Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static long` | `copy(Reader reader, Appendable output)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Appendable`.
    `static long` | `copy(Reader reader, Appendable output, CharBuffer buffer)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to an `Appendable`.
    `static void` | `copy(Reader reader, OutputStream output, Charset outputCharset)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
    `static void` | `copy(Reader reader, OutputStream output, String outputCharsetName)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.
    `static int` | `copy(Reader reader, Writer writer)` Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copy(URL url, File file)` Copies bytes from a `URL` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copy(URL url, OutputStream outputStream)` Copies bytes from a `URL` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream inputStream, OutputStream outputStream)` Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream inputStream, OutputStream outputStream, byte[] buffer)` Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output, long inputOffset, long length)` Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(InputStream input, OutputStream output, long inputOffset, long length, byte[] buffer)` Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader reader, Writer writer)` Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader reader, Writer writer, char[] buffer)` Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader reader, Writer writer, long inputOffset, long length)` Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.
    `static long` | `copyLarge(Reader reader, Writer writer, long inputOffset, long length, char[] buffer)` Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.
    `(package private) static byte[]` | `getScratchByteArray()` Gets the internal byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.
    `(package private) static byte[]` | `getScratchByteArrayWriteOnly()` Gets the internal byte array intended for write only operations.
    `(package private) static char[]` | `getScratchCharArray()` Gets the char byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.
    `(package private) static char[]` | `getScratchCharArrayWriteOnly()` Gets the internal char array intended for write only operations.
    `static int` | `length(byte[] array)` Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
    `static int` | `length(char[] array)` Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
    `static int` | `length(CharSequence csq)` Returns the length of the given CharSequence in a null-safe manner.
    `static int` | `length(Object[] array)` Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(InputStream input, Charset charset)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(InputStream input, String charsetName)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).
    `static LineIterator` | `lineIterator(Reader reader)` Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `Reader`.
    `static int` | `read(InputStream input, byte[] buffer)` Reads bytes from an input stream.
    `static int` | `read(InputStream input, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads bytes from an input stream.
    `(package private) static int` | `read(IOTriFunction<byte[],Integer,Integer,Integer> input, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads bytes from an input.
    `static int` | `read(ReadableByteChannel input, ByteBuffer buffer)` Reads bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.
    `static int` | `read(Reader reader, char[] buffer)` Reads characters from an input character stream.
    `static int` | `read(Reader reader, char[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads characters from an input character stream.
    `static void` | `readFully(InputStream input, byte[] buffer)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(InputStream input, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static byte[]` | `readFully(InputStream input, int length)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(ReadableByteChannel input, ByteBuffer buffer)` Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(Reader reader, char[] buffer)` Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `readFully(Reader reader, char[] buffer, int offset, int length)` Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(CharSequence csq)` Gets the contents of a `CharSequence` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(InputStream input, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(InputStream input, String charsetName)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.
    `static List<String>` | `readLines(Reader reader)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.
    `static byte[]` | `resourceToByteArray(String name)` Gets the contents of a resource as a byte array.
    `static byte[]` | `resourceToByteArray(String name, ClassLoader classLoader)` Gets the contents of a resource as a byte array.
    `static String` | `resourceToString(String name, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of a resource as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `resourceToString(String name, Charset charset, ClassLoader classLoader)` Gets the contents of a resource as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static URL` | `resourceToURL(String name)` Gets a URL pointing to the given resource.
    `static URL` | `resourceToURL(String name, ClassLoader classLoader)` Gets a URL pointing to the given resource.
    `static long` | `skip(InputStream input, long skip)` Skips bytes from an input byte stream.
    `static long` | `skip(InputStream input, long skip, java.util.function.Supplier<byte[]> skipBufferSupplier)` Skips bytes from an input byte stream.
    `static long` | `skip(ReadableByteChannel input, long toSkip)` Skips bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.
    `static long` | `skip(Reader reader, long toSkip)` Skips characters from an input character stream.
    `static void` | `skipFully(InputStream input, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `skipFully(InputStream input, long toSkip, java.util.function.Supplier<byte[]> skipBufferSupplier)` Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `skipFully(ReadableByteChannel input, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static void` | `skipFully(Reader reader, long toSkip)` Skips the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.
    `static InputStream` | `toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input)` Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.
    `static InputStream` | `toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input, int size)` Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.
    `static BufferedReader` | `toBufferedReader(Reader reader)` Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static BufferedReader` | `toBufferedReader(Reader reader, int size)` Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream inputStream)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream input, int size)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(InputStream input, long size)` Gets contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.
    `(package private) static byte[]` | `toByteArray(IOTriFunction<byte[],Integer,Integer,Integer> input, int size)` Gets the contents of an input as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(Reader reader, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(Reader reader, String charsetName)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URI uri)` Gets the contents of a `URI` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URL url)` Gets the contents of a `URL` as a `byte[]`.
    `static byte[]` | `toByteArray(URLConnection urlConnection)` Gets the contents of a `URLConnection` as a `byte[]`.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(InputStream inputStream, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(InputStream inputStream, String charsetName)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.
    `static char[]` | `toCharArray(Reader reader)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a character array.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(CharSequence input, Charset charset)` Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(CharSequence input, String charsetName)` Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(String input, Charset charset)` Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static InputStream` | `toInputStream(String input, String charsetName)` Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(byte[] input, String charsetName)` Gets the contents of a `byte[]` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(InputStream input, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(InputStream input, String charsetName)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(IOSupplier<InputStream> input, Charset charset)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` from a supplier as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(IOSupplier<InputStream> input, Charset charset, IOSupplier<String> defaultString)` Gets the contents of an `InputStream` from a supplier as a String using the specified character encoding.
    `static String` | `toString(Reader reader)` Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a String.
    `static String` | `toString(URI uri, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URI.
    `static String` | `toString(URI uri, String charsetName)` Gets the contents at the given URI.
    `static String` | `toString(URL url, Charset encoding)` Gets the contents at the given URL.
    `static String` | `toString(URL url, String charsetName)` Gets the contents at the given URL.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, OutputStream output)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream`.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, Writer writer, Charset charset)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(byte[] data, Writer writer, String charsetName)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, OutputStream output, Charset charset)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, OutputStream output, String charsetName)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(char[] data, Writer writer)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer`
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, OutputStream output, Charset charset)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, OutputStream output, String charsetName)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(CharSequence data, Writer writer)` Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to a `Writer`.
    `static void` | `write(String data, OutputStream output, Charset charset)` Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(String data, OutputStream output, String charsetName)` Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.
    `static void` | `write(String data, Writer writer)` Writes chars from a `String` to a `Writer`.
    `static void` | `writeChunked(byte[] data, OutputStream output)` Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream` using chunked writes.
    `static void` | `writeChunked(char[] data, Writer writer)` Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer` using chunked writes.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, OutputStream output, Charset charset)` Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, OutputStream output, String charsetName)` Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.
    `static void` | `writeLines(Collection<?> lines, String lineEnding, Writer writer)` Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to a `Writer` line by line, using the specified line ending.
    `static Writer` | `writer(Appendable appendable)` Returns the given Appendable if it is already a `Writer`, otherwise creates a Writer wrapper around the given Appendable.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### CR

          public static final int CR

      CR char '13'.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE

          public static final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE

      The default buffer size (8192) to use in copy methods.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR

      The system directory separator character.

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR_UNIX

      The Unix directory separator character '47'.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

          public static final char DIR_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

      The Windows directory separator character '92'.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY

          public static final byte[] EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY

      A singleton empty byte array.

    - #### EOF

          public static final int EOF

      Represents the end-of-file (or stream) value -1.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### LF

          public static final int LF

      LF char '10'.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX

          public static final String LINE_SEPARATOR_UNIX

      The Unix line separator string.
      See Also:
        `StandardLineSeparator.LF`

    - #### LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

          public static final String LINE_SEPARATOR_WINDOWS

      The Windows line separator string.
      See Also:
        `StandardLineSeparator.CRLF`

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedInputStream buffer(InputStream inputStream)

      Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the InputStream to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given InputStream or a new `BufferedInputStream` for the given InputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedInputStream buffer(InputStream inputStream,
                                                   int size)

      Returns the given InputStream if it is already a `BufferedInputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedInputStream from the given InputStream.
      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the InputStream to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedInputStream is created.
      Returns:
        the given InputStream or a new `BufferedInputStream` for the given InputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedOutputStream buffer(OutputStream outputStream)

      Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
      Parameters:
        `outputStream` - the OutputStream to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given OutputStream or a new `BufferedOutputStream` for the given OutputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedOutputStream buffer(OutputStream outputStream,
                                                    int size)

      Returns the given OutputStream if it is already a `BufferedOutputStream`, otherwise creates a BufferedOutputStream from the given OutputStream.
      Parameters:
        `outputStream` - the OutputStream to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedOutputStream is created.
      Returns:
        the given OutputStream or a new `BufferedOutputStream` for the given OutputStream
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedReader buffer(Reader reader)

      Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedReader buffer(Reader reader,
                                              int size)

      Returns the given reader if it is already a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedReader is created.
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedWriter buffer(Writer writer)

      Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
      Parameters:
        `writer` - the Writer to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given Writer or a new `BufferedWriter` for the given Writer
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### buffer

          public static BufferedWriter buffer(Writer writer,
                                              int size)

      Returns the given Writer if it is already a `BufferedWriter`, otherwise creates a BufferedWriter from the given Writer.
      Parameters:
        `writer` - the Writer to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedWriter is created.
      Returns:
        the given Writer or a new `BufferedWriter` for the given Writer
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null

    - #### byteArray

          public static byte[] byteArray()

      Returns a new byte array of size `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
      Returns:
        a new byte array of size `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

    - #### byteArray

          public static byte[] byteArray(int size)

      Returns a new byte array of the given size. TODO Consider guarding or warning against large allocations...
      Parameters:
        `size` - array size.
      Returns:
        a new byte array of the given size.
      Throws:
        `NegativeArraySizeException` - if the size is negative.

    - #### clear

          static void clear()

      Clears any state.
      - Removes the current thread's value for thread-local variables.
      - Sets static scratch arrays to 0s.
      See Also:
        `IO.clear()`

    - #### close

          public static void close(Closeable... closeables)
                            throws IOExceptionList

      Closes the given `Closeable`s as null-safe operations.
      Parameters:
        `closeables` - The resource(s) to close, may be null.
      Throws:
        `IOExceptionList` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### close

          public static void close(Closeable closeable)
                            throws IOException

      Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation.
      Parameters:
        `closeable` - The resource to close, may be null.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### close

          public static void close(Closeable closeable,
                                   IOConsumer<IOException> consumer)
                            throws IOException

      Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation.
      Parameters:
        `closeable` - The resource to close, may be null.
        `consumer` - Consume the IOException thrown by `Closeable.close()`.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### close

          public static void close(URLConnection conn)

      Closes a URLConnection.
      Parameters:
        `conn` - the connection to close.

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Closeable... closeables)

      Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Closeable.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored.

      This is typically used in finally blocks to ensure that the closeable is closed even if an Exception was thrown before the normal close statement was reached.
      It should not be used to replace the close statement(s) which should be present for the non-exceptional case.
      It is only intended to simplify tidying up where normal processing has already failed and reporting close failure as well is not necessary or useful.

      Example code:

           Closeable closeable = null;
           try {
               closeable = new FileReader("foo.txt");
               // processing using the closeable; may throw an Exception
               closeable.close(); // Normal close - exceptions not ignored
           } catch (Exception e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(closeable); // In case normal close was skipped due to Exception
           }

      Closing all streams:

           try {
               return IOUtils.copy(inputStream, outputStream);
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(inputStream, outputStream);
           }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `closeables` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `closeQuietly(Closeable)`, `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Closeable closeable)

      Closes a `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Closeable.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

           Closeable closeable = null;
           try {
               closeable = new FileReader("foo.txt");
               // process closeable
               closeable.close();
           } catch (Exception e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(closeable);
           }

      Closing all streams:

           try {
               return IOUtils.copy(inputStream, outputStream);
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(inputStream);
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(outputStream);
           }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `closeable` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Closeable closeable,
                                          java.util.function.Consumer<Exception> consumer)

      Closes the given `Closeable` as a null-safe operation while consuming IOException by the given `consumer`.
      Parameters:
        `closeable` - The resource to close, may be null.
        `consumer` - Consumes the Exception thrown by `Closeable.close()`.

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(InputStream input)

      Closes an `InputStream` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `InputStream.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             byte[] data = new byte[1024];
             InputStream in = null;
             try {
                 in = new FileInputStream("foo.txt");
                 in.read(data);
                 in.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the InputStream to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Iterable<Closeable> closeables)

      Closes an iterable of `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent calling `Closeable.close()` on each element, except any exceptions will be ignored.

      Parameters:
        `closeables` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `closeQuietly(Closeable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(OutputStream output)

      Closes an `OutputStream` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `OutputStream.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

           byte[] data = "Hello, World".getBytes();

           OutputStream out = null;
           try {
               out = new FileOutputStream("foo.txt");
               out.write(data);
               out.close(); //close errors are handled
           } catch (IOException e) {
               // error handling
           } finally {
               IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
           }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `output` - the OutputStream to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Reader reader)

      Closes an `Reader` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Reader.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             char[] data = new char[1024];
             Reader in = null;
             try {
                 in = new FileReader("foo.txt");
                 in.read(data);
                 in.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(in);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the Reader to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Selector selector)

      Closes a `Selector` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Selector.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Selector selector = null;
             try {
                 selector = Selector.open();
                 // process socket

             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(selector);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `selector` - the Selector to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(ServerSocket serverSocket)

      Closes a `ServerSocket` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `ServerSocket.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             ServerSocket socket = null;
             try {
                 socket = new ServerSocket();
                 // process socket
                 socket.close();
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(socket);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `serverSocket` - the ServerSocket to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Socket socket)

      Closes a `Socket` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Socket.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Socket socket = null;
             try {
                 socket = new Socket("http://www.foo.com/", 80);
                 // process socket
                 socket.close();
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(socket);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `socket` - the Socket to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(java.util.stream.Stream<Closeable> closeables)

      Closes a stream of `Closeable` unconditionally.

      Equivalent calling `Closeable.close()` on each element, except any exceptions will be ignored.

      Parameters:
        `closeables` - the objects to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `closeQuietly(Closeable)`

    - #### closeQuietly

          public static void closeQuietly(Writer writer)

      Closes an `Writer` unconditionally.

      Equivalent to `Writer.close()`, except any exceptions will be ignored. This is typically used in finally blocks.

      Example code:

             Writer out = null;
             try {
                 out = new StringWriter();
                 out.write("Hello World");
                 out.close(); //close errors are handled
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 // error handling
             } finally {
                 IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
             }

      Also consider using a try-with-resources statement where appropriate.

      Parameters:
        `writer` - the Writer to close, may be null or already closed
      See Also:
        `Throwable.addSuppressed(Throwable)`

    - #### consume

          public static long consume(InputStream input)
                              throws IOException

      Consumes bytes from a `InputStream` and ignores them.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied. or `0` if `input is null`.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### consume

          public static long consume(Reader input)
                              throws IOException

      Consumes characters from a `Reader` and ignores them.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `Reader` to read.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied. or `0` if `input is null`.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the Reader is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### contentEquals

          public static boolean contentEquals(InputStream input1,
                                              InputStream input2)
                                       throws IOException

      Compares the contents of two Streams to determine if they are equal or not.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedInputStream` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `input1` - the first stream
        `input2` - the second stream
      Returns:
        true if the content of the streams are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### contentEquals

          public static boolean contentEquals(Reader input1,
                                              Reader input2)
                                       throws IOException

      Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedReader` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `input1` - the first reader
        `input2` - the second reader
      Returns:
        true if the content of the readers are equal or they both don't exist, false otherwise
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if either input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### contentEqualsIgnoreEOL

          public static boolean contentEqualsIgnoreEOL(Reader reader1,
                                                       Reader reader2)
                                                throws UncheckedIOException

      Compares the contents of two Readers to determine if they are equal or not, ignoring EOL characters.

      This method buffers the input internally using `BufferedReader` if they are not already buffered.

      Parameters:
        `reader1` - the first reader
        `reader2` - the second reader
      Returns:
        true if the content of the readers are equal (ignoring EOL differences), false otherwise
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if either input is null
        `UncheckedIOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static QueueInputStream copy(ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream)
                                       throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a `ByteArrayOutputStream` to a `QueueInputStream`.

      Unlike using JDK `PipedInputStream` and `PipedOutputStream` for this, this solution works safely in a single thread environment.

      Example usage:

           ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
           outputStream.writeBytes("hello world".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

           InputStream inputStream = IOUtils.copy(outputStream);

      Parameters:
        `outputStream` - the `ByteArrayOutputStream` to read.
      Returns:
        the `QueueInputStream` filled with the content of the outputStream.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the `ByteArrayOutputStream` is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copy

          public static int copy(InputStream inputStream,
                                 OutputStream outputStream)
                          throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Large streams (over 2GB) will return a bytes copied value of `-1` after the copy has completed since the correct number of bytes cannot be returned as an int. For large streams use the `copyLarge(InputStream, OutputStream)` method.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `outputStream` - the `OutputStream` to write.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied, or -1 if greater than `Integer.MAX_VALUE`.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(InputStream inputStream,
                                  OutputStream outputStream,
                                  int bufferSize)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to an `OutputStream` using an internal buffer of the given size.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `outputStream` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `bufferSize` - the bufferSize used to copy from the input to the output
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(InputStream input,
                                  Writer writer,
                                  Charset inputCharset)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      This method uses `InputStreamReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputCharset` - the charset to use for the input stream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(InputStream input,
                                  Writer writer,
                                  String inputCharsetName)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from an `InputStream` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `InputStreamReader`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputCharsetName` - the name of the requested charset for the InputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(Reader reader,
                                  Appendable output)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Appendable`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Large streams (over 2GB) will return a chars copied value of `-1` after the copy has completed since the correct number of chars cannot be returned as an int. For large streams use the `copyLarge(Reader, Writer)` method.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `output` - the `Appendable` to write to
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied, or -1 if > Integer.MAX_VALUE
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(Reader reader,
                                  Appendable output,
                                  CharBuffer buffer)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to an `Appendable`.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `output` - the `Appendable` to write to
        `buffer` - the buffer to be used for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(Reader reader,
                                  OutputStream output,
                                  Charset outputCharset)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.

      This method uses `OutputStreamWriter`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `outputCharset` - the charset to use for the OutputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static void copy(Reader reader,
                                  OutputStream output,
                                  String outputCharsetName)
                           throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding, and calling flush.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Due to the implementation of OutputStreamWriter, this method performs a flush.

      This method uses `OutputStreamWriter`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `outputCharsetName` - the name of the requested charset for the OutputStream, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### copy

          public static int copy(Reader reader,
                                 Writer writer)
                          throws IOException

      Copies chars from a `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Large streams (over 2GB) will return a chars copied value of `-1` after the copy has completed since the correct number of chars cannot be returned as an int. For large streams use the `copyLarge(Reader, Writer)` method.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read.
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write.
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied, or -1 if > Integer.MAX_VALUE
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(URL url,
                                  File file)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a `URL` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `url` - the `URL` to read.
        `file` - the `OutputStream` to write.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the URL is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copy

          public static long copy(URL url,
                                  OutputStream outputStream)
                           throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a `URL` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `url` - the `URL` to read.
        `outputStream` - the `OutputStream` to write.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the URL is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream inputStream,
                                       OutputStream outputStream)
                                throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `outputStream` - the `OutputStream` to write.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream inputStream,
                                       OutputStream outputStream,
                                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `outputStream` - the `OutputStream` to write.
        `buffer` - the buffer to use for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `NullPointerException` - if the OutputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                                       OutputStream output,
                                       long inputOffset,
                                       long length)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write.
        `inputOffset` - number of bytes to skip from input before copying, these bytes are ignored.
        `length` - number of bytes to copy.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(InputStream input,
                                       OutputStream output,
                                       long inputOffset,
                                       long length,
                                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all bytes from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input bytes.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write.
        `inputOffset` - number of bytes to skip from input before copying, these bytes are ignored.
        `length` - number of bytes to copy.
        `buffer` - the buffer to use for the copy.
      Returns:
        the number of bytes copied.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader reader,
                                       Writer writer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to source.
        `writer` - the `Writer` to target.
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader reader,
                                       Writer writer,
                                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies chars from a large (over 2GB) `Reader` to a `Writer`.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to source.
        `writer` - the `Writer` to target.
        `buffer` - the buffer to be used for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of characters copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader reader,
                                       Writer writer,
                                       long inputOffset,
                                       long length)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      The buffer size is given by `DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputOffset` - number of chars to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - number of chars to copy. -ve means all
      Returns:
        the number of chars copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### copyLarge

          public static long copyLarge(Reader reader,
                                       Writer writer,
                                       long inputOffset,
                                       long length,
                                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Copies some or all chars from a large (over 2GB) `InputStream` to an `OutputStream`, optionally skipping input chars.

      This method uses the provided buffer, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `inputOffset` - number of chars to skip from input before copying -ve values are ignored
        `length` - number of chars to copy. -ve means all
        `buffer` - the buffer to be used for the copy
      Returns:
        the number of chars copied
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input or output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### getScratchByteArray

          static byte[] getScratchByteArray()

      Gets the internal byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.
      Returns:
        the internal byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.

    - #### getScratchByteArrayWriteOnly

          static byte[] getScratchByteArrayWriteOnly()

      Gets the internal byte array intended for write only operations.
      Returns:
        the internal byte array intended for write only operations.

    - #### getScratchCharArray

          static char[] getScratchCharArray()

      Gets the char byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.
      Returns:
        the char byte array buffer, intended for both reading and writing.

    - #### getScratchCharArrayWriteOnly

          static char[] getScratchCharArrayWriteOnly()

      Gets the internal char array intended for write only operations.
      Returns:
        the internal char array intended for write only operations.

    - #### length

          public static int length(byte[] array)

      Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
      Parameters:
        `array` - an array or null
      Returns:
        the array length, or 0 if the given array is null.

    - #### length

          public static int length(char[] array)

      Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
      Parameters:
        `array` - an array or null
      Returns:
        the array length, or 0 if the given array is null.

    - #### length

          public static int length(CharSequence csq)

      Returns the length of the given CharSequence in a null-safe manner.
      Parameters:
        `csq` - a CharSequence or null
      Returns:
        the CharSequence length, or 0 if the given CharSequence is null.

    - #### length

          public static int length(Object[] array)

      Returns the length of the given array in a null-safe manner.
      Parameters:
        `array` - an array or null
      Returns:
        the array length, or 0 if the given array is null.

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(InputStream input,
                                                  Charset charset)

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `InputStream` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources. This can be done by using a try-with-resources block, closing the stream directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(stream, charset);
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(stream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read, not null
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the input is null

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(InputStream input,
                                                  String charsetName)

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in an `InputStream`, using the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `InputStream` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources. This can be done by using a try-with-resources block, closing the stream directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(stream, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(stream);
           }

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read, not null
        `charsetName` - the encoding to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if the input is null
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### lineIterator

          public static LineIterator lineIterator(Reader reader)

      Returns an Iterator for the lines in a `Reader`.

      `LineIterator` holds a reference to the open `Reader` specified here. When you have finished with the iterator you should close the reader to free internal resources. This can be done by using a try-with-resources block, closing the reader directly, or by calling `LineIterator.close()`.

      The recommended usage pattern is:

           try {
             LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(reader);
             while (it.hasNext()) {
               String line = it.nextLine();
               /// do something with line
             }
           } finally {
             IOUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
           }

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read, not null
      Returns:
        an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the reader is null

    - #### read

          public static int read(InputStream input,
                                 byte[] buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from an input stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `InputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### read

          public static int read(InputStream input,
                                 byte[] buffer,
                                 int offset,
                                 int length)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from an input stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `InputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### read

          static int read(IOTriFunction<byte[],Integer,Integer,Integer> input,
                          byte[] buffer,
                          int offset,
                          int length)
                   throws IOException

      Reads bytes from an input. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `InputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - How to read input
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### read

          public static int read(ReadableByteChannel input,
                                 ByteBuffer buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads bytes from a ReadableByteChannel.

      This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `ReadableByteChannel`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte channel to read
        `buffer` - byte buffer destination
      Returns:
        the actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### read

          public static int read(Reader reader,
                                 char[] buffer)
                          throws IOException

      Reads characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `Reader`.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### read

          public static int read(Reader reader,
                                 char[] buffer,
                                 int offset,
                                 int length)
                          throws IOException

      Reads characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for subclasses of `Reader`.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        actual length read; may be less than requested if EOF was reached
      Throws:
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `IOException` - if a read error occurs

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(InputStream input,
                                       byte[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(InputStream input,
                                       byte[] buffer,
                                       int offset,
                                       int length)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect

    - #### readFully

          public static byte[] readFully(InputStream input,
                                         int length)
                                  throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - where to read input from
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Returns:
        the bytes read from input
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(ReadableByteChannel input,
                                       ByteBuffer buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `ReadableByteChannel.read(ByteBuffer)` may not read as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte channel to read
        `buffer` - byte buffer destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes read was incorrect

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(Reader reader,
                                       char[] buffer)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` may not read as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `reader` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters read was incorrect

    - #### readFully

          public static void readFully(Reader reader,
                                       char[] buffer,
                                       int offset,
                                       int length)
                                throws IOException

      Reads the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` may not read as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Parameters:
        `reader` - where to read input from
        `buffer` - destination
        `offset` - initial offset into buffer
        `length` - length to read, must be >= 0
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if length is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters read was incorrect

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(CharSequence csq)
                                        throws UncheckedIOException

      Gets the contents of a `CharSequence` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.
      Parameters:
        `csq` - the `CharSequence` to read, not null
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `UncheckedIOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(InputStream input,
                                               Charset charset)
                                        throws UncheckedIOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read, not null
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `UncheckedIOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(InputStream input,
                                               String charsetName)
                                        throws UncheckedIOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a list of Strings, one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read, not null
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `UncheckedIOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### readLines

          public static List<String> readLines(Reader reader)
                                        throws UncheckedIOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a list of Strings, one entry per line.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read, not null
      Returns:
        the list of Strings, never null
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `UncheckedIOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### resourceToByteArray

          public static byte[] resourceToByteArray(String name)
                                            throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a resource as a byte array.

      Delegates to `resourceToByteArray(String, null)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or the resource is not found.
      See Also:
        `resourceToByteArray(String, ClassLoader)`

    - #### resourceToByteArray

          public static byte[] resourceToByteArray(String name,
                                                   ClassLoader classLoader)
                                            throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a resource as a byte array.

      Delegates to `resourceToURL(String, ClassLoader)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
        `classLoader` - the class loader that the resolution of the resource is delegated to
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or the resource is not found.
      See Also:
        `resourceToURL(String, ClassLoader)`

    - #### resourceToString

          public static String resourceToString(String name,
                                                Charset charset)
                                         throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a resource as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Delegates to `resourceToString(String, Charset, null)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or the resource is not found.
      See Also:
        `resourceToString(String, Charset, ClassLoader)`

    - #### resourceToString

          public static String resourceToString(String name,
                                                Charset charset,
                                                ClassLoader classLoader)
                                         throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a resource as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Delegates to `resourceToURL(String, ClassLoader)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
        `charset` - the Charset to use, null means platform default
        `classLoader` - the class loader that the resolution of the resource is delegated to
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.
      See Also:
        `resourceToURL(String, ClassLoader)`

    - #### resourceToURL

          public static URL resourceToURL(String name)
                                   throws IOException

      Gets a URL pointing to the given resource.

      Delegates to `resourceToURL(String, null)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
      Returns:
        A URL object for reading the resource.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if the resource is not found.

    - #### resourceToURL

          public static URL resourceToURL(String name,
                                          ClassLoader classLoader)
                                   throws IOException

      Gets a URL pointing to the given resource.

      If the `classLoader` is not null, call `ClassLoader.getResource(String)`, otherwise call `IOUtils.class.getResource(name)`.

      Parameters:
        `name` - The resource name.
        `classLoader` - Delegate to this class loader if not null
      Returns:
        A URL object for reading the resource.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if the resource is not found.

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(InputStream input,
                                  long skip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips bytes from an input byte stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for skip() implementations in subclasses of `InputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` rather than delegating to `InputStream.skip(long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of bytes are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - byte stream to skip
        `skip` - number of bytes to skip.
      Returns:
        number of bytes actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`, IO-203 - Add skipFully() method for InputStreams

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(InputStream input,
                                  long skip,
                                  java.util.function.Supplier<byte[]> skipBufferSupplier)
                           throws IOException

      Skips bytes from an input byte stream.

      Intended for special cases when customization of the temporary buffer is needed because, for example, a nested input stream has requirements for the bytes read. For example, when using `InflaterInputStream`s from multiple threads.

      This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for skip() implementations in subclasses of `InputStream`.

      Note that the implementation uses `InputStream.read(byte[], int, int)` rather than delegating to `InputStream.skip(long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of bytes are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - byte stream to skip
        `skip` - number of bytes to skip.
        `skipBufferSupplier` - Supplies the buffer to use for reading.
      Returns:
        number of bytes actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`, IO-203 - Add skipFully() method for InputStreams

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(ReadableByteChannel input,
                                  long toSkip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips bytes from a ReadableByteChannel. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many bytes as possible before giving up.
      Parameters:
        `input` - ReadableByteChannel to skip
        `toSkip` - number of bytes to skip.
      Returns:
        number of bytes actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the ReadableByteChannel
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative

    - #### skip

          public static long skip(Reader reader,
                                  long toSkip)
                           throws IOException

      Skips characters from an input character stream. This implementation guarantees that it will read as many characters as possible before giving up; this may not always be the case for skip() implementations in subclasses of `Reader`.

      Note that the implementation uses `Reader.read(char[], int, int)` rather than delegating to `Reader.skip(long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - character stream to skip
        `toSkip` - number of characters to skip.
      Returns:
        number of characters actually skipped.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
      See Also:
        `Reader.skip(long)`, IO-203 - Add skipFully() method for InputStreams

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(InputStream input,
                                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.skip(long)` may not skip as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - stream to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of bytes to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes skipped was incorrect
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(InputStream input,
                                       long toSkip,
                                       java.util.function.Supplier<byte[]> skipBufferSupplier)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.

      Intended for special cases when customization of the temporary buffer is needed because, for example, a nested input stream has requirements for the bytes read. For example, when using `InflaterInputStream`s from multiple threads.

      This allows for the possibility that `InputStream.skip(long)` may not skip as many bytes as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(InputStream, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `input` - stream to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of bytes to skip
        `skipBufferSupplier` - Supplies the buffer to use for reading.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes skipped was incorrect
      See Also:
        `InputStream.skip(long)`

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(ReadableByteChannel input,
                                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of bytes or fail if there are not enough left.
      Parameters:
        `input` - ReadableByteChannel to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of bytes to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the ReadableByteChannel
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of bytes skipped was incorrect

    - #### skipFully

          public static void skipFully(Reader reader,
                                       long toSkip)
                                throws IOException

      Skips the requested number of characters or fail if there are not enough left.

      This allows for the possibility that `Reader.skip(long)` may not skip as many characters as requested (most likely because of reaching EOF).

      Note that the implementation uses `skip(Reader, long)`. This means that the method may be considerably less efficient than using the actual skip implementation, this is done to guarantee that the correct number of characters are skipped.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - stream to skip
        `toSkip` - the number of characters to skip
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if there is a problem reading the file
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if toSkip is negative
        `EOFException` - if the number of characters skipped was incorrect
      See Also:
        `Reader.skip(long)`

    - #### toBufferedInputStream

          public static InputStream toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input)
                                                   throws IOException

      Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.

      This method is useful where,

      - Source InputStream is slow.
      - It has network resources associated, so we cannot keep it open for long time.
      - It has network timeout associated.

      It can be used in favor of `toByteArray(InputStream)`, since it avoids unnecessary allocation and copy of byte[].
      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - Stream to be fully buffered.
      Returns:
        A fully buffered stream.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### toBufferedInputStream

          public static InputStream toBufferedInputStream(InputStream input,
                                                          int size)
                                                   throws IOException

      Fetches entire contents of an `InputStream` and represent same data as result InputStream.

      This method is useful where,

      - Source InputStream is slow.
      - It has network resources associated, so we cannot keep it open for long time.
      - It has network timeout associated.

      It can be used in favor of `toByteArray(InputStream)`, since it avoids unnecessary allocation and copy of byte[].
      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - Stream to be fully buffered.
        `size` - the initial buffer size
      Returns:
        A fully buffered stream.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs.

    - #### toBufferedReader

          public static BufferedReader toBufferedReader(Reader reader)

      Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      See Also:
        `buffer(Reader)`

    - #### toBufferedReader

          public static BufferedReader toBufferedReader(Reader reader,
                                                        int size)

      Returns the given reader if it is a `BufferedReader`, otherwise creates a BufferedReader from the given reader.
      Parameters:
        `reader` - the reader to wrap or return (not null)
        `size` - the buffer size, if a new BufferedReader is created.
      Returns:
        the given reader or a new `BufferedReader` for the given reader
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null
      See Also:
        `buffer(Reader)`

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream inputStream)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read.
      Returns:
        the requested byte array.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the InputStream is `null`.
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or reading more than `Integer.MAX_VALUE` occurs.

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input,
                                           int size)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`. Use this method instead of `toByteArray(InputStream)` when `InputStream` size is known.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read.
        `size` - the size of `InputStream` to read, where 0 < `size` <= length of input stream.
      Returns:
        byte [] of length `size`.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or `InputStream` length is smaller than parameter `size`.
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if `size` is less than zero.

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input,
                                           long size)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets contents of an `InputStream` as a `byte[]`. Use this method instead of `toByteArray(InputStream)` when `InputStream` size is known. NOTE: the method checks that the length can safely be cast to an int without truncation before using `toByteArray(InputStream, int)` to read into the byte array. (Arrays can have no more than Integer.MAX_VALUE entries anyway)
      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read
        `size` - the size of `InputStream` to read, where 0 < `size` <= min(Integer.MAX_VALUE, length of input stream).
      Returns:
        byte [] the requested byte array, of length `size`
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or `InputStream` length is less than `size`
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if size is less than zero or size is greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE
      See Also:
        `toByteArray(InputStream, int)`

    - #### toByteArray

          static byte[] toByteArray(IOTriFunction<byte[],Integer,Integer,Integer> input,
                                    int size)
                             throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an input as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the input to read.
        `size` - the size of the input to read, where 0 < `size` <= length of input.
      Returns:
        byte [] of length `size`.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs or input length is smaller than parameter `size`.
        `IllegalArgumentException` - if `size` is less than zero.

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(Reader reader,
                                           Charset charset)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(Reader reader,
                                           String charsetName)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a `byte[]` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URI uri)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URI` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - the `URI` to read
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the uri is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URL url)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URL` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `url` - the `URL` to read
      Returns:
        the requested byte array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs

    - #### toByteArray

          public static byte[] toByteArray(URLConnection urlConnection)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `URLConnection` as a `byte[]`.
      Parameters:
        `urlConnection` - the `URLConnection` to read.
      Returns:
        the requested byte array.
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the urlConn is null.
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream inputStream,
                                           Charset charset)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream inputStream,
                                           String charsetName)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a character array using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `inputStream` - the `InputStream` to read
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toCharArray

          public static char[] toCharArray(Reader reader)
                                    throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a character array.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
      Returns:
        the requested character array
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(CharSequence input,
                                                  Charset charset)

      Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the CharSequence to convert
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(CharSequence input,
                                                  String charsetName)

      Converts the specified CharSequence to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the CharSequence to convert
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Throws:
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(String input,
                                                  Charset charset)

      Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.
      Parameters:
        `input` - the string to convert
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream

    - #### toInputStream

          public static InputStream toInputStream(String input,
                                                  String charsetName)

      Converts the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the string to convert
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        an input stream
      Throws:
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(byte[] input,
                                        String charsetName)

      Gets the contents of a `byte[]` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the byte array to read
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(InputStream input,
                                        Charset charset)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(InputStream input,
                                        String charsetName)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` as a String using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - the `InputStream` to read
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(IOSupplier<InputStream> input,
                                        Charset charset)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` from a supplier as a String using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - supplies the `InputStream` to read
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(IOSupplier<InputStream> input,
                                        Charset charset,
                                        IOSupplier<String> defaultString)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of an `InputStream` from a supplier as a String using the specified character encoding.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedInputStream`.

      Parameters:
        `input` - supplies the `InputStream` to read
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
        `defaultString` - the default return value if the supplier or its value is null.
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(Reader reader)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents of a `Reader` as a String.

      This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a `BufferedReader`.

      Parameters:
        `reader` - the `Reader` to read
      Returns:
        the requested String
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URI uri,
                                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URI.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - The URI source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URI uri,
                                        String charsetName)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URI.
      Parameters:
        `uri` - The URI source.
        `charsetName` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URL url,
                                        Charset encoding)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URL.
      Parameters:
        `url` - The URL source.
        `encoding` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.

    - #### toString

          public static String toString(URL url,
                                        String charsetName)
                                 throws IOException

      Gets the contents at the given URL.
      Parameters:
        `url` - The URL source.
        `charsetName` - The encoding name for the URL contents.
      Returns:
        The contents of the URL as a String.
      Throws:
        `IOException` - if an I/O exception occurs.
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                                   OutputStream output)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                                   Writer writer,
                                   Charset charset)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String(byte[], String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(byte[] data,
                                   Writer writer,
                                   String charsetName)
                            throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to chars on a `Writer` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String(byte[], String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   Charset charset)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String(char[])` and `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   String charsetName)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String(char[])` and `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### write

          public static void write(char[] data,
                                   Writer writer)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer`
      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   Charset charset)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   String charsetName)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### write

          public static void write(CharSequence data,
                                   Writer writer)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `CharSequence` to a `Writer`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the `CharSequence` to write, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   Charset charset)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                                   OutputStream output,
                                   String charsetName)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to bytes on an `OutputStream` using the specified character encoding.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      This method uses `String.getBytes(String)`.

      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### write

          public static void write(String data,
                                   Writer writer)
                            throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `String` to a `Writer`.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the `String` to write, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### writeChunked

          public static void writeChunked(byte[] data,
                                          OutputStream output)
                                   throws IOException

      Writes bytes from a `byte[]` to an `OutputStream` using chunked writes. This is intended for writing very large byte arrays which might otherwise cause excessive memory usage if the native code has to allocate a copy.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the byte array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### writeChunked

          public static void writeChunked(char[] data,
                                          Writer writer)
                                   throws IOException

      Writes chars from a `char[]` to a `Writer` using chunked writes. This is intended for writing very large byte arrays which might otherwise cause excessive memory usage if the native code has to allocate a copy.
      Parameters:
        `data` - the char array to write, do not modify during output, null ignored
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                                        String lineEnding,
                                        OutputStream output,
                                        Charset charset)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.

      UTF-16 is written big-endian with no byte order mark. For little-endian, use UTF-16LE. For a BOM, write it to the stream before calling this method.

      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to, not null, not closed
        `charset` - the charset to use, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                                        String lineEnding,
                                        OutputStream output,
                                        String charsetName)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to an `OutputStream` line by line, using the specified character encoding and the specified line ending.

      Character encoding names can be found at IANA.

      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `output` - the `OutputStream` to write to, not null, not closed
        `charsetName` - the name of the requested charset, null means platform default
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the output is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs
        `UnsupportedCharsetException` - if the encoding is not supported

    - #### writeLines

          public static void writeLines(Collection<?> lines,
                                        String lineEnding,
                                        Writer writer)
                                 throws IOException

      Writes the `Object.toString()` value of each item in a collection to a `Writer` line by line, using the specified line ending.
      Parameters:
        `lines` - the lines to write, null entries produce blank lines
        `lineEnding` - the line separator to use, null is system default
        `writer` - the `Writer` to write to, not null, not closed
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input is null
        `IOException` - if an I/O error occurs

    - #### writer

          public static Writer writer(Appendable appendable)

      Returns the given Appendable if it is already a `Writer`, otherwise creates a Writer wrapper around the given Appendable.
      Parameters:
        `appendable` - the Appendable to wrap or return (not null)
      Returns:
        the given Appendable or a Writer wrapper around the given Appendable
      Throws:
        `NullPointerException` - if the input parameter is null