{"id":1314,"date":"2019-11-26T11:28:56","date_gmt":"2019-11-26T11:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/human-memory.net\/?p=1314"},"modified":"2022-05-20T09:44:25","modified_gmt":"2022-05-20T09:44:25","slug":"cingulate-cortex","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/","title":{"rendered":"Cingulate Cortex"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_17 counter-hierarchy counter-decimal ez-toc-grey\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><i class=\"ez-toc-glyphicon ez-toc-icon-toggle\"><\/i><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class=\"ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1\"><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Boost_Your_Brain_with_Mind_Lab_Pro\" title=\"\n\t\tBoost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro\n\t\">\n\t\tBoost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro\n\t<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-3\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Benefits\" title=\"\n\t\tBenefits\n\t\">\n\t\tBenefits\n\t<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Anatomy\" title=\"Anatomy\">Anatomy<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-3\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Location\" title=\"Location\">Location<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Structure\" title=\"Structure\">Structure<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Anterior_Cingulate_Cortex\" title=\"Anterior Cingulate Cortex\">Anterior Cingulate Cortex<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Posterior_Cingulate_Cortex\" title=\"Posterior Cingulate Cortex\">Posterior Cingulate Cortex<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Connections\" title=\"Connections\">Connections<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Afferent_Fibers\" title=\"Afferent Fibers\">Afferent Fibers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Efferent_Fibers\" title=\"Efferent Fibers\">Efferent Fibers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Blood_Supply\" title=\"Blood Supply\">Blood Supply<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Physiology\" title=\"Physiology\">Physiology<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-3\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Error_Detection\" title=\"Error Detection\">Error Detection<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Social_Evaluation\" title=\"Social Evaluation\">Social Evaluation<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Consciousness\" title=\"Consciousness\">Consciousness<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Registration_of_Pain\" title=\"Registration of Pain\">Registration of Pain<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Memory_and_Learning\" title=\"Memory and Learning\">Memory and Learning<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Meditation\" title=\"Meditation\">Meditation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Clinical_Significance\" title=\"Clinical Significance\">Clinical Significance<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-3\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Alzheimers_Disease\" title=\"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\">Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Autism_Spectrum_Disorders_ASD\" title=\"Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)\">Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Attention_Deficit_Hyperkinetic_Disorder_ADHD\" title=\"Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD)\">Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Depression\" title=\"Depression\">Depression<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#Schizophrenia\" title=\"Schizophrenia\">Schizophrenia<\/a><\/li><li class=\"ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#ConclusionSummary\" title=\"Conclusion\/Summary\">Conclusion\/Summary<\/a><ul class=\"ez-toc-list-level-4\"><li class=\"ez-toc-heading-level-4\"><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#References\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Boost_Your_Brain_with_Mind_Lab_Pro\"><\/span>\n\t\tBoost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro\n\t<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\t<p><strong>Your brain is incredibly complex. Mind Lab Pro has 11 different nootropics all working together to increase your cognition and brainpower to help you live a better life.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you need to perform at your best, need to focus, problem-solve or maintain a calm and clear mindset, you will get a huge benefit from taking Mind Lab Pro.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mindlabpro.com?a_aid=5f9802ef2d90f&amp;a_bid=6d45f5c3\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTry Mind Lab Pro Today \u2192\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/takespruce.com\/product\/750mg-lab-grade-cbd-oil?rfsn=4424690.8df824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\" itemprop=\"url\">\n\t\t\t\t<img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" height=\"281\" width=\"300\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/mind-lab-pro.png?resize=300%2C281&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"mind-lab-pro\" itemprop=\"image\" title=\"mind-lab-pro\" onerror=\"this.style.display='none'\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Benefits\"><\/span>\n\t\tBenefits\n\t<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\t<ul>\n<li>Better focus<\/li>\n<li>Calm mindset<\/li>\n<li>55+ memory and mood<\/li>\n<li>Performance focused athletes<\/li>\n<li>Student learning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<p>Many people wonder about the <strong>largest part of the brain<\/strong> associated with memory and emotions. They do know that hypothalamus and hippocampus are the areas associated with these processes. But do often do not remember the cingulate cortex, the largest area of brain dedicated to this purpose. <\/p>\nThe cingulate cortex is a C shaped area of the brain<br>\nassociated with memory, sleep, emotions, and behavior. It is considered to be a<br>\npart of the limbic system.\n<p>In this article, we will study in detail the structure, connections and<strong> blood supply of the cingulate cortex<\/strong>. We will also discuss the functions of the cingulate cortex. In the end, we would mention the clinical significance of this important structure present in the brain. <\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Cingulate-Cortex.png?resize=467%2C272\" alt=\"\" width=\"467\" height=\"272\"><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anatomy\"><\/span>Anatomy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location\"><\/span>Location<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>cingulate cortex<\/strong> is present on the medial side or inner side of the cerebral cortex. It consists of cingulate gyrus and its continuation into the cingulate sulcus. It lies just above the corpus callosum on the medial side of the brain. <\/p>\n<p>Although, it does not fall into any of the typical frontal, parietal, occipital or temporal lobe division; but it is considered to be a part of limbic lobe. It is because it is an essential part of the limbic system. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure\"><\/span>Structure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\nThe cingulate cortex is composed of grey matter and is<br>\ndivided into two parts, the anterior cingulate cortex and the posterior cortex.\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anterior_Cingulate_Cortex\"><\/span>Anterior Cingulate Cortex<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The anterior cingulate cortex comprises of the Brodmann area 24,33 and 34. Anteriorly, it continues as subgenual area which is located just below the genu of the corpus callosum. This part of the cortex is partially located in the cingulate gyrus and partially in the cingulate sulcus. <\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Anterior.png?resize=486%2C283\" alt=\"\" width=\"486\" height=\"283\"><\/figure>\n<p>Some scientists further divided it into two parts; perigenual cortex, located along the genu of the corpus callosum, and midcingulate cortex. The former is associated with the cognitive functions and the later is associated with the emotional functions. <\/p>\n<p>The <strong>cellular structure<\/strong> of this area is agranular. Special type of neurons are present in the anterior cingulate cortex. These are called the spindle cells. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Posterior_Cingulate_Cortex\"><\/span>Posterior Cingulate Cortex<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>posterior cingulate cortex<\/strong> comprises the Brodmann area 23 and 31. It comprises of granular cells. It is located along with the retrosplenial area and the precuneus. <\/p>\nHistologically, it comprises less than 6 layers of<br>\nneurons. It is regarded to have structure in between 6-layered neocortex and<br>\nallocortex. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Connections\"><\/span>Connections<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/anterior-cingulate-cortex.jpg?fit=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"493\" height=\"327\"><\/figure>\nHere, we will discuss about the afferent and the<br>\nefferent connections of the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Afferent_Fibers\"><\/span>Afferent Fibers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\nThe afferent fibers of the two areas are different from<br>\none another. \n<p>The <strong>anterior cingulate cortex<\/strong> receives afferent fibers from the ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of thalamus. It also receives fibers from the hippocampal formation. The afferent from the midline and interlaminar nuclei of thalamus also reach the anterior cingulate cortex. <\/p>\n<p>The anterior mamillary nuclei of the anterior cingulate cortex receive fibers from the subiculum. The anterior nucleus receives the fibers from the mamillo-thalamic tract. <\/p>\nThe posterior part of the cingulate cortex receives<br>\nmost of afferent fibers from the superficial nucleus of thalamus. It also<br>\nreceives fibers from the subiculum of the hippocampus. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Efferent_Fibers\"><\/span>Efferent Fibers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/temporal-gyrus.png?resize=428%2C428\" alt=\"\" width=\"428\" height=\"428\"><\/figure>\n<p>The rostral part of <strong>anterior cingulate cortex<\/strong> sends efferent fibers to superior <strong>temporal gyrus<\/strong> and prefrontal cortex. The ventral part sends fibers to the insular cortex, premotor cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and inferior parietal lobe. It also sends projections to the perirhinal cortex. <\/p>\nThe efferent fibers of the posterior cingulate cortex<br>\nhave different destination. This part of cingulate cortex sends projections to the<br>\ndorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal<br>\ncortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobe. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blood_Supply\"><\/span>Blood Supply<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\nThe blood supply of cingulate cortex is derived from<br>\nthe anterior cerebral artery. The pericallosal branch gives off cortical<br>\nbranches. These cortical branches provide blood to most of the cingulate<br>\ncortex. \n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physiology\"><\/span>Physiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In this section, we will briefly discuss the functions of the cingulate cortex. <\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/cingulate-cortex-2.png?resize=544%2C264\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"264\"><\/figure>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Error_Detection\"><\/span>Error Detection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This function is performed by the <strong>anterior cingulate cortex<\/strong>. It has been proved that the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in the process of error detection and is also active during the process of correct response. <\/p>\n<p>It also plays an important role in conflict monitoring. It not only monitors the conflict but provides important cues to other areas of the brain in order to cope with the conflict. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Evaluation\"><\/span>Social Evaluation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>anterior cingulate cortex <\/strong>is also involved in the process of social evaluation. It is responsible for the detection and assessment of social processes which also include social exclusive behavior. It is responsible for enhanced arousal which is associated with repetitive social evaluation. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Consciousness\"><\/span>Consciousness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for the increased <strong>level of consciousness<\/strong>. It has been shown that this area is greatly active in people who were emotionally more aware than the other people. Thus, the anterior cingulate cortex is directly associated with the degree of awareness. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Registration_of_Pain\"><\/span>Registration of Pain<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/pain.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"311\"><\/figure>\n<p>The anterior cingulate cortex is associated with the <strong>registration of pain<\/strong>. The intensity of signals in this part of the cingulate cortex is associated with the intensity of pain. This part of the cortex is linked to the experience of pain and is responsible for the emotional reaction to the pain rather than the perception of pain. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Memory_and_Learning\"><\/span>Memory and Learning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Being a part of the <strong>limbic system<\/strong>, it is also responsible for the process of memory and learning. This function is mainly performed by the posterior part of the cingulate cortex. It is responsible for spatial memory and spatial learning. It has been shown that the neuronal activity is greatly enhanced in this area when a person recalls autobiographical memories. <\/p>\nThis part of the cortex is also important for<br>\nemotional salience. It is strongly activated by an emotional stimulus,<br>\nirrespective of the positive or negative nature of the stimulus. This<br>\ncharacteristic feature is not shown by other parts of the limbic system such as<br>\nthe amygdala. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meditation\"><\/span>Meditation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>posterior cingulate cortex<\/strong> is also responsible for meditation and sleep. It has been shown that this part of the cortex is activated during the process of self-related thinking. On the other hand, it is deactivated during the process of meditation. The posterior cingulate cortex is deactivated during effortless and undistracted wandering of mind. <\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clinical_Significance\"><\/span>Clinical Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Alzheimer%E2%80%99s-Disease.jpg?resize=538%2C319\" alt=\"\" width=\"538\" height=\"319\"><\/figure>\n<p>The following are the important medical conditions associated with <strong>cingulate cortex<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alzheimers_Disease\"><\/span>Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\nIt is associated with the posterior part of the cingulate<br>\ncortex. This part is commonly affected by neurodegenerative diseases. The<br>\nreduced metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex is considered to be the<br>\nearliest sign of disease. This sign is frequently present before the clinical<br>\ndiagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease is made. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Autism_Spectrum_Disorders_ASD\"><\/span>Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>These disorders are also associated with the metabolic defects in the posterior cingulate cortex. <strong>Patients with ASD<\/strong> show abnormal functional responses and reduction in functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Attention_Deficit_Hyperkinetic_Disorder_ADHD\"><\/span>Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It has been shown that patients with ADHD show developmental abnormalities in the posterior cingulate cortex. Although the function of cingulate cortex is intact in <strong>ADHD<\/strong>, patients show an increase in the left posterior cingulate cortex. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Depression\"><\/span>Depression<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/human-memory.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Depression.jpg?resize=550%2C365\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"365\"><\/figure>\n<p>It is the most common <strong>psychiatric problem<\/strong> of this era. It has been linked with abnormal functional connectivity in the posterior cingulate cortex. The functional connectivity in depression may be increased or decreased. It has been shown that patients who undergo deep brain stimulation of the cingulate cortex show improvement in the symptoms of depression. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schizophrenia\"><\/span>Schizophrenia<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Schizophrenia <\/strong>is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, tremors, disorganized thinking, and lack of emotional intelligence. It has also been linked to the abnormal activity of neurons in the cingulate cortex, specifically in its posterior part. <\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ConclusionSummary\"><\/span>Conclusion\/Summary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cingulate cortex is the part of cortex associated with learning, emotions, and memory. It is present on the medial side of<strong> cerebral hemispheres,<\/strong> just above the corpus callosum. It is a part of the limbic system and limbic lobe.<\/p>\nIt is divided into two parts, the anterior part and<br>\nthe posterior part. \nBoth these parts have different connections and<br>\nrelations which have been discussed in the subsequent headings. \nThe blood supply of the cingulate cortex is obtained<br>\nfrom the branches of the anterior meningeal artery. \n<p>Many <strong>important functions<\/strong> are performed by the cingulate cortex. These include;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Error detection<\/li>\n<li>Social evaluation<\/li>\n<li>Consciousness<\/li>\n<li>Registration and emotional<br>\nassociation of pain<\/li>\n<li>Learning and memory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A number of psychiatric conditions are associated with the <strong>metabolic<\/strong> and <strong>functional abnormalities<\/strong> in the cingulate cortex. These include;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Depression<\/li>\n<li>ADHD<\/li>\n<li>Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/li>\n<li>Autism Spectrum Disorder<\/li>\n<li>Schizophrenia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The detail of all these <strong>pathologic conditions<\/strong> have been discussed in the section of clinical significance. <\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Hadland, K. A.; Rushworth M.F.; et al. (2003). &#8220;The effect<br>\nof cingulate lesions on social behaviour and<br>\nemotion&#8221;.&nbsp;Neuropsychologia.&nbsp;<strong>41<\/strong>&nbsp;(8): 919\u2013931.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0028-3932%2802%2900325-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.1016\/s0028-3932(02)00325-1<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMID<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12667528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>12667528<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>&#8220;Cingulate binds learning&#8221;.&nbsp;Trends Cogn<br>\nSci.&nbsp;<strong>1<\/strong>&nbsp;(1): 2. 1997.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs1364-6613%2897%2985002-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.1016\/s1364-6613(97)85002-4<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMID<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21223838\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>21223838<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Kozlovskiy, S.; Vartanov A.; Pyasik M.; Nikonova E.;<br>\nVelichkovsky B. (10 October 2013). &#8220;Anatomical Characteristics of<br>\nCingulate Cortex and Neuropsychological Memory Tests<br>\nPerformance&#8221;.&nbsp;Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences.&nbsp;<strong>86<\/strong>:<br>\n128\u2013133.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2013.08.537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.08.537<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Kozlovskiy, S.A.; Vartanov A.V.; Nikonova E.Y.; Pyasik<br>\nM.M.; Velichkovsky B.M. (2012). &#8220;The Cingulate Cortex and Human Memory<br>\nProcesses&#8221;.&nbsp;Psychology in Russia: State of the Art.&nbsp;<strong>5<\/strong>:<br>\n231\u2013243.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11621%2Fpir.2012.0014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.11621\/pir.2012.0014<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Hayden, B. Y.; Platt, M. L. (2010).&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2847481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>&#8220;Neurons<br>\nin Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex Information about Reward and<br>\nAction&#8221;<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;Journal of<br>\nNeuroscience.&nbsp;<strong>30<\/strong>&nbsp;(9): 3339\u20133346.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4874-09.2010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4874-09.2010<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMC<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2847481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>2847481<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMID<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20203193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>20203193<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-Drevets_2008_6-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Drevets, W. C.; Savitz, J.; Trimble, M. (2008).&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2729429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>&#8220;The<br>\nsubgenual anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders&#8221;<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;CNS spectrums.&nbsp;<strong>13<\/strong>&nbsp;(8): 663\u2013681.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fs1092852900013754\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.1017\/s1092852900013754<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMC<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2729429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>2729429<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMID<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18704022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>18704022<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-Adams_2007_7-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Adams, R.; David, A. S. (2007).&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2654525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>&#8220;Patterns<br>\nof anterior cingulate activation in schizophrenia: A selective review&#8221;<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment.&nbsp;<strong>3<\/strong>&nbsp;(1):<br>\n87\u2013101.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>doi<\/em><\/a><em>:<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2Fnedt.2007.3.1.87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>10.2147\/nedt.2007.3.1.87<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMC<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2654525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>2654525<\/em><\/a><em>.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>PMID<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19300540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>19300540<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cingulate_cortex#cite_ref-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>^<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<em>Dorland&#8217;s.&nbsp;Illustrated medical dictionary.<br>\nElsevier Saunders. p.&nbsp;363.&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Book_Number\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>ISBN<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-14160-6257-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>978-14160-6257-8<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Boost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro Benefits AnatomyLocationStructureAnterior Cingulate CortexPosterior Cingulate CortexConnectionsAfferent FibersEfferent FibersBlood SupplyPhysiologyError DetectionSocial &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"Cingulate Cortex\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/cingulate-cortex\/#more-1314\" aria-label=\"Read more about Cingulate Cortex\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","kt_blocks_editor_width":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1314"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3882,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314\/revisions\/3882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/human-memory.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}